Statistics > SOPHIA PATHWAY > STATS 200 Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland | STATS20 (All)

STATS 200 Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland | STATS200 Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020)

Document Content and Description Below

STATS 200 Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland 25 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 Cindy measured and... recorded the temperature of a liquid for an experiment. She used a poorly calibrated thermometer and noted the temperature as 100.5 degrees Fahrenheit. The actual temperature of the liquid was 95 degrees Fahrenheit. The percent error in her calculation is __________. • 5.79% • 4.08% • -5.79% • -4.08% RATIONALE Recall that the percent error is equivalent to the absolute difference divided by the actual value.

If the absolute measure is 95 degrees and the observed measure is 100.5 degrees, then the absolute error is:


So we calculate the percentage error to be:
 CONCEPT Absolute Change and Relative Change 2 A trainer is studying the effects of vitamin D on his athletes. He has realized that there are many potential confounding factors, such as gender and age. To limit the effect of these confounding variables, he decided to first group two athletes together based on these variables (for example, two 21-year-old males). Then he randomly assigned one person to receive the vitamin D and the other to receive a sugar pill.  What type of experimental design does this situation demonstrate?  • Randomized Block Design • Simple Random Design • Completely Randomized Design • Matched-Pair Design RATIONALE By matching on age and gender this is called a matched-pair design. CONCEPT Matched-Pair Design 3 Which of these statements best defines a stratified random sample? • It is a sample where every nth element of the population is selected in a sequence. • It is a sample in which every element has the same chance of being selected from the total population. • It is a sample where the population is divided into roughly equal groups, and then elements are randomly selected from each group. • It is a sample where the population is first broken into groups and then elements are randomly selected, in proportion, from each group. RATIONALE Recall that a stratified random sample is first broken up into homogenous groups called strata.  From those strata a random sample is then chosen.  CONCEPT Stratified Random and Cluster Sampling 4 Mike wants to find out the approximate income for professors in Michigan. He decides to randomly select 50 professors who work for a college or university in Michigan and obtain their salaries. What are the sample and the population of Mike's study? • The 50 professors that Mike interviews are his sample, and all of the professors who work in Michigan are the population. • The 50 professors that Mike interviews are his sample, and the professors that Mike does not interview are the population. • The professors in Michigan are the sample, and all the professors in the United States are the population.  • All of the professors who work in Michigan are the sample, and the 50 professors that Mike interviews are the population. RATIONALE Recall the entire set of interest is the population and a sample is a subset of that population.  In this question the entire set are all the professors at a university or college in Michigan, with the sample being the 50 that were chosen to be analyzed about their salary. CONCEPT Sampling 5 Jenae's study ignored the fact that only some of her coffee choices had caffeine, even though her co-workers preferred caffeinated coffee. Therefore, Jenae decided to label one type of decaffeinated coffee as having caffeine to see what would happen. As she anticipated, this coffee became more popular with her co-workers, and they claimed that the extra boost of caffeine helped them focus on their work. The growing popularity of the decaffeinated coffee among co-workers, under the false impression that it gave them extra caffeine, is an example of ________. • a case-control study • a treatment group • a control group • the placebo effect RATIONALE Since no treatment of caffeine was given to these participants in the control group and they reported an effect, this is what we refer to as the placebo effect. CONCEPT Placebo 6 A factory manufactures bolts. One of its employees, working in the quality control department, checks the first 20 bolts manufactured in a day for possible defects. This is what type of sampling? • Stratified sampling • Voluntary response sampling • Systematic sampling • Convenience sampling RATIONALE Recall that convenience samples are samples taken due to their ease of gathering information.  Since they simply used the first 20 bolts, this is an example of that.  Convenience samples are generally biased as they probably don't represent the entire set of interest. CONCEPT Convenience & Self-Selected Samples 7 The following shows the Consumer Price Index (CPI) for the years 2000-2005. All of the values use a reference year of 1983. 
