HLTH 216RN VATI NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN ASSESSMENT REMEDIATION.docx/; COMPLETE SOLUTION

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RN VATI NURSING CARE OF CHILDREN ASSESSMENT REMEDIATION ❖ Management of Care – (1) ➢ Collaboration with Interdisciplinary Team – (1) ❖ Safety and Infection Control – (3) ➢ Accident/E... rror/Injury Prevention – (1) ➢ Home Safety – (1) ▪ Hematologic Disorders: Developing a Safety Plan for a Child Who Has Hemophilia ➢ Standard Precautions/Transmission-Based Precautions/Surgical Asepsis – (1) ▪ Acute and Infectious Respiratory Illnesses: Developing a Plan of Care for An Infant Who Has Respiratory Syncytial Virus (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 17) ❖ Health Promotion and Maintenance – (2) ➢ Developmental Stages and Transitions – (2) ▪ Health Promotion of Infants (2 Days to 1 Year): Teaching Parents About Expected Language Development (Active Learning Template – Growth and Development, RN NCC RN 10.0 Chp 3) • . ❖ Psychosocial Integrity – (1) ➢ Grief and Loss – (1) ❖ Basic Care and Comfort – (2) ➢ Nutrition and Oral Hydration – (2) ▪ Acute Infectious Gastrointestinal Disorders: Identifying Manifestations of Severe Dehydration (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 22) while lying down. Parents should follow the U.S. Department of Agriculture’s guidelines. ❖ Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies – (5) ➢ Dosage Calculation – (1) ▪ Dosage Calculation: Calculating IV Antibiotic Dose (Active Learning Template – Basic Concept, RM Pharm RN 7.0 Chp 3) • Volume (mL)/ Time (hr) = X mL/ hr ➢ Expected Actions/Outcomes – (1) ▪ Chronic Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders: Medication for a Child Who Has Cerebral Palsy and Muscle Spasms (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 29) • Baclofen – used as a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant that decreases muscle spasm and severe spasticity • Diazepam – skeletal muscle relaxant used to decrease muscle spasms and severe spasticity • Botulinum toxin A – reduces spasticity in specific muscle groups. Used primarily for clients who have spasticity only in the lower extremities ➢ Medication Administration – (2) ▪ Chronic Neurologic Disorders: Discharge Teaching for Phenytoin Extended-Release Capsules (Active Learning Template – Medication, RM Pharm RN 7.0 Chp 13) • Monitor for manifestations of CNS effects, and notify the provider if they occur. Advise clients to maintain good oral hygiene (dental flossing, massaging gums). Folic acid supplements can decrease the occurrence. Stop medication if rash develops. Instruct the client to report changes. Encourage the client to consume adequate amounts of calcium and vitamin D. ▪ Gastrointestinal Structural and Inflammatory Disorders: Caring for a Child Who Has Pyloric Stenosis (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 23) • Prepare the child for surgery – pylorotomy – performed by laparoscope. ◆ Preoperative nursing actions – IV fluids for correction of dehydration and electrolyte imbalances. NG tube for decompression. NPO. I&O. Daily weight. ◆ Postoperative nursing actions – Obtain routine postoperative vital signs. Provide IV fluids. Monitor daily weights and I&O. Administer analgesics for pain. Assess for signs of infection. Start clear liquids 4-6 hr after surgery. Advance to breast milk or formula as tolerated 24 hr after surgery. Document tolerance to feedings. ➢ Pharmacological Pain Management – (1) ▪ Pain Management: Assessing Pain in a 2-Year-Old Child (Active Learning Template – Growth and Development, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 9) • FLACC – 2 months to 7 years ◆ Face – (F) – 0: smile or no expression; 1: occasional frown or grimace, withdrawn; 2: frequent or constant frown, clenched jaw, quivering chin ◆ Legs (L) – 0: relaxed or normal position; 1: uneasy, restless, tense; 2: kicking or legs drawn up ◆ Activity (A) – 0: lying quietly, moves easily, normal position; 1: squirming, shifting, tense; 2: arched, rigid, or jerking ◆ Cry (C) – 0: no cry; 1: moans or whimpers, occasional complaints; 2: crying, screaming, sobbing, frequent complaints ◆ Consolability (C) – 0: content or relaxed; 1: reassured by occasional touching or hugging, able to distract; 2: difficult to console or comfort ❖ Reduction of Risk Potential – (6) ➢ Changes/Abnormalities in Vital Signs – (1) ▪ Vital Signs: Obtaining a Rectal Temperature (Active Learning Template – Nursing Skill, RM FUND 9.0 Chp 27) • Assist the client to Sims’ position with the upper leg flexed. Wearing gloves, expose the anal area while