Philosophy > EXAM > PHIL 447N Final Exam Question And Answers( Download To Score An A) (All)

PHIL 447N Final Exam Question And Answers( Download To Score An A)

Document Content and Description Below

PHIL 447N Final Exam Question 1.1. (TCO 1) What makes critical thinking critical? (Points : 4) It requires careful and deliberate work It is an analytic process It requires coming up with claims, ... true or otherwise It is the application of common sense to complex problems It offers guidance about critiquing thinking Question 2.2. (TCO 1, 2, 4) What is the first order of business when it comes to thinking critically about an issue? (Points : 4) Formulating a proposal Discovering whether the question is objective Determining exactly what the issue is Determining whether a fallacy is involved Realizing that all claims are equally valid Question 3.3. (TCOs 1, 2, 3) What activity is being attempted when making an argument? (Points : 4) Arguments attempt to persuade those who listen or read them. Arguments seek to win adherents to a position. Arguments seek to refute the positions of other people. Arguments attempt to support or prove conclusions. Arguments attempt to explain difficult concepts. Question 4.4. (TCOs 2, 3) For inductive arguments, how do we measure their quality as stronger or weaker? (Points : 4) Based on how much support their premises provide for the conclusion Based on requiring little translation into syllogistic form Based on their appearing in a standard form Based on the clear definition of critical words Based on the syllogism that can be formed from them Question 5.5. (TCO 1, 2) The mode of persuasion that Aristotle defined as pathos refers to arguments based on what? (Points : 4) Whether a decision is ethical Being alert to influences in one’s thinking The speaker’s personal attributes The audience’s emotions Using information and reasoning Question 6.6. (TCO 6) What is a likely reason for having trouble identifying a conclusion in what you hear or read? (Points : 4) There are too many rhetorical claims There is not enough background information The premise introduces a consideration that runs counter to common sense The conventions of argument are not being followed It could be that the passage is not an argument at all Question 7.7. (TCOs 6, 7, 8, 9) Which of the five items below is usually NOT a part of a good argumentative essay? (Points : 4) A statement of one's position on the issue Arguments that support one's position on the issue Rebuttals of arguments that support contrary positions on the issue An author's claim to speak with respected expertise based on qualifications or experience A statement of the issue Question 8.8. (TCOs 6, 8, 9) What is grouping ambiguity? (Points : 4) When one arbitrarily classifies people as a group for unclear purposes When people share an affinity that is not obvious When it is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group or to the individuals within a group When an author or speaker seeks a group to blame as a scapegoat When labeling classifications of people with epithets Question 9.9. (TCOs 2, 6, 7, 8) Which of the following would suggest a lack of credibility in a claim? (Points : 4) When it is accompanied by other claims that have credibility The claim conflicts with what we have observed When the person presenting the claim has something to gain by our believing it When it brings something we have not learned before When it comes from an interested party Question 10.10. (TCOs 1, 6, 7, 9) What is the purpose of the rhetorical device called a euphemism? (Points : 4) To replace ambiguous terms with clearer ones To hide the agenda of interested parties To replace another term with a neutral or positive expression instead of one with negative associations To replace vague terms with others that communicate more information To replace other expressions with new ones that are expected to be more acceptable Question 11.11. (TCOs 1, 7) What is the purpose of the rhetorical device called hyperbole? (Points : 4) Synonym for euphemism To bring humor to a difficult analysis Exaggerating for effect Sarcastic claim Based on unwarranted assumptions Question 12.12. (TCOs 1, 2) What is the personal ad hominem fallacy? (Points : 4) Attacking an argument based on the personal shortcomings of the one making the argument The status given to an argument based on the fame and good reputation of the originating person Attacking an argument based on the confusion of what the author has presented before Attacking an argument because of who presented it Attributing added value to an argument based on who has presented it Question 13.13. (TCOs 6, 7, 8) To the overall topic of burden of proof, what is the purpose of the rule called affirmative/negative plausibility? (Points : 4) Other things being equal, the burden of proof falls automatically on those supporting it affirmatively. Other things being equal, the burden of proof is shared by all parties that have a shared interest in the outcome. Other things being equal, the burden of proof rests with the parties with the most to lose. Other things being equal, the burden of proof rests with neither party automatically. Other things being equal, the first decision must be who must bear the burden of proof. Question 14.14. (TCOs 1, 2) What is a standard-form categorical claim? (Points : 4) The claim that the burden of proof must be shared because the evidence is too weak and indirect. A claim based on the primary documents of early philosophers. A claim that strictly follows Aristotle’s method. A claim that relies upon the orderly processes of biology. A claim that results from putting names or descriptions of classes into one of the AEIO forms. Question 15.15. (TCOs 3, 4) What is the purpose of a Venn Diagram? (Points : 4) To give a graphic illustration of standard-form claims To show how nouns and noun phrases relate To demonstrate the orderly processes of biology To show the primary characteristics of things To illustrate the classes of things Question 16.16. (TCOs 3, 4, 8, 9) What circumstances are necessary for two claims to be equivalent? (Points : 4) They would be true in all and exactly the same circumstances. They match perfectly in form but address differing topics. They match but one of the issues cannot be affirmed as true. They both give a graphic illustration of standard-form claims. They express differing relations within the same class or category. Question 17.17. (TCOs 2, 3, 4) Logical relationships between corresponding claims of standard-form categorical logic are illustrated in the graphic square of opposition. What is known about two claims when they are called contradictory claims? (Points : 4) They never have the same truth values. One is always false in the set. They always have the same truth values. They never share the same subject term. One is always true in the set. Question 18.18. (TCOs 2, 3, 4) How do we work the categorical operation called obversion? (Points : 4) By changing the claims