Chamberlain College of NursingNR 601_NR 601 FINAL EXAM FB

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How to conduct Mini-Cog-  The Mini-Cog has been demonstrated to have comparable psychometric properties to the MMSE  The primary advantage of the Mini-Cog is that it is shorter than the MMSE a... nd measures executive function.  It is composed of a three-item recall and the Clock Drawing Test (CDT) and takes about 3 minutes to administer  The Mini-Cog is a short dementia assessment that combines three-word recall with clock-drawing capability.  Patients are given a total score reflecting accuracy in clock drawing and recollection of the given three words.  A score of 0 to 2 is a positive screen for dementia Causes of delirium in elderly-  Causes of delirium are numerous and in elderly hospitalized patients there are often multiple etiologies, including metabolic, infection, cardiac, neurological, pulmonary, sensory impairments, medications, and toxins.  Regardless of cause, a consistent finding is significant reduction in regional cerebral perfusion during periods of delirium in comparison with blood flow patterns after recovery.  A possible neurological common pathway may involve acetylcholine and dopamine, and the disruption in the sleep-wake cycle in delirium indicates melatonin as a possible factor. (Kennedy-Malone 59) Agnosia  Loss of ability to identify objects ADA criteria for diagnosing DM-  FPG ≥126 mg/dL (7.0 mmol/L). Fasting is defined as no caloric intake for at least 8 h.*  2-h PG ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L) during OGTT. The test should be performed as described by the WHO, using a glucose load containing the equivalent of 75-g anhydrous glucose dissolved in water.*  A1C ≥6.5% (48 mmol/mol). The test should be performed in a laboratory using a method that is NGSP certified and standardized to the DCCT assay.*  In a patient with classic symptoms of hyperglycemia or hyperglycemic crisis, a random plasma glucose ≥200 mg/dL (11.1 mmol/L). • Urinary incontinence-  Involuntary loss of urine from the bladder ▪ So common in women many consider it normal ▪ Common in older men w/ enlarged prostate o Can affect quality of life o Significance-One of the most common complains w/ older adults, Distress & embarrassment, Cost burden to pt & society as a whole, Not life-threatening, may effect QOL, PCP essential to educating individuals o Epidemiology- Increased prevalence w/ age in men & women, Nursing home population – 40-70%, Often a factor in placement ▪ URGENCY UI is greater in men ▪ STRESS UI is greater in women o Terminology ▪ UI- Unintentional voiding, loss or leakage of urine ▪ Continuous incontinence-Continuous loss or leak of urine ▪ Increased daytime frequency-More frequent during day than considered normal ▪ Nocturia-Interruption of sleep one or more times due to the need to urinate – increases in frequency after age 50 ▪ Urgency-Sudden, compelling desire to pass urine that’s difficult to prevent ▪ Overactive bladder syndrome- Urgency, frequency, nocturia w/ or w/o incontinence o Risk Factors-Aging,Obesity,Smoking, Caffeine,Uncontrolled DM, Constipation,Use of diuretics o Risk Factors by gender-Women:Aging, obesity, smoking, caffeine intake, DM, pregnancy, multiparity, estrogen deficiency, hx of pelvic surgery, diuretics Men:Aging, obesity, smoking, caffeine, DM, prostate dx, hx of prostate surgery, hx of UTIs, diuretics o Physical changes w/ aging that contribute to UI ▪ Lower urinary tract-Detrusor muscle over activity,Decrease in detrusor contractility, Increase in post void residual,Decrease in urethral blood flow ▪ Women – decrease in urethral closure pressure,Low estrogen following menopause - leads to atrophy of ureteral mucosal epithelium & increase in urethral sensation ▪ Men can experience constriction of urethra due to BPH which may result in bladder outlet obstructing symptoms [Show More]

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