Which of the following is true about the CPI, based on the information? • $100 in 1983 would be equivalent to $172.40 in 2000. • $100 in 2005 would be equivalent to $194.50 in 1983. • $100 in 2001 would have been worth 189.70 in 1983. • $100 in 2000 would be equivalent to $183.70 in 2003. RATIONALE Recall the CPI gives us a measure of price changes over time and allows us to transform values in one year to another.  The value of the CPI in the base year is 100.  This means that for $100 in 1983 is equivalent to$172.4 in 2000. CONCEPT Index Number and Reference Value 8 A scientist is conducting a study on the effect of eating chocolate and overall mood. They believe that gender is a significant factor.  The participants are divided by gender.  Then, within each group, participants are randomly assigned to consume either chocolate or a placebo and then rate their mood for the day. This experiment will run for two weeks.  Which type of experimental design does this situation describe? • Case-Control Design • Matched-Pair Design • Randomized Block Design • Completely Randomized Design RATIONALE Since women are randomly assigned chocolate or placebo, this is a completely randomized design. CONCEPT Randomized Block Design 9 A student group on a college campus wanted to create a survey about parking availability on campus. The student group randomly selected 300 students to take the survey. One of the questions read, “Many students believe the lack of available parking is a major problem. Do you agree or disagree?” Of the 300 students that took the survey, 285 surveys were returned. This survey will most likely suffer from which of the following types of bias? • There is no bias in the way this survey is carried out. • Response bias • Non-response bias • Selection bias RATIONALE By putting a response inside of the question which may lead survey participants to a given response, this is a good example of response bias. CONCEPT Nonresponse and Response Bias 10 A researcher would like to determine which age groups (18-29, 30-49, 50-64, 65 or older) in the United States currently identify playing golf as their favorite pastime. Which statistical study would be most appropriate to answer this question? • A census • A prospective observational study • A single-blind experiment • A survey RATIONALE In order to obtain information about favorite pastimes, it would be best to solicit information from people directly by using a survey. CONCEPT Surveys 11 A different coffee seller offered to sell coffee to Jenae's company for half the cost of their current brand. Jenae knew her co-workers were really partial to the coffee they drank now, so she decided to conduct a study to see if they noticed the difference in flavor. Her co-workers were convinced they would. Jenae provided each person with a sample and said that some had the new coffee and some did not. Only Jenae knew who had which brand of coffee.  Jenae's strategy is an example of a(n) ________. • randomized experiment • blind experiment • matched-pair designed experiment • completely randomized experiment RATIONALE Since participants are unaware of what group they are in, regular or new coffee group, this is referred to as blinding in an experiment.  CONCEPT Blinding 12 Ben is measuring the effect that the potential energy of an object has on the height of an object's bounce 
Which variable represents the height of an object's bounce? • Explanatory variable • Response variable • Confounding variable • Independent variable RATIONALE The outcome is the response, dependent or y -variable.  This is the height or bounce in this example. CONCEPT Variables 13 To test the effectiveness of a new, cholesterol-lowering drug, a group of researchers recruits 200 volunteers with high cholesterol to take part in a study. The researchers place the numbers 1 through 200 in a hat and have each participant select a number. Those who picked an odd number receive the new drug, while those who picked an even number receive a placebo. Which experimental design are the researchers using? • Randomized Block Design • Matched-Pair Design • Completely Randomized Design • Representative Sample Design RATIONALE When all patients are assigned treatment or control randomly without considering other factors, this is called a completely randomized design. CONCEPT Completely Randomized Design 14 A poll conducted a week before the school election to the student council showed that Janice would win with 63% of the vote. The margin of error was 14%. If Janice needs to receive at least half the votes to win the election, can we be confident of Janice's victory? • No, because she could receive as low as 14% of the vote. • Yes, because the poll stated that she will win with 63% of the vote. • No, because she could receive as low as 49% of the vote. • Yes, because she could receive as much as 77% of the vote. RATIONALE Recall for a confidence interval, we take the point estimate +/- margin of error. Using this framework we take the point estimate of 63%, then add and subtract the margin of error, 14%.


This gives us a CI of 49% to 77%.