from being in the same class to being outside the class By limiting the scope of terms used to those within a class By changing a claim from positive to negative, or vice versa By changing one claim to referring outside of a class but leaving the other one inside the class By making an argument invalid in form Question 19.19. (TCOs 2, 5) What is the purpose of studying a sample? (Points : 4) To establish logical connections among a group of people To observe new and previously unseen factors in a population of people To reduce a study to a manageable size For reasons of economy of both effort and cost To generalize your findings from a sample to the whole set from which the sample is taken Question 20.20. (TCOs 2, 5) In studying a sample, what is meant by the term sampling frame? (Points : 4) A precise definition of the population and the attribute in which one is interested The diversity of the whole population that is being studied Some part of the population intentionally left out of the target population Some biasing factor excluded from the target population The size of the sample itself Question 21.21. (TCOs 1, 5, 8, 9) What is the inductive “fallacy of anecdotal evidence”? (Points : 4) A version of hasty generalizing where the sample is just a story Bypassing standard questions to ask for opinions Telling personal experiences Bypassing standard questioning to accept data that does not match the possible answers Asking hypothetical questions of "what if..." Question 22.22. (TCOs 1, 2) What is an analogue? (Points : 4) A version of hasty generalizing where the sample is just a story The idea that one can understand predictability and overcome its randomness Telling personal experiences The idea that sequences of occurrences can be predicted A thing that has similar attributes to another thing Question 23.23. (TCOs 1, 2, 3) What is the purpose of explanations? (Points : 4) Describing natural phenomena Elucidating something in one way or another Providing ethical justifications for actions Providing knowledge Providing reasons to believe claims Question 24.24. (TCOs 2, 6) The deontological ethics of Immanuel Kant define moral imperatives to prescribe actions not for the sake of some result but simply because(Points : 4) those actions are our moral duty. those actions are dictated by conscience. those actions will produce the greatest happiness. those actions will promote the freedom of other people. those actions will benefit everyone concerned. Question 25.25. (TCOs 1, 6) "If someone appears to be violating the consistency principle, then the burden of proof is on that person to show he or she is in fact not violating the principle." Why is this principle necessary? (Points : 4) Moral arguments need to be specific. It is how one deduces the right thing to do. Out of fairness, separate moral cases, if similar, must be given similar treatment. Moral explanations need to show the reasons for the results. All moral claims are relative. Question 1.1. (TCOs 3, 6, 7, 9) Here is a passage that contains a rhetorical fallacy. Name that fallacy, and in a paragraph, explain why the argument is irrelevant to the point at issue. Here is your example for this question: An editorial says, "Taxes have jumped by more than 30% in just two years! The governor is working for a balanced state budget, but it'll be on the backs of us taxpayers, the people who have the very least to spend! It seems pretty clear that these increased taxes are undermining the social structure in this state. Anybody who isn't angry about this just doesn't understand the situation and hasn't figured out just how miserable they are." (Points : 15) The fallacy in this example is that the statement opens with "Taxes have jumped by more than 30% in just two years!”. This is basically a fallacy because the reasons for the jump in taxes are not being mentioned here and the correctional activities for arresting the jump is not even ventured into. Instead there is a vague political statement supporting a rebellion of some kind which makes no sense. Question 2.2. (TCOs 5, 8) In the example below, identify the presumed cause and the presumed effect. Does the example contain or imply a causal claim, a hypothesis, or an explanation that cannot be tested? If it does fall into one of those categories, tell whether the problem is due to vagueness, circularity, or some other problem of language. Also tell whether there might be some way to test the situation if it is possible at all. Here is your example: This part of the coastline is subject to mudslides because there is a lack of mature vegetation growing on it. (Points : 15) There is presumed cause and presumed effect in this statement here because it is logical that due to the lack of mature vegetation, there can be mudslides and hence the coastline can be in the state of mudslides. Thus it can be said here that it can be classified as an explanation for the phenomenon which is logical nature driving towards cause and effect which makes absolute sense to the reader. Question 3.3. (TCOs 2, 4) Explain in what way the thinking of the following statement is wrong or defective. Give reasons for your judgment. I believe that violent video games contribute to sexual violence and other forms of antisocial behavior. No one has ever shown that it doesn’t. (Points : 10) The explanation given here for the statement that violent sexual and criminal behavior is due to video games is not concrete. It only points to the absence of information rather than providing evidence for such a behaviour. Therefore the statement has a fallacy and can be termed as defective due to the lack of logical progression in the statement and no justification has been provided for making such an assumption. Question 4.4. (TCOs 3, 9) Can a person belong to more than one culture at the same time? If so, does this create any logical difficulty for moral relativists? (Points : 10) A person can belong to more than one culture at the same time. It would not be very difficult to comprehend for cultural relativists because we live in a world where western culture meets all other culture of the world through various mediums and with the technological growth and decrease in travel time, the world has become smaller and cultures have united all over the world due to the above mentioned reasons. Question 5.5. (TCOs 6, 7, 9) Here is a short essay about an investigation. There are also four questions/tasks; write a paragraph to answer each one of them. 1. Identify the causal hypothesis at issue. 2. Identify what kind of investigation it is. 3. There are control and experimental groups. State the difference in effect (or cause) between the control and experimental groups. 