[eBook] [PDF] Book] for Principles of Human Anatomy, 14th Edition By Gerard J. Tortora, Mark T. Nielsen

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TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 An Introduction to the Human Body 1 1.1 Anatomy Defined 2 1.2 Levels of Body Organization and Body Systems 3 1.3 Life Processes 9 1.4 Basic Anatomical Terminology 9 ... 1.5 Body Cavities 14 1.6 Abdominopelvic Regions and Quadrants 18 1.7 The Human Body and Disease 19 1.8 Aging 20 1.9 Medical Imaging 20 1.10 Measuring the Human Body 23 Chapter Review and Resource Summary 23 / Critical Thinking Questions 25 / Answers to Figure Questions 25 2 Cells 26 2.1 A Generalized Cell 27 2.2 The Plasma Membrane 28 2.3 Cytoplasm 33 2.4 Nucleus 42 2.5 Cell Division 43 2.6 Cellular Diversity 51 2.7 Aging and Cells 52 Key Medical Terms Associated with Cells 54 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 54 / Critical Thinking Questions 56 / Answers to Figure Questions 57 3 Tissues 58 3.1 Types of Tissues 59 3.2 Cell Junctions 60 3.3 Comparison Between Epithelial and Connective Tissues 61 3.4 Epithelial Tissue 62 3.5 Connective Tissue 73 3.6 Membranes 85 3.7 Muscular Tissue 87 3.8 Nervous Tissue 89 3.9 Aging and Tissues 89 Key Medical Terms Associated with Tissues 90 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 90 / Critical Thinking Questions 92 / Answers to Figure Questions 93 4 Development 94 4.1 Principles of Development 95 4.2 Embryonic Period 96 4.3 Fetal Period 111 4.4 Maternal Changes During Pregnancy 113 4.5 Labor 114 Key Medical Terms Associated with Development 115 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 116 / Critical Thinking Questions 117 / Answers to Figure Questions 117 5 The Integumentary System 118 5.1 Structure of the Skin 119 5.2 Accessory Structures of the Skin 127 5.3 Types of Skin 134 5.4 Functions of the Skin 135 5.5 Development of the Integumentary System 136 5.6 Aging and the Integumentary System 138 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Integumentary System 139 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 140 / Critical Thinking Questions 141 / Answers to Figure Questions 141 6 Bone Tissue 142 6.1 Functions of Bone and the Skeletal System 143 6.2 Types of Bones 143 6.3 Anatomy of a Bone 144 6.4 Bone Surface Markings 145 6.5 Histology of Bone Tissue 146 6.6 Blood and Nerve Supply of Bone 150 6.7 Bone Formation 151 6.8 Fractures 158 6.9 Exercise and Bone Tissue 161 6.10 Aging and Bone Tissue 161 6.11 Factors Affecting Bone Growth 161 Key Medical Terms Associated with Bone Tissue 163 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 163 / Critical Thinking Questions 165 / Answers to Figure Questions 165 7 The Skeletal System: The Axial Skeleton 166 7.1 Divisions of the Skeletal System 167 7.2 Skull 169 7.3 Hyoid Bone 196 7.4 Vertebral Column 197 7.5 Thorax 210 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Axial Skeleton 214 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 214 / Critical Thinking Questions 215 / Answers to Figure Questions 215 8 The Skeletal System: The Appendicular Skeleton 216 8.1 Skeleton of the Upper Limb 217 8.2 Skeleton of the Lower Limb 230 8.3 False and True Pelves 235 8.4 Comparison of Female and Male Pelves 236 8.5 Comparison of Pectoral and Pelvic Girdles 236 8.6 Development of the Skeletal System 246 Key Medical Terms Associated with Appendicular Skeleton 248 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 248 / Critical Thinking Questions 249 / Answers to Figure Questions 249 9 Joints 250 9.1 Joint Classifications 251 9.2 Fibrous Joints 252 9.3 Cartilaginous Joints 253 9.4 Synovial Joints 254 9.5 Types of Movements at Synovial Joints 256 9.6 Types of Synovial Joints 261 9.7 Factors Affecting Contact and Range of Motion at Synovial Joints 264 9.8 Selected Joints of the Body 265 9.9 Aging and Joints 281 Key Medical Terms Associated with Joints 283 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 283 / Critical Thinking Questions 284 / Answers to Figure Questions 285 10 Muscular Tissue 286 10.1 Overview of Muscular Tissue 287 10.2 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Structure 288 10.3 Skeletal Muscle Tissue Function 296 10.4 Types of Skeletal Muscle Fibers 303 10.5 Exercise