keeping other body areas covered. Spread the buttocks to expose the anal opening. Ask the client to breathe slowly and relax when placing a lubricated thermometer (with a rectal probe) into the anus in the direction of the umbilicus 2.5-3.5 cm (1-1.5 in) for an adult. If you encounter resistance, remove it immediately. Once inserted, hold the thermometer in place until you hear the signal. Clean the anal area to remove feces or lubricant. Use the rectal site to obtain a second measurement if the temperature is above 37.2’C (99’F) ➢ Potential for Complications of Diagnostic Tests/Treatments/Procedures – (2) ▪ Gastrointestinal Structural and Inflammatory Disorders: Postoperative Care Following Repair of a Cleft Lip (Active Learning Template – Therapeutic Procedure, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 23) • Perform standard postoperative care, including assessment of vital signs, oxygen saturation, and pain management using an age-appropriate tool. Keep the infant pain-free to decrease crying and stress on repair. Administer analgesics as prescribed. Assess operative sites for signs of crusting, bleeding, and infection. Avoid having the infant such on a nipple or pacifier. Avoid spoons, forks, and other objects the infant might bring to her mouth that could damage the incision site. Monitor I&O and weigh daily. Assess family coping and support. Monitor the integrity of the postoperative protective device to ensure proper positioning. Position the infant on her back and upright, or on her side during the immediate postoperative period to maintain the integrity of the repair. Apply elbow restraints to keep the infant from injuring the repair site. Restraints should be removed periodically to assess skin, allow limb movement, and provider for comfort. Use normal saline, water, or diluted hydrogen peroxide to clean the incision site. Apply antibiotic ointment if prescribed. Gently aspirate secretions of mouth and nasopharynx to prevent respiratory complications. ▪ Hematologic Disorders: Obtaining a Blood Sample from a Child Who Has Hemophilia (Active Learning Template – Nursing Skill, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 21) • Venipunctures are preferred over finger or heel sticks for blood sampling. ➢ Therapeutic Procedures – (3) ▪ Chronic Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders: Assessing a Child Following Placement of a Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt (Active Learning Template – Therapeutic Procedure, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 29) • Assess head circumference and fontanels. Latex precautions. Assess for changes in neurological status. ▪ Neurologic Diagnostic Procedures: Teaching a Parent About Magnetic Resonance Imaging (Active Learning Template – Diagnostic Procedure, RM AMS RN 10.0 Chp 3) • MRI scans are used to detect abnormalities, monitor response to treatment, and guide needles used for biopsies. MRIs are capable of discriminating soft tissue from tumor or bone. This makes the MRI scan effective in determining tumor size and blood vessel location ▪ Renal Disorders: Teaching Parents About Percutaneous Renal Biopsy (Active Learning Template – Diagnostic Procedure, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 26) • Kidney biopsy is indicated only if nephrotic syndrome is unresponsive to steroid therapy. Biopsy will show damage to the epithelial cells lining the basement membrane of the kidney. ❖ Physiological Adaptation – (8) ➢ Alterations in Body Systems – (2) ▪ Acute Neurological Disorders: Priority Action for a Child Who Has Bacterial Meningitis (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 12) • The presence of petechiae or a purpuric-type rash requires immediate medical attention. Isolate the client as soon as meningitis is suspect, and maintain droplet precautions per facility protocol. Droplet precautions require a private room or a room with clients who have the same infectious disease, ensuring that each client has his or her own designated equipment. Providers and visitors should wear a mask. Maintain respiratory isolation for a minimum of 24 hr after initiation of antibiotic therapy. ▪ Chronic Neuromusculoskeletal Disorders: Providing Teaching About Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 29) • It is a chronic autoimmune inflammatory disease affecting joints and other tissues. The chronic inflammation of the synovium of the joints leads to wearing down and damage to the articular cartilage. JIA is rarely life-threatening, and it can subside over time, but it can result in residual joint deformities and altered joint function. There are