4. State the conclusion that you think is warranted by the report. Research at the University of Pennsylvania and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia indicates that children who sleep in a dimly lighted room until age two may be up to five times more likely to develop myopia (nearsightedness) when they grow up. The researchers asked the parents of children who had been patients at the researchers' eye clinic to recall the lighting conditions in the children's bedroom from birth to age two. Of a total of 172 children who slept in darkness, 10% were nearsighted. Of a total of 232 who slept with a night light, 34% were nearsighted. Of a total of 75 who slept with a lamp on, 55% were nearsighted. The lead ophthalmologist, Dr. Graham, E. Quinn, said that "just as the body needs to rest, this suggests that the eyes need a period of darkness." (Points : 30) In this case the casual hypothesis that has been made here is that the doctor stated from the results of the experiment that the children who were not exposed to any light during sleep had ended up having nearsightedness when they grew up. It is a medical investigation trying to find out the reasons of nearsightedness amongst children. There are no control and experimental groups here because the parents were never told about the hypothesis before and the sleep patterns of the children were never monitored actively. The conclusion that is warranted in this report is close to what the doctor stated because from the experiment the data only suggests that the children who slept with no lights on were actually less likely to develop nearsightedness in the future which can be assumed to be true to a major extent. Question 6.6. (TCOs 3, 4, 6) Read this passage below. When you have done so, answer these three questions, writing a paragraph for each question. Your three questions are: 1. What issue is the author addressing? 2. If the author is supporting a position with an argument, restate the argument in your own words. 3. What rhetorical devices does the author employ in this text? The Passage: "Another quality that makes [Texas Republican and former Congressman] Tom DeLay an un-Texas politician is that he's mean. By and large, Texas pols are an agreeable set of less-than-perfect humans and quite often well-intentioned. As Carl Parker of Port Arthur used to observe, if you took all the fools out of the [legislature], it would not be a representative body any longer. The old sense of collegiality was strong, and vindictive behavior punishing pols for partisan reasons was simply not done. But those are Tom DeLay's specialties, his trademarks. The Hammer is not only genuinely feared in Washington, he is, I'm sorry to say, hated." -excerpt from a column by Molly Ivins, Ft. Worth Star-Telegram (Points : 30) The issue that the author is stating in this context is the nature of Tom DeLay, a politician in Texas, United States. The author states that the politician is mean in nature and suggestive to the idea that the politician only acts in his own interest and is not going to work in the favor of the people even if he is elected and Washington will be in shambles if something like this were to happen in the near future. The author is basically supporting the proposition that this politician is not a good fit for the country and the legislature is mostly filled with self-centered individuals who have the least interest in working for the people of the country which is what is expected out of politicians who have the responsibility to work for the people and not for power. Question 7.7. (TCOs 7, 8) Read this passage below. When you have done so, answer the question in at least one full paragraph, giving specific reasons. The Passage: Elizabeth has a paper due tomorrow morning. She has tried to write something for hours, but has no ideas for a good paper. Elizabeth remembers that her sorority sister, Deb, said that Elizabeth could use any of Deb’s papers in their sorority house computer. Elizabeth remembers that Deb wrote a paper on the very same topic the previous semester. Elizabeth decides to get Deb’s paper off the sorority house computer and leave a note telling Deb what she has done. Elizabeth feels confident that she has Deb’s permission to do this. Is Elizabeth guilty of plagiarizing? (Points : 20) Elizabeth is not guilty of plagiarizing and this can be said confidently because of the fact that since she is not ready with the paper which she is supposed to submit the next day, she aptly remembers that her sister Deb wrote a paper on the same subject the previous year. The idea of plagiarizing does not even hit Elizabeth because firstly it is her sister that she will be copying from and Deb had already given her the permission to look at the papers that she wrote the previous year. Therefore Elizabeth is not guilty of doing anything wrong and moreover she is at a position where she is not getting ideas to write a paper and when a readymade paper is at hand, the idea of plagiarism does not even hit and therefore it can be said that she is not even feeling guilty about it. Question 8.8. (TCOs 6, 7, 9) Read this passage below. When you have done so, answer these three questions, writing a paragraph for each question. Your three questions are as follows. 1. What premises is the author using? 2. What conclusions does the author come to? 3. Are the conclusions justified? Either one thinks that there is no reason for believing any political doctrine or one sees some reason, however shaky, for the commitment of politics. If a person believes that political doctrines are void of content, that person will be quite content to see political debates go on, but won't expect anything useful to come from them. If we consider the other case that there is a patriotic justification for a political belief, then what? If the belief is that a specific political position is true, then one ought to be intolerant of all other political beliefs, since each political position must be held to be false relative to the belief one has. And since each political position holds out the promise of reward for any probability of its fixing social problems, however small, that makes it seem rational to choose it over its alternatives. The trouble, of course, is that the people who have other political doctrines may hold theirs just as strongly, making strength of belief itself invalid as a way to determine the rightness of a political position. (Points : 20) The author is discussing the political beliefs that people in general have and goes on to state that the people who do not believe in political doctrines and believe that these political doctrines do not have any content, they will not expect any solution from a political debate. The fallacy here is that when a person does not believe in the political doctrines and believe that these doctrines have no content, then that person would not watch the debates in the first place. When a person has a strong opinion of a certain political belief then automatically the person will negate all other political doctrines against the one that the person follows strictly. The conclusion is irrelevant because it is irrational to believe in more than one doctrine because then it would be contradictory beliefs and that is not logical behaviour. [Show More]