Given that you need to have at least 50% of the vote and we are confident that 49% is possible given our CI, we are not confident that Janice will win.  CONCEPT Margin of Error 15 Jenae noticed that many of her co-workers would opt for the coffee that appeared to be most recently brewed, regardless of the flavor of the coffee offered. This leads her to believe that what she was witnessing was not really representative of everyone's true flavor preferences. She adapted her experimental study accordingly. Select one control in Jenae's experimental study. • Jenae keeps the same amount of sugar and artificial sweetener at each location. • Jenae takes note of the frequency in which co-workers refill their coffee mugs. • Jenae monitors the habits of the co-workers who do not drink coffee. • Jenae places condiments at random places throughout the kitchen. RATIONALE In an experiment, controls are when conditions are manipulated by the experimenter to keep them constant.  If she keeps the same amount of sweetener at all locations, this would be an example of a control.
 CONCEPT Experimental Design 16 A research team conducts a survey to determine the area of land used for farming in Iowa. The team randomly selects house addresses and sends the survey by mail.  Which type of sampling method is the research team using? • Multi-stage sampling • Cluster sampling • Simple random sampling • Systematic random sampling RATIONALE By choosing randomly from the house addresses all households should have an equal chance of being chosen.  This would make it a simple random sample. CONCEPT Simple Random and Systematic Random Sampling 17 A retail brand plans to open its stores across all cities with a population of more than one million. To prepare for this, it refers to the past year's census done by the government. Which statement accurately describes the type of data the retail brand is using? • The retail brand is relying on raw data because it has to ask for permission to use the census. • The retail brand is relying on available data because customers provide information to the census. • The census is an example of available data because the government provides it. • The census is an example of raw data because the government provides it. RATIONALE Since the retailer doesn't gather the data itself, but relies upon data that has already been collected, this is an example of using available data. CONCEPT Data 18 In 2007, 4% of people buying new cell phones purchased a bluetooth earpiece during the same transaction. In 2012, 28% of people buying new cell phones purchased a bluetooth earpiece during the same transaction.   Of the following choices, what is correct about the growth of bluetooth sales? • It rose by 24 percentage points. • It rose by 120 percentage points. • It rose by 24%. • It rose by 12%. RATIONALE We can note that the absolute difference between 2007 and 2012 is 4% to 28% or 24 percentage points.

To get the percent difference we take the absolute difference and divide by the initial value:


