[eBook] [PDF] Cultural Anthropology Asking Questions About Humanity, 2nd Edition By Robert Welsch

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Letter from the Authors About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments 1. Anthropology: Asking Questions About Humanity How Did Anthropology Begin? The Disruptions of Industrialization ... The Theory of Evolution Colonial Origins of Cultural Anthropology Anthropology as a Global Discipline What Do the Four Subfields of Anthropology Share in Common? Culture Cultural Relativism Human Diversity Change Holism How Do Anthropologists Know What They Know? The Scientific Method in Anthropology When Anthropology Is Not a Science: Interpreting Other Cultures How Do Anthropologists Put Their Knowledge to Work in the World? Applied and Practicing Anthropology: The Fifth Subfield? Putting Anthropology to Work What Ethical Obligations Do Anthropologists Have? Do Not Harm. But Is That Enough? Take Responsibility for Your Work. But How Far Does That Go? Share Your Findings. But Who Should Control Those Findings? --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Edward Burnett Tylor and the Culture Concept --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Should Anthropologists Take Responsibility for the Influences They Have on the Societies They Study? --DOING FIELDWORK: Conducting Holistic Research with Stanley Ulijaszek 2. Culture: Giving Meaning to Human Lives What Is Culture? Elements of Culture Defining Culture in This Book If Culture Is Always Changing, Why Does It Feel So Stable? Symbols Values Norms Traditions How Do Social Institutions Express Culture? Culture and Social Institutions American Culture Expressed Through Breakfast Cereals and Sexuality Can Anybody Own Culture? --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Franz Boas and the Relativity of Culture --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Understanding Holism --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Michael Ames and Collaborative Museum Exhibits 3. Ethnography: Studying Culture What Distinguishes Ethnographic Fieldwork from Other Types of Social Research? Fieldwork Seeing the World from "the Native's Point of View" Avoiding Cultural "Tunnel Vision" How Do Anthropologists Actually Do Ethnographic Fieldwork? Participant Observation: Disciplined "Hanging Out" Interviews: Asking and Listening Scribbling: Taking Fieldnotes What Other Methods to Cultural Anthropologists Use? Comparative Method Genealogical Method Life Histories Ethnohistory Rapid Appraisals Action Research Anthropology at a Distance Analysis of Secondary Materials Special Issues Facing Anthropologists Studying Their Own Societies What Unique Ethical Dilemmas Do Ethnographers Face? Protecting Informant Identity Anthropology, Spying, and War --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Bronislaw Malinowski on the Ethnographic Method --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Fieldwork in an American Mall --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Alcida Rita Ramos and Indigenous Rights in Brazil 4. Linguistic Anthropology: Relating Language and Culture How Do Anthropologists Study Language? Where Does Language Come From? Evolutionary Perspectives on Language Historical Linguistics: Studying Language Origins and Change How Does Language Actually Work? Descriptive Linguistics Sociolinguistics Does Language Shape How We Experience the World? The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Hopi Notions of Time Ethnoscience and Color Terms Is the Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis Correct? If Language Is Always Changing, Why Does It Seem So Stable? Linguistic Change, Stability, and National Policy Language Stability Parallels Cultural Stability How Does Language Relate to Power and Social Inequality? Language Ideology Gendered Language Styles Language and Social Status Language and the Legacy of Colonialism Language and New Media Technologies --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Edward Sapir on How Language Shapes Culture --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Exploring Relationships of Power and Status in Local American Dialects --DOING FIELDWORK: Helping Communities Preserve Endangered Languages 5. Globalization and Culture: Understanding Global Interconnections Is the World Really Getting Smaller? Defining Globalization The World We Live In What Are the Outcomes of Global Integration? Colonialism and World Systems Theory Cultures of Migration Resistance at the Periphery Globalization and Localization Doesn't Everyone Want to Be Developed? What Is Development? Development Anthropology Anthropology of Development Change on Their Own Terms If the World Is Not Becoming Homogenized, What Is Actually Happening? Cultural Convergence Theories Hybridization How Can Anthropologists Study Global Interconnections? Defining an Object of Study Multi-Sited Ethnography --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Eric Wolf, Culture, and the World System --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Understanding Global Integration Through Commodities --DOING FIELDWORK: Tracking Emergent Forms of Citizenship with Aihwa Ong 6. Foodways: Finding, Making, and Eating Food Why Is There No Universal Human Diet? Human Dietary Adaptability