Last updated: 1 year ago

Preview 1 out of 11 pages

Reviews( 0 )

Recommended For You

 *NURSING> EXAM > NSG5002 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS,100% CORRECT (All)

preview
NSG5002 FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS & ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

As patients that entrust our care to another individual, we always expect honesty to avoid leading us down a deceptive pathway in our healthcare decisions. Adherence to which principle compels provide...

By securegrades , Uploaded: Oct 27, 2020

$13

 *NURSING> EXAM > ATI Med-Surg Proctored Exam Question And Answers/ Download To Score An A. (All)

preview
ATI Med-Surg Proctored Exam Question And Answers/ Download To Score An A.

ATI Med-Surg proctored Exam Questions & Answers A nurse is assisting with the care of a client who has a femur fracture and is in skeletal traction. Which of the following actions should the nurse tak...

By Solution101 , Uploaded: Mar 15, 2021

$15

 *NURSING> EXAM > HESI PN EXIT EXAM Latest Update Study Download to Score an A, A+ guide (All)

preview
HESI PN EXIT EXAM Latest Update Study Download to Score an A, A+ guide

HESI PN EXIT EXAM Latest Update Study Download to Score an A, A+ guide RNSG MISC

By PROF , Uploaded: Mar 04, 2021

$15

 *NURSING> EXAM > NURSE 420 Exam 1 leader Question And Answers( Download To Score An A) (All)

preview
NURSE 420 Exam 1 leader Question And Answers( Download To Score An A)

NURSE 420 Exam 1 Leadership. 1. When your nurse leader maintains strong control over the nursing staff and makes most of the decisions about how the unit will function, your leader is demonstrating w...

