GCE History A Y318/01: Russia and its rulers 1855-1964 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. Graded A+

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Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages and explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of the impact of Khrushchev’s domestic p... olicies on rural and urban living conditions. In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation A suggests that Khrushchev’s policies did not improve living conditions, and the main impact of Khrushchev’s policies was to cause damage to the economy, leading to high prices for low quality goods and discontent. • In evaluating Interpretation A, answers might argue that it is valid because Khrushchev’s policies failed to overcome the problems created by earlier economic policies, and negatively affected living conditions. • Answers might argue that it is valid because the workers did not trust Soviet consumer goods and instead bought food. • Answers might argue that it is valid because the negative impacts on working and living conditions can be directly linked to Khrushchev’s policies, poor planning of the Virgin Lands scheme and unrealistic targets. • Answers might argue that it is valid because the impact of the economic problems and food prices was discontent amongst the peasants and workers; 30 • No set answer is expected • At Level 5 and above answers will evaluate both interpretations, locating them within the wider historical debate about the issue and using their own knowledge, and reach a balanced judgement as to which they consider the most convincing about the issue in the question. • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used to analyse and evaluate the interpretations, in line with descriptions in the levels mark schemeY318/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 • Answers might argue that it is valid because a major area of criticism leading to his resignation was the failure of agricultural policies. In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation B suggests that the policies did improve living conditions, due to success in agricultural policies, as well as improvements in the quantity of available housing and improvements in wages. • In evaluating Interpretation B, answers might argue that it is valid because early parts of agricultural plans showed promise, for example the Virgin Land Schemes had early success. • Answers might argue that it is valid because in urban areas, there was some improvement in living conditions, especially with the construction of prefabricated buildings which allowed families to have their own place to live. • Answers might argue that it is valid because of the effort to improve services in urban areas, and the focus on quantity which affected many workers. • Answers might argue that it is valid because the introduction of a minimum wage and general wage rises meant that average family income rose under Khrushchev. • Answers might argue that it is valid because consumer goods like televisions and washing machines became more common, supporting the view of the creation of a minimally acceptable standard of living.Y318/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 Section B Mark Scheme Question Answer Mark Guidance 2* ‘Throughout the years from 1855 to 1964 the methods of repression and enforcement used by Russian governments remained consistent.’ How far do you agree? In supporting the hypothesis in the question, it might be argued that there was a fundamental similarity in how repression was used by successive governments. • Answers might consider the fundamental similarities between the nature and tactics of secret police forces under successive governments against critics of the regime, such as the Okhrana and the Cheka. • Answers might consider the use of prison camps, exile and capital punishments for crimes such as criticising the government through the period. • Answers might consider the limits to cultural and educational expression through the period, for example the cultural control of minorities exerted through Russification and the communist governments of Lenin, Stalin and Khrushchev. • Answers might consider the consistency of centralised dictatorial or autocratic control of police forces. • Answers might consider the consistent use of the media and propaganda to indoctrinate the population. In challenging the hypothesis in the question, answers might argue that there were notable differences in the use of repression through the period. 25 • No set answer is expected • At higher levels answers might establish criteria against which to judge • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark scheme.Y318/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 6 • Answers might consider the increasing scale of repression under the Tsars from 1855 to 1917 in response to growing popular unrest. • Answers might consider the new use of the Red Terror by Lenin to consolidate a government. • Answers might consider the industrial scale of [Show More]

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