GCE History A Y221/01: Democracy and dictatorships in Germany 1919-1963 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. Rated A

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Question Answer/Indicative content Mark Guidance 1 (a) Which of the following was a more significant reason for Hitler’s appointment as Chancellor in 1933? i. The popular appeal of Nazism ii. �... �Backstairs Intrigue’ Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with the popular appeal of Nazism, answers might consider the appeal of Nazi policies, particularly at a time of economic depression. • Answers might consider Nazi electoral successes. • Answers might consider the effectiveness of Nazi propaganda and Hitler’s charismatic leadership. • In dealing with ‘backstairs intrigue’, answers might consider that Hitler was appointed Chancellor, not elected, and required Hindenburg’s support. • Answers might consider that Hitler’s conservative rivals underestimated him and provided him with opportunities he was effective in exploiting. • Answers might consider that the Nazis actually lost seats in the Reichstag in the second election of 1932, so may have been unlikely to win power electorally. 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to the reasons why Hitler was appointed Chancellor. • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or make take a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels marks scheme. 1 (b)* ‘The impact of the Second World War was the main reason why the Nazi government decided to pursue the Final Solution.’ How far do you agree? In arguing that the Second World War was the main reason, answers might consider: • The significance of the Wannsee Conference of 1942. • The takeover of large swathes of territory in Eastern 20 • No set answer is expected. • At higher levels candidates will focus on ‘how far’ and ‘aims’, but at Level 4 may simply list reasons. • At Level 5 and above there will be judgement as to the relative importance of the reasons. • At higher levels candidates might establish criteria against which to judge success. • To be valid judgements, claims must be supported by relevant and accurate material. If not, they areY221/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 Europe, with large Jewish populations, which precipitated a change in policy. • 1941 and the invasion of the USSR as a turning point, which caused an escalation of policies, with mass executions of Jews being used on a large scale. • The disruption of wartime, which rendered previous policies like forced resettlement impossible. • The decision to used forced labour on a mass scale, which would meet the production needs of war, which arguably contributed to the mass movement of Jews into extermination camps where the physically able were forced to work. • Wartime conditions rendered the most extreme genocidal policies possible in a way they had not been before. In arguing that the Second World War was not the main reason, answers might consider: • Anti-semitism had played a central role in Nazi ideology from the outset of the Party. • The personal attitudes, aims and prejudices of senior Nazi leadership for example Hitler, Himmler and Heydrich. • The role of the SS. • Latent Anti-Semitism in the German population and in the population of occupied Eastern European countries. • The escalation of Nazi racial policies from 1933 onwards. • The nature of the Nazi state and the ways in which this made the Final Solution possible. assertions. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y221/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 2 (a) Which of the following was the greater threat to the stability of the German Democratic Republic (GDR) in the years from 1949 to 1963? (i) The uprising of 1953 (ii) (ii) The numbers of people fleeing from the GDR to the West. Explain your answer with reference to both (i) and (ii). • In dealing with the uprising of 1953 answers might consider the call for a general strike and the numbers who responded. • Answers might consider the demand for a change to economic policies. • Answers might consider the need to call on Soviet forces to crush unrest • Answers might consider the concessions gained which suggest it was seen as a threat • Answers might consider that Stasi powers were increased as further unrest was feared • In dealing with the numbers fleeing from the GDR to the West, answers might consider the threat to the economy of the GDR given the number of skilled workers who left • Answers might consider the need to build the Berlin wall • Answers might consider the need to impose travel restrictions • Answers might consider the challenge to the ideals of communism 10 • No set answer is expected • Judgement must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Only credit material relevant to threats to the stability of the GDR 1949-63 • Answers may deal with each factor in turn, then compare them to reach a judgement, or make take a continually comparative approach. Either approach is acceptable. • Knowledge must not be cr [Show More]

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