By succeeded , Uploaded: Dec 05, 2020

$14

 *NURSING> EXAM > GLOBUS QUIZ 2 QUIZ BANK ANSWERS LATEST COMPLETE SOLUTION|New Glo-Bus Quiz 2 Test Bank. Download To Score An A. (All)

preview
GLOBUS QUIZ 2 QUIZ BANK ANSWERS LATEST COMPLETE SOLUTION|New Glo-Bus Quiz 2 Test Bank. Download To Score An A.

Baruch College, CUNY - BPL 5100New Glo-Bus Quiz 2. NEW GLO-BUS Quiz 2 Answers Which of the following is NOT an action company co-managers can take to help meet or beat the investor-expected increases...

By succeeded , Uploaded: Nov 20, 2020

$15

 *NURSING> EXAM > NURS 6650 Midterm Exam (75/75 Points Scored)_Download To Score An A. (All)

preview
NURS 6650 Midterm Exam (75/75 Points Scored)_Download To Score An A.

NURS 6650 Midterm Exam (75/75 Points Scored) 1. The PMHNP is meeting with the parents of a school-aged girl. The mother reports feeling frustrated because they cannot get their daughter to do her h...

By succeeded , Uploaded: Dec 16, 2020

$12

 *NURSING> EXAM > Pharmacology Final Exam Questions and answers (All)

preview
Pharmacology Final Exam Questions and answers

Pharmacology Final Exam Questions and answers 1. When administering the drug senna to a patient, a health care provider must inform the patient of which of the following a. This drug is intended...

By tutorcwakuthii , Uploaded: Aug 23, 2023

$14

 NRNP 6552 Women's health final exam> EXAM > NRNP 6552 Women's health final exam questions and answers (Walden University) (All)

preview
NRNP 6552 Women's health final exam questions and answers (Walden University)

NRNP 6552 Women's health final exam questions and answers (Walden University) Question 1 1/1 A The symphysis . pubis B The umbilicus . C The xiphoid . process D None of the . above...

By NurseMentor , Uploaded: Jun 06, 2023

$8

 Health Care> EXAM > ACLS exam 1 (Latest 2023 - 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct, ACLS Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers and ACLS Final Comprehensive Exam Predictor. (All)

preview
ACLS exam 1 (Latest 2023 - 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct, ACLS Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers and ACLS Final Comprehensive Exam Predictor.

ACLS exam 1 (Latest 2023 - 2024) Actual Questions and Answers 100% Correct, ACLS Final Exam Questions with Correct Answers and ACLS Final Comprehensive Exam Predictor. ACLS exam 1 (Latest 2023 - 2024...

By Bobweiss , Uploaded: Oct 26, 2023

$16

 *NURSING> EXAM > NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (True/False) (All)

preview
NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (True/False)

NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (True/False) NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS (True/False) NURS 231 PORTAGE LEARNING FINAL EXAM QUESTIONS AND A...

By Acesolutions , Uploaded: Feb 02, 2022

$14

$17.00

Add to cart

Instant download

Can't find what you want? Try our AI powered Search

OR

GET ASSIGNMENT HELP
124
0

Document information


Connected school, study & course



About the document


Uploaded On

Mar 11, 2021

Number of pages

11

Written in

Seller


seller-icon
succeeded

Member since 3 years

224 Documents Sold


Additional information

This document has been written for:

Uploaded

Mar 11, 2021

Downloads

 0

Views

 124

Document Keyword Tags

THE BEST STUDY GUIDES

Avoid resits and achieve higher grades with the best study guides, textbook notes, and class notes written by your fellow students

custom preview

Avoid examination resits

Your fellow students know the appropriate material to use to deliver high quality content. With this great service and assistance from fellow students, you can become well prepared and avoid having to resits exams.

custom preview

Get the best grades

Your fellow student knows the best materials to research on and use. This guarantee you the best grades in your examination. Your fellow students use high quality materials, textbooks and notes to ensure high quality

custom preview

Earn from your notes

Get paid by selling your notes and study materials to other students. Earn alot of cash and help other students in study by providing them with appropriate and high quality study materials.


$17.00

WHAT STUDENTS SAY ABOUT US


What is Browsegrades

In Browsegrades, a student can earn by offering help to other student. Students can help other students with materials by upploading their notes and earn money.

We are here to help

We're available through e-mail, Twitter, Facebook, and live chat.
 FAQ
 Questions? Leave a message!

Follow us on
 Twitter

Copyright © Browsegrades · High quality services·