So we can say that sales actually grew 600%. CONCEPT Using Percentages in Statistics 19 Of 400 randomly selected people in the city of Lyon, France, 60 people had the first name Hugo.   Which of these does NOT represent inferential statistics? • 15% of the people who live in France have the first name Hugo. • 15% of the people who live in Europe have the first name Hugo. • 15% of the people who live in Lyon have the first name Hugo. • 15% of the people surveyed have the first name Hugo. RATIONALE For an inference, we use the sample information at hand to make a larger statement.  Saying 15% of the people surveyed have a name of Hugo doesn't make a statement about a larger group, so it is not an inference. CONCEPT Statistics Overview 20 Melissa is conducting a survey of her classmates because her teacher wants the class to learn more about hygiene habits. Melissa has developed a list of 10 questions. “Do you brush your teeth every day?” is the first question she asks.  Which type of question is Melissa asking?  • Open and binomial question • Open question • Closed question • Closed and binomial question RATIONALE In this question, the responses are limited and there are only 2 responses.   This would be a closed binomial question type. CONCEPT Question Types 21 In a game, Rachel throws three bean bags, aiming for the hole in the wooden board. 
Which of the following best classifies the arrangement of bean bags? • Low accuracy and high precision • Low accuracy and low precision • High accuracy and low precision • High accuracy and high precision RATIONALE The bean bags are not close to the hole and they are spread out.  So they are not accurate or precise or we can say low accuracy and precision. CONCEPT Accuracy and Precision in Measurements 22 In a study to assess the risk of obesity with the amount of time exercised per week, researchers matched each patient, in a sample of 500 people who are obese, with a person of the same ethnicity, gender, and age (along with other similar characteristics) who is not obese. The researchers asked the patients and their matches a series of questions, and then tracked eating and exercise habits regularly for several years. Which type of statistical study are the researchers conducting? • Case-control study • Prospective study • Retrospective study • Designed experiment RATIONALE Since the study collected information on people over several years moving forward, it is a prospective study design. CONCEPT Prospective and Retrospective Studies 23 The traffic volumes at a major intersection in New York were surveyed every day between one and four in the afternoon for a month to study the traffic patterns in the city. Which of the following types of bias affects the conclusions of the survey? • Non-response bias • Deliberate bias • Response bias • Selection bias RATIONALE Selection bias is when the mode of selection introduces a bias in the sample so that it is not representative of the population of interest.  Since they only collected information from 1 to 4pm, this is a selection bias. CONCEPT Selection and Deliberate Bias 24 Which of these random samples represents a representative sample of the number of students who enjoy science class? • 30 students who participated in the science fair • 30 students in the lunchroom • 30 students who failed science class last year • 30 students who received high grades in their science class last semester RATIONALE For a sample to be representative it needs to look like the entire set of interest.  By choosing students in the lunchroom, they are drawing upon all students in the school and not an unrepresentative one. CONCEPT Random & Probability Sampling 25 Which of the following data types will be continuous?  • The letter grade Tyron received on an English test • The number of students who like chocolate or strawberry or vanilla ice-cream flavors • The amount of snow that fell last night • The number of books in the school library RATIONALE For data to be continuous, it must be able to take on any value inside of an interval.  The amount of snow that falls can be any value and is therefore continuous.  All the other measures can only take on a limited number of values. CONCEPT Discrete vs. Continuous Data 26 In a survey of small business owners, a response to which of the following questions would be qualitative? • How long have you owned a business? • How many businesses do you own?  • What type of business do you own?  • How much did your business have in profits last year?  RATIONALE All the other options are numeric measures and can be used in arithmetic.  The type of business you have is simply a descriptive measure and is therefore qualitative. CONCEPT Qualitative and Quantitative Data 27 Rob sent an email survey to 2,000 cell phone owners asking about their satisfaction with their current plan.  Only 256 people returned the survey and they were predominately 18-24 years old.  Which of the following statements is true? • Rob is ignoring the assumption that all survey participants will want to act independently.  • The survey suffers from census issues because only 256 people responded.  • The survey likely has bias because the people who could not answer differ from those who did answer. • Rob included too many people on the survey list, affecting the data collected. RATIONALE In this survey there was a very low response rate with only 256 of the 2000.  The characteristics of those who responded are different from non-responders.  Since the responders and non-responders differ, we would worry about this affecting how they responded. CONCEPT Bias 28 The blood bank at a hospital has 1,200 units of blood, out of which 37% units are of blood group B+. A clinical researcher randomly selects 300 units of blood and finds that 33% of those are of blood group B+. To test his result, he randomly selects 200 units of blood and finds that 40% of those are of blood group B+. Which of the following is the reason there is a difference between the two percentages selected by the researcher? • The sample sizes were both too small. • The samples were not random samples. • Both samples suffered from non-response bias. • Random error; the numbers were different due to variability inherent in sampling. RATIONALE When sampling, there is always some variability that occurs.  So, although the sample values are different, since they were randomly chosen, the differences are simply due to the variability that comes from sampling and not due to some systematic bias. CONCEPT Random and Systematic Errors 29 Select the correct statement regarding experiments. • A researcher cannot control the environment but can observe the response.  • A researcher can control the environment and observe the response. • A researcher can control the environment but cannot observe the response.  • A researcher can neither control the environment nor observe the response.  RATIONALE The defining part of experimental setting is that the researcher can control the setting and apply some treatment to observe how it affects an outcome of interest. [Show More]

Last updated: 1 year ago

Preview 1 out of 21 pages

Reviews( 0 )

Recommended For You

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Practice Milestone UNIT 1 Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Practice Milestone UNIT 1 Introduction to Statistics (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Practice Milestone UNIT 1 Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Practice Milestone UNIT 1 Introduction to Statistics (2020)

1 MATH 1280 Practice Milestone UNIT 1 Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People Which of the following data types will be continuous? • Number of cars produced by a car c...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$16.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Milestone 2_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH 1280 Milestone 2_Introduction to Statistics (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Milestone 2_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH 1280 Milestone 2_Introduction to Statistics (2020)

1 MATH 1280 Milestone 2_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People Hannah noted the height of each student in her class and found that the mean height of the students is 56 i...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$16.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Milestone 3_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 3_Introduction to Statistics (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Milestone 3_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 3_Introduction to Statistics (2020)

1 MATH 1280 Milestone 3_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People Tracie spins the four-colored spinner shown below.  She records the total number of times the spinner l...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$16.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Milestone 4_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 4_Introduction to Statistics (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Milestone 4_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 4_Introduction to Statistics (2020)