and Constraints Cultural Influences on Human Evolution: Digesting Milk Why Do People Eat Things That Others Consider Disgusting? Foodways and Culture Foodways Are Culturally Constructed Foodways Communicate Symbolic Meaning Foodways Mark Social Boundaries and Identities Foodways Are Dynamic How Do Different Societies Get Food? Foraging Horticulture Pastoralism Intensive Agriculture Industrial Agriculture How Are Contemporary Foodways Changing? Contradictory Patterns in India's Changing Foodways Industrial Foods, Sedentary Lives, and the Nutrition Transition The Return of Local and Organic Foods? The Biocultural Logic of Local Foodways --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Audrey Richards and the Study of Foodways --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Food Preferences and Gender --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Teresa Mares and Migrant Farmworkers' Food Security in Vermont 7. Environmental Anthropology: Relating to the Natural World Do All People See of Nature in the Same Way? The Human-Nature Divide? The Cultural Landscape How Does Non-Western Knowledge of Nature Relate to Science? Ethnoscience Traditional Ecological Knowledge Are Industrialized Western Societies the Only Ones to Conserve Nature? Artifactual Landscapes The Culture of Modern Nature Conservation Is Collaborative Conservation Possible? How Do Social and Cultural Factors Drive Environmental Destruction? Population and Environment Ecological Footprint Political Ecology Anthropology Confronts Climate Change --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Roy Rappaport's Insider and Outsider Models --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Identifying Hidden Costs --DOING FIELDWORK: James Fairhead and Melissa Leach on Misreading the African Landscape 8. Economics: Working, Sharing, and Buying Is Money Really the Measure of All Things? Culture, Economics, and Value The Neoclassical Perspective The Substantivist-Formalist Debate The Marxist Perspective The Cultural Economics Perspective How Does Culture Shape the Value and Meaning of Money? The Cultural Dimensions of Money Money and the Distribution of Power Why Is Gift Exchange Such an Important Part of All Societies? Gift Exchange and Economy: Two Classic Approaches Gift Exchange in Market-Based Economies What Is the Point of Owning Things? Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Property Appropriation and Consumption Does Capitalism Have Distinct Cultures? Culture and Social Relations on Wall Street Entrepreneurial Capitalism Among Malays --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Marshall Sahlins on Exchange in Traditional Economies --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: The Role of Exchange in Managing Social Relationships --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Jim Yong Kim's Holistic, On-the-Ground Approach to Fighting Poverty 9. Politics: Cooperation, Conflict, and Power Relations Does Every Society Have a Government? The Idea of "Politics" and the Problem of Order Structural-Functionalist Models of Political Stability Neo-Evolutionary Models of Political Organization: Bands, Tribes, Chiefdoms, and States Challenges to Traditional Political Anthropology What Is Political Power? Defining Political Power Political Power Is Action-Oriented Political Power Is Structural Political Power Is Gendered Political Power in Non-State Societies The Political Power of the Contemporary Nation-State Why Do Some Societies Seem More Violent Than Others? What Is Violence? Violence and Culture Explaining the Rise of Violence in Our Contemporary World How Do People Avoid Aggression, Brutality, and War? What Disputes Are "About" How People Manage Disputes Is Restoring Harmony Always the Best Way? --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: E. E. Evans-Pritchard on Segmentary Lineages --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: The Power of Personal Connections --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Maxwell Owusu and Democracy in Ghana 10. Race, Ethnicity, and Class: Understanding Identity and Social Inequality Is Race Biological? The Biological Meanings (and Meaningless) of "Human Races" Race Does Have Biological Consequences How Is Race Culturally Constructed? The Construction of Blackness and Whiteness in Colonial Virginia and Beyond Racialization in Latin America Saying "Race Is Culturally Constructed" Is Not Enough How Are Other Social Classifications Naturalized? Ethnicity: Common Descent Class: Economic Hierarchy in Capitalist Societies Caste: Moral Purity and Pollution Are Prejudice and Discrimination Inevitable? Understanding Prejudice Discrimination, Explicit and Disguised The Other Side of Discrimination: Unearned Privilege --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Hortense Powdermaker on Prejudice --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Counting and Classifying Race in the American Census --DOING FIELDWORK: Tamie Tsuchiyama and Fieldwork in a Japanese-American Internment Camp 11. Gender, Sex, and Sexuality: The Fluidity of Maleness and Femaleness How and Why Do Males and Females Differ? Shifting Views on Male and Female Differences Beyond the Male-Female Binary Do Hormones Really Cause Gendered Differences in Behavior? Why Is There Inequality Between