and Skeletal Muscle Tissue 305 10.6 Cardiac Muscle Tissue 305 10.7 Smooth Muscle Tissue 307 10.8 Development of Muscles 309 10.9 Aging and Muscular Tissue 310 Key Medical Terms Associated with Muscular Tissue 310 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 310 / Critical Thinking Questions 312 / Answers to Figure Questions 313 11 The Muscular System 314 11.1 How Skeletal Muscles Produce Movements 315 11.2 How Skeletal Muscles Are Named 320 11.3 Principal Skeletal Muscles 320 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Muscular System 415 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 416 / Critical Thinking Questions 417 / Answers to Figure Questions 417 12 The Cardiovascular System: Blood 418 12.1 Functions of Blood 419 12.2 Physical Characteristics of Blood 419 12.3 Components of Blood 419 12.4 Formation of Blood Cells 422 12.5 Red Blood Cells 425 12.6 White Blood Cells 428 12.7 Platelets 430 12.8 Stem Cell Transplants from Bone Marrow and Cord-Blood 431 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood 432 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 433 / Critical Thinking Questions 434 / Answers to Figure Questions 434 13 The Cardiovascular System: The Heart 435 13.1 Location and Surface Projection of the Heart 436 13.2 Structure and Function of the Heart 438 13.3 Circulation of Blood 447 13.4 Cardiac Conduction System and Innervation 451 13.5 Cardiac Cycle (Heartbeat) 453 13.6 Heart Sounds 453 13.7 Exercise and the Heart 454 13.8 Development of the Heart 458 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Heart 460 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 460 / Critical Thinking Questions 462 / Answers to Figure Questions 462 14 The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels 463 14.1 Anatomy of Blood Vessels 464 14.2 Circulatory Routes—Systemic Circulation 472 14.3 Circulatory Routes—Hepatic Portal Circulation 511 14.4 Circulatory Routes—Pulmonary Circulation 512 14.5 Circulatory Routes—Fetal Circulation 513 14.6 Development of Blood Vessels and Blood 515 14.7 Aging and the Cardiovascular System 516 Key Medical Terms Associated with Blood Vessels 517 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 518 / Critical Thinking Questions 519 / Answers to Figure Questions 519 15 The Lymphatic (Lymphoid) System and Immunity 520 15.1 The Concept of Immunity 521 15.2 Lymphatic System Structure and Functions 521 15.3 Lymphatic Vessels and Lymph Circulation 523 15.4 Lymphatic Organs and Tissues 526 15.5 Principal Groups of Lymph Nodes 531 15.6 Development of Lymphatic Tissues 542 15.7 Aging and the Lymphatic System 542 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Lymphatic System and Immunity 544 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 544 / Critical Thinking Questions 545 / Answers to Figure Questions 545 16 Nervous Tissue 546 16.1 Overview of the Nervous System 547 16.2 Histology and Functions of Neurons 548 16.3 Histology and Function of Neuroglia 555 16.4 Neural Circuits 558 16.5 Regeneration and Neurogenesis 560 Key Medical Terms Associated with Nervous Tissue 560 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 561 / Critical Thinking Questions 562 / Answers to Figure Questions 562 17 The Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 563 17.1 Spinal Cord Anatomy 564 17.2 Spinal Nerves 569 17.3 Spinal Cord Functions 584 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Spinal Cord and the Spinal Nerves 586 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 587 / Critical Thinking Questions 588 / Answers to Figure Questions 588 18 The Brain and the Cranial Nerves 589 18.1 Development and General Structure of the Brain 590 18.2 Protection and Blood Supply 593 18.3 The Brainstem and Reticular Formation 599 18.4 The Cerebellum 604 18.5 The Diencephalon 604 18.6 The Cerebrum 608 18.7 Functional Organization of the Cerebral Cortex 614 18.8 Aging and the Nervous System 618 18.9 Cranial Nerves 618 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Brain and the Cranial Nerves 633 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 633 / Critical Thinking Questions 635 / Answers to Figure Questions 635 19 The Autonomic Nervous System 636 19.1 Comparison of Somatic and Autonomic Nervous Systems 637 