multiple classifications of JIA with or without a rheumatoid factor. • Expected findings – joint swelling, stiffness, redness, and warmth that tend to be worse in the morning or after inactivity. Mobility limitations. Fever. Rash. Limp in the morning. Delayed growth. ➢ Fluid and Electrolyte Imbalances – (1) ▪ Acute Infectious Gastrointestinal Disorders: Identifying Manifestations of Moderate Dehydration (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 22) • Weight loss – 6-9% in infants; 6-8% in children • Manifestations – capillary refill between 2-4 seconds. Possible thirst and irritability. Pulse slightly increased with normal to orthostatic blood pressure. Dry mucous membranes and decreased tears and skin turgor. Slight tachypnea. Normal to sunken anterior fontanel on infants. ➢ Illness Management – (2) ▪ Diabetes Mellitus: Providing Dietary Teaching for a School-Age Child (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 33) • Provide nutritional guidelines – read labels for nutritional value. Meal planning is based on the requirements of growth and development of the child. Plan meals to achieve appropriate timing of food intake, activity, onset, and peak of insulin. Calories and food composition should be similar each day. Eat at regular intervals and do not skip meals. Count grams of carbohydrates consumed. Recognize that 15 g of carbohydrates are equal to 1 carbohydrate exchange. Avoid high-fat and high-sugar/high-carbohydrate food items. Use artificial sweeteners in moderation. ▪ HIV/AIDS: Providing Teaching About Infection Prevention (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 38) • Prevent infection using standard precautions – encourage deep breathing and coughing. Maintain good hand hygiene. Teach the child and parents to avoid individuals who have colds/infections/viruses. Encourage immunizations, such as pneumococcal vaccine and yearly seasonal influenza vaccine. Monitor for indications of opportunistic infections. ➢ Medical Emergencies – (1) ▪ Hematologic Disorders: Interventions for a Child Who Has Hemophilia (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 21) • Management of bleeding in the hospital – administer injections via the subcutaneous route instead of the intramuscular route whenever possible. Avoid unnecessary skin punctures and use surgical aseptic technique. Venipunctures are preferred over finger or heel sticks for blood sampling. Monitor urine, stool, and nasogastric fluid for occult blood. Do not administer aspirin or any products that contain aspirin. Acetaminophen is an acceptable substitute for aspirin. Control localized bleeding – administer factor replacement. Observe for adverse effects, which include headache, flushing, low sodium, and alterations in heart rate and blood pressure. Encourage the child to rest and immobilize the affected joints. Elevate and apply ice to the affected joints. ➢ Pathophysiology – (2) ▪ Brain Tumors: Identifying Manifestations of a Brain Tumor (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM AMS RN 10.0 Chp 9) • Physical assessment findings – dysarthria, dysphagia, positive Romberg sign, positive Babinski sign, vertigo, hemiparesis, cranial nerve dysfunction (inability to discriminate sounds, loss of gag reflex, loss of blink response), papilledema • Manifestations specific to supratentorial brain tumors – severe headache (worse upon awakening but improving over time). Visual changes (blurring, visual field deficit). Seizures. Loss of voluntary movement or the inability to control movement. Change in cognitive function (memory loss, language impairment). Change in personality, inability to control emotions. Nausea with or without vomiting. Paralysis. • Manifestations specific to infratentorial brain tumors – hearing loss or ringing in the ear. Visual changes. Facial drooping. Difficulty swallowing. Nystagmus, crossed eyes, or decreased vision. Autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysfunction. Ataxia or clumsy movements. Hemiparesis. Cranial nerve dysfunction (inability to discriminate sounds, loss of gag reflex, loss of blink response) ▪ Cardiovascular Disorders: Identifying Manifestations of Tetralogy of Fallot (Active Learning Template – System Disorder, RM NCC RN 10.0 Chp 20) • Tetralogy of Fallot – four defects that result in mixed blood flow: pulmonary stenosis, ventricular septal defect, overriding aorta, right ventricular hypertrophy. ◆ Cyanosis at birth: progressive cyanosis over the first year of life. Systolic murmur. Episodes of acute cyanosis and hypoxia (blue or “Tet” spells) [Show More]

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