Men and Women? Debating "The Second Sex" Taking Stock of the Debate Reproducing Male-Female Inequality What Does It Mean to Be Neither Male Nor Female? Navajo Nádleehé Indian Hijras Trans in the United States Is Human Sexuality Just a Matter of Being Straight or Queer? Cultural Perspectives on Same-Sex Sexuality Controlling Sexuality --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Margaret Mead and the Sex/Gender Distinction --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Anthropological Perspectives on American (Non)Acceptance of Trans People --DOING FIELDWORK: Don Kulick and "Coming Out" in the Field 12. Kinship, Marriage, and the Family: Love, Sex, and Power What Are Families, and How Are They Structured in Different Societies? Families, Ideal and Real Nuclear and Extended Families Clans and Lineages Kinship Terminologies Cultural Patterns in Childrearing How Do Families Control Power and Wealth? Claiming a Bride Recruiting the Kids The Dowry in India: Providing a Financial Safety Net for a Bride Controlling Family Wealth Through Inheritance Why Do People Get Married? Why People Get Married Forms of Marriage Sex, Love, and the Power of Families Over Young Couples How Are Social and Technological Changes Reshaping How People Think About Family? International Adoptions and the Problem of Cultural Identity In Vitro Fertilization Surrogate Mothers and Sperm Donors --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: A. L. Kroeber on Classificatory Systems of Relationship --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Genealogical Amnesia in Bali, Indonesia, and the United States --DOING FIELDWORK: Andrea Louie on Negotiating Identity and Culture in International Adoptions 13. Religion: Ritual and Belief How Should We Understand Religion and Religious Beliefs? Understanding Religion, Version 1.0: Edward Burnett Tylor and Belief in Spirits Understanding Religion, Version 2.0: Anthony F. C. Wallace on Supernatural Beings, Powers, and Forces Understanding Religion, Version 3.0: Religion as a System of Symbols Understanding Religion, Version 4.0: Religion as a System of Social Action Making Sense of the Terrorist Attacks in France: Charlie Hebdo What Forms Does Religion Take? Clan Spirits and Clan Identities in New Guinea Totemism in North America Shamanism and Ecstatic Religious Experiences Ritual Symbols That Reinforce a Hierarchical Social Order Polytheism and Monotheism in Ancient Societies World Religions and Universal Understandings of the World How Does Atheism Fit in the Discussion? How Do Rituals Work? Magical Thought in Non-Western Cultures Sympathetic Magic: The Law of Similarity and the Law of Contagion Magic in Western Societies Rites of Passage and the Ritual Process How Is Religion Linked to Political and Social Action? The Rise of Fundamentalism Understanding Fundamentalism --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Sir James G. Frazer on Sympathetic Magic --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Examining Rites of Passage --DOING FIELDWORK: Studying the Sikh Militants 14. The Body: Biocultural Perspectives on Health and Illness How Do Biological and Cultural Factors Shape Our Bodily Experiences? Uniting Mind and Matter: A Biocultural Perspective Culture and Mental Illness What Do We Mean by Health and Illness? The Individual Subjectivity of Illness The "Sick Role": The Social Expectations of Illness How and Why Do Doctors and Other Health Practitioners Gain Social Authority? The Disease-Illness Distinction: Professional and Popular Views of Sickness The Medicalization of the Non-Medical How Does Healing Happen? Clinical Therapeutic Processes Symbolic Therapeutic Processes Social Support Persuasion: The Placebo Effect What Can Anthropology Contribute to Addressing Global Health Problems? Understanding Global Health Problems Anthropological Contributions to Tackling the International HIV/AIDS Crisis --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Arthur Kleinman and the New Medical Anthropological Methodology --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: The Emergence of New Disease Categories --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: Nancy Scheper-Hughes on an Engaged Anthropology of Health 15. Materiality: Constructing Social Relationships and Meanings with Things Why Is the Ownership of Artifacts from Other Cultures a Contentious Issue? Questions of Ownership, Rights, and Protection Cultural Resource Management: Not Just for Archaeologists How Can Anthropology Help Us Understand Objects? The Many Dimensions of Objects A Shiny New Bicycle, in Multiple Dimensions The Power of Symbols The Symbols of Power How Do the Meanings of Things Change Over Time? The Social Life of Things Three Ways Objects Change Over Time How Do Objects Come to Represent Our Goals and Aspirations? The Cultural Biography of Things The Culture of Mass Consumption How Advertisers Manipulate Our Goals and Aspirations --CLASSIC CONTRIBUTIONS: Daniel Miller on Why Some Things Matter --THINKING LIKE AN ANTHROPOLOGIST: Looking at Objects From Multiple Perspectives --ANTHROPOLOGIST AS PROBLEM SOLVER: John Terrell, Repatriation, and the Maori Meeting House at The Field Museum Epilogue Glossary References Credits List of Boxes Index [Show More]

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