19.2 Anatomy of Autonomic Motor Pathways 639 19.3 Structure of the Sympathetic Division 643 19.4 Structure of the Parasympathetic Division 646 19.5 ANS Neurotransmitters and Receptors 650 19.6 Functions of the ANS 651 19.7 Integration and Control of Autonomic Functions 655 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Autonomic Nervous System 655 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 656 / Critical Thinking Questions 657 / Answers to Figure Questions 657 20 Somatic Senses and Motor Control 658 20.1 Overview of Sensations 659 20.2 Somatic Sensations 660 20.3 Somatic Sensory Pathways 666 20.4 Somatic Motor Pathways 669 20.5 Integration of Sensory Input and Motor Output 675 Key Medical Terms Associated with Somatic Senses and Motor Control 675 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 675 / Critical Thinking Questions 677 / Answers to Figure Questions 677 21 Special Senses 678 21.1 Olfaction: Sense of Smell 679 21.2 Gustation: Sense of Taste 681 21.3 Vision 683 21.4 Hearing and Equilibrium 693 21.5 Development of the Eyes and Ears 707 21.6 Aging and the Special Senses 709 Key Medical Terms Associated with Special Senses 709 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 710 / Critical Thinking Questions 711 / Answers to Figure Questions 711 22 The Endocrine System 712 22.1 Endocrine Glands Defined 713 22.2 Hormones 713 22.3 Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland 715 22.4 Pineal Gland and Thymus 719 22.5 Thyroid Gland and Parathyroid Glands 720 22.6 Adrenal Glands 723 22.7 Pancreas 726 22.8 Ovaries and Testes 728 22.9 Other Endocrine Tissues 729 22.10 Development of the Endocrine System 730 22.11 Aging and the Endocrine System 731 Key Medical Terms Associated with the EndocrineSystem 732 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 732 / Critical Thinking Questions 734 / Answers to Figure Questions 734 23 The Respiratory System 735 23.1 Respiratory System Anatomy 736 23.2 Upper Respiratory System Anatomy 736 23.3 Lower Respiratory System Anatomy 741 23.4 Mechanics of Pulmonary Ventilation (Breathing) 757 23.5 Regulation of Breathing 758 23.6 Exercise and the Respiratory System 761 23.7 Development of the Respiratory System 762 23.8 Aging and the Respiratory System 763 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Respiratory System 763 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 764 / Critical Thinking Questions 765 / Answers to Figure Questions 765 24 The Digestive System 766 24.1 Overview of the Digestive System 767 24.2 Layers of the GI Tract 768 24.3 Peritoneum 770 24.4 Mouth 772 24.5 Pharynx 779 24.6 Esophagus 779 24.7 Stomach 781 24.8 Pancreas 786 24.9 Liver and Gallbladder 788 24.10 Small Intestine 793 24.11 Large Intestine 800 24.12 Development of the Digestive System 805 24.13 Aging and the Digestive System 806 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Digestive System 806 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 807 / Critical Thinking Questions 809 / Answers to Figure Questions 809 25 The Urinary System 810 25.1 Overview of the Urinary System 811 25.2 Anatomy of the Kidneys 813 25.3 The Nephron 817 25.4 Functions of Nephrons 822 25.5 Urine Transportation, Storage, and Elimination 825 25.6 Development of the Urinary System 831 25.7 Aging and the Urinary System 832 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Urinary System 832 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 833 / Critical Thinking Questions 834 / Answers to Figure Questions 834 26 The Reproductive Systems 835 26.1 Male Reproductive System 836 26.2 Female Reproductive System 849 26.3 Female Reproductive Cycle 866 26.4 Birth Control Methods and Abortion 870 26.5 Development of the Reproductive Systems 872 26.6 Aging and the Reproductive Systems 874 Key Medical Terms Associated with the Reproductive Systems 875 / Chapter Review and Resource Summary 876 / Critical Thinking Questions 878 / Answers to Figure Questions 878 27 Surface Anatomy 880 27.1 Overview of Surface Anatomy 881 Chapter Review and Resource Summary 903 / Critical Thinking Questions 904 / Answers to Figure Questions 904 Appendix A Measurements A-1 Appendix B Answers A-2 Glossary G-1 Index I-1 [Show More]

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