1 MATH 1280 Milestone 4_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People Which statement about correlation is FALSE? • The correlation of a data set can be positive, negativ...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$16.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_(2020) – University of Maryland | Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_(2020) (All)

preview
Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_(2020) – University of Maryland | Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_(2020)

Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_(2020) – University of Maryland 25 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 Cindy measured and recorded the tem...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$14.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Milestone 1_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 1_Introduction to Statistics (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Milestone 1_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People | MATH1280 Milestone 1_Introduction to Statistics (2020)

1 MATH 1280 Milestone 1_Introduction to Statistics (2020) – University of the People The administrator of a hospital conducted a survey among patients in the cardiology wing to determine servi...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$16.5

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > MATH 1280 Graded Exam Unit 8 Practice questions only (2020) – University of the people | MATH1280 Graded Exam Unit 8 Practice questions only (2020) (All)

preview
MATH 1280 Graded Exam Unit 8 Practice questions only (2020) – University of the people | MATH1280 Graded Exam Unit 8 Practice questions only (2020)

MATH 1280 Graded Exam Unit 8 test questions only (2020) – University of the people 
 Information Flag question Information text Recall that the population average of the heights in the file "po...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 14, 2020

$6

 Statistics> SOPHIA PATHWAY > Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland | Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) (All)

preview
Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland | Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020)

Sophia Introduction to Statistics Milestone 1_ (2020) – University of Maryland 25 questions were answered correctly. 4 questions were answered incorrectly. 1 Cindy measured and recorded the te...

By Martin Freeman , Uploaded: Sep 11, 2020

$14

 Environmental Science> SOPHIA PATHWAY > Sophia - Environmental Science - Unit 4 Milestone 4,100% CORRECT (All)

preview
Sophia - Environmental Science - Unit 4 Milestone 4,100% CORRECT

Sophia - Environmental Science - Unit 4 Milestone 4

By securegrades , Uploaded: Jan 01, 2022

$14

 Biology> SOPHIA PATHWAY > SOPHIA PATHWAY_Human Biology_Unit 5 Milestone 5. Concepts indicated and ALL CORRECT ANSWERS HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW. (All)

preview
SOPHIA PATHWAY_Human Biology_Unit 5 Milestone 5. Concepts indicated and ALL CORRECT ANSWERS HIGHLIGHTED IN YELLOW.

Sophia - Human Biology - Unit 5 Milestone 51 Correct Answers Highlighted in Yellow Which type of pancreatic cells help to lower blood sugar? • Delta cells • Beta cells • Alpha cells • Ga...

By QuizMaster , Uploaded: Oct 10, 2020

$8

$15.50

Add to cart

Instant download

Can't find what you want? Try our AI powered Search

OR

GET ASSIGNMENT HELP
224
0

Document information


Connected school, study & course



About the document


Uploaded On

Sep 11, 2020

Number of pages

21

Written in

Seller


seller-icon
Martin Freeman

Member since 3 years

485 Documents Sold


Additional information

This document has been written for:

Uploaded

Sep 11, 2020

Downloads

 0

Views

 224

Document Keyword Tags

THE BEST STUDY GUIDES

Avoid resits and achieve higher grades with the best study guides, textbook notes, and class notes written by your fellow students

custom preview

Avoid examination resits

Your fellow students know the appropriate material to use to deliver high quality content. With this great service and assistance from fellow students, you can become well prepared and avoid having to resits exams.

custom preview

Get the best grades

Your fellow student knows the best materials to research on and use. This guarantee you the best grades in your examination. Your fellow students use high quality materials, textbooks and notes to ensure high quality

custom preview

Earn from your notes

Get paid by selling your notes and study materials to other students. Earn alot of cash and help other students in study by providing them with appropriate and high quality study materials.


$15.50

WHAT STUDENTS SAY ABOUT US


What is Browsegrades

In Browsegrades, a student can earn by offering help to other student. Students can help other students with materials by upploading their notes and earn money.

We are here to help

We're available through e-mail, Twitter, Facebook, and live chat.
 FAQ
 Questions? Leave a message!

Follow us on
 Twitter

Copyright © Browsegrades · High quality services·