GCE History A Y308/01: The Catholic Reformation 1492-1610 Advanced GCE Mark Scheme for Autumn 2021. Graded A+

Document Content and Description Below

Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 Evaluate the interpretations in both of the two passages and explain which you think is more convincing as an explanation of Philip II as the ‘most Catholic Monar... ch’. In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation A characterises Philip II as embodying the ideal of the ‘most Catholic monarch’. • In evaluating Interpretation A, answers might argue that it is valid because in his foreign policy he did defend Catholicism, for example launching an Armada against England despite being warned against it by advisors. • Answers might argue that it is valid because he took a hard line against Protestantism in the Netherlands, insisting on conformity and episcopal reform despite local opposition. • Answers might argue that it is valid because he intervened in the French Wars of Religion. • Answers might argue that it is valid because he encouraged missionary activity and religious reform in Spanish colonies overseas, for example in the Americas and the Philippines. • Answers might argue that it is valid because he was a highly spiritual individual, who owned hundreds of relics, invested heavily in religious arts and architecture, was heavily reliant on his confessor and other key religious figures, and prioritised his religious routine. • Answers might argue that the interpretation is invalid because it underplays his secular considerations, for example, when Henry of 30 • No set answer is expected • At Level 5 and above answers will evaluate both interpretations, locating them within the wider historical debate about the issue and using their own knowledge, and reach a balanced judgement as to which they consider the most convincing about the issue in the question. • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation, it should only be credited where it is used to analyse and evaluate the interpretations, in line with descriptions in the levels mark schemeY308/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 4 Navarre converted to Catholicism, Philip did not halt his war, suggesting dynastic and geopolitical concerns were more important. In locating the Interpretations within the wider historical debate, answers might argue that Interpretation B does not see Philip as a ‘most Catholic monarch’ and instead sees him as dominated by secular, worldly concerns. • In evaluating Interpretation B, answers might argue it is valid because he argued frequently with the Pope and did not recognise Papal authority over the Spanish Church. • Answers might argue that it is valid because Philip had a long running conflict with the Jesuits, particularly when they moved into Italian leadership. • Answers might argue that it is valid because religious reform was instigated by Philip’s predecessors, for example the Inquisition predated him. • Answers might argue that it is valid because in his foreign policy he did not pursue a ‘crusade’: he supported the Protestant Elizabeth I against the Pope for most of his reign, and he did not press his advantage against the Ottomans after the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. • Answers might argue that it is valid because Philip was a very bureaucratic ruler (‘the paper king’), who took decisions based on the minutiae of administrative notes and the advice of a close circle of mainly secular councillors and favourites. • Answers might argue that it is invalid because it falsely dichotomises the sacred and secular domains and fails to recognise that in Philip’s worldview and approach these were unified.Y308/01 Mark Scheme October 2021 5 Question Answer Mark Guidance 2* ‘There was little regional variation in the nature of the Catholic Reformation in the period from 1492 to 1610’. How far do you agree? In supporting the hypothesis in the question, it might be argued that the Catholic Reformation aimed towards uniformity in the way it was implemented. • Answers might consider that the structures put in place for episcopal and clerical reform were largely uniform and driven by stipulations made in the Tridentine decrees. • Answers might consider that religious orders generally crossed borders so reform of these tended to span multiple countries. • Answers might consider the influence of the Jesuits across Europe and the New World, and their importance in driving forward lay and clerical conformity. • Answers might consider that the Tridentine Decrees codified and clarified Catholic belief, thus ensuring this was uniform across all geographical areas. • Answers might consider that there were great similarities in the architectural and artistic expressions of the Catholic Reformation across all regions – even remote regions of European Empires, such as the Churches of the Jesuits in Goa. • Answers might consider that there was widespread reform of popular culture, for example the replacement of profane entertainments with ones with religious messages. 25 • No set answer is expected • At higher levels answers might establish criteria against which to judge the nature of the Catholic Reformation. • To be valid, judgements must be supported by relevant and accurate material. • Knowledge must not be credited in isolation; it should only be credited where it is used as the basis for analysis and evaluation, in line with descriptions in the levels mark sche [Show More]

Last updated: 1 year ago

Preview 1 out of 15 pages