SOPHIA-INTRO TO ETHICS – PHIL 200 UNIT 2 (GRADED A)

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Intro to Ethics – PHIL 200 Unit 2 Unit 2 Challenge 1 Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory states that what is right is wholly d... etermined from God's command. Divine command theory states that God freely chooses what is right and what is wrong. Divine command theory is an objectivist moral theory. Norman learns from his pastor that God commands people to love one another. Thus according to divine command theory, loving one another is . Answer: obligatory Patricia abstains from eating pork because she believes God has commanded her to. Thus according to divine command theory, eating pork is . Answer: impermissible Oliver asks his rabbi if it's acceptable for him to swim in the ocean while visiting family in South Carolina. The rabbi tells him God has not said anything about swimming in the ocean. Thus according to divine command theory, swimming in the ocean is . Answer: neutral Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? Answer: God says to forgive all people, but many crimes are thought to be unforgivable. God forbids eating meat from pigs, but many people say eating pork is a good thing. God forbids lying, but most people think lying is acceptable if it does good. Which of the following is an advantage of divine command theory? Answer: Divine command theory offers standards that originate outside of humanity. Divine command theory provides a source for ethical standards. Divine command theory offers a firm basis for ethics. Which of the following represents a challenge to the voluntarist option of divine command theory? Answer: If God changes, what is good and what is evil could also change. Which of the following represents a challenge to the intellectualist option of divine command theory? Answer: It goes against divine command theory's principle that God's command is free. Which of the following represents a challenge to divine command theory? Answer: Divine command theory does not offer directives for every situation. In a well-known Biblical story, Adam and Eve lived in a beautiful garden. They were allowed to eat anything they wished, except God forbade them from eating the fruit from one particular tree. Since Eve and Adam sampled the fruit from the forbidden tree, according to divine command theory, was this a right action or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because they disobeyed God’s command In a well-known Biblical story, God sent Jonah on an errand to deliver a message. Instead, Jonah went to sea on a ship. There was a terrible storm and Jonah was thrown overboard to save the others. Then God sent a great fish to swallow Jonah and save him. According to divine command theory, was Jonah’s decision to go to sea a right or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because God had commanded Jonah to do something else In a popular Bible story, God intends to flood the earth and commands Noah to build an ark to preserve his family and all the animals. According to divine command theory, if Noah had refused to build the ark, would that have been a right action or a wrong action? Answer: A wrong action because that would have been denying God’s command Unit 2 Challenge 2 Which of the following ideas does conventionalism profess? Answer: What is good in one culture could be evil in another. Which of the following is true of conventionalism? Answer: Conventionalism is not a single ethical theory, but a family of theories. Which of the following is a tenet of conventionalism? Answer: No culture is morally better or worse than any other culture. Charlie likes to put on elaborate theme parties on Friday evenings. Some people look down on him for doing so, but many people support and enjoy his parties. What would a conventionalist call this action in Charlie's culture? Answer: Neutral Becky belongs to a culture in which arriving early is thought to be impolite. What would a conventionalist call this action in Becky's culture? Answer: Impermissible The common practice in Arnold's culture is to remove one's shoes when entering a house. What would a conventionalist call this action in Arnold's culture? Answer: Obligatory When visiting the Czech Republic, Carolyn takes her children to a public park and notices that her children are much noisier than their peers. Carolyn wonders if perhaps Eastern Europeans view public parks differently. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Carolyn? Answer: Carolyn should tell her children to play more quietly. Isabel moved with her elderly mother to a culture in which it is mandatory that adult children care for their parents. As her mother ages and requires more care, Isabel considers placing her in a facility so that she can continue thriving in her own profession. According to conventionalism, which action is most appropriate for Isabel to take? Answer: She should continue to care for her mother in her own home. David hires a recent immigrant, Boris, from Russia as a computer tech in his company. Boris does not speak English well. David’s boss thinks this is a problem, but David does not. “He needs to learn the language if he’s going to live in America,” David's boss asserts. “But Boris doesn’t need to know the language in order to do his job,” returns David. According to conventionalism, who has the stronger ethical stance— David or his boss? Answer: The boss, because speaking English is a societal norm in American culture. Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Answer: Ingrid is looking for an ethical framework that respects local norms. Jeremiah is looking for an ethical framework that allows morality to change over time. Henry is looking for an ethical framework that can account for disagreement on right and wrong. Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Answer: Premise 1 is false because universal truths are not always easy to discover. Premise 1 is false because disagreement does not mean there is no objective truth. Premise 2 is false because many cultures agree on certain moral issues. Which statement expresses a shortcoming of conventionalism? Answer: There can be no intercultural evaluation of what is good. It is impossible to make evaluations across cultures. Because what is good is determined relative to a society or culture, one cannot apply universal standards. Unit 2 Challenge 3 Which of the following statements about egoism is true? Answer: Egoism is both a theory about how things are and about how things ought to be. Which type of egoism is the theory that humans are only capable of acting in their own self interest? Answer: Psychological egoism Which type of egoism is the theory that humans should act according to their own best interests? Answer: Ethical egoism Which of the following scenarios would be obligatory for an egoist? Answer: Jeanney steals her neighbor's newspaper because she doesn't want to pay for one herself. Which of the following scenarios would be neutral for an egoist? Answer: Ignatius wants to see two movies, but only has time for one, so he flips a coin to decide. Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Answer: Hailey donates 10% of her paycheck to help feed the hungry out of a sense of duty, even though she would prefer to keep the money. According to egoism, all of the following are important ideas to consider on the issue of gun control laws in the United States, EXCEPT . Answer: an individual has an obligation to consider the safety of others You are a mechanic who can make more money by diagnosing and repairing nonexistent car problems. How might an egoist complete this statement? Charging people for unnecessary repairs is . Answer: wrong, because running an honest business will earn you more money in the long run Cheating on one’s spouse is widely rejected in most societies. How might an egoist complete this statement? Cheating on your spouse is permissible if . Answer: nothing bad happens to you as a result Which of the following statements supports egoism? Answer: It is a natural reaction in all humans to avoid pain or suffering. Society benefits when individuals succeed. Important innovations are often made by those seeking their own self interests. Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Answer: Respect for all people is often thought of as a good thing, but it is inconsistent with egoism. Selfless heroism is often respected and admired, but it's not consistent with egoism. Empathy is often thought of a a good trait, but it's not consistent with egoism. Choose the action that is supported by egoism, but might seem unethical. Answer: Taking credit for work that your colleague completed, so you can impress your boss. Hiring a company to clean your neighbor's lot without their permission so your property value will increase. Protesting a family who has rented an apartment in your building because you do not want them as neighbors. Unit 2 Milestone Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a conventionalist? Answer: "Morality cannot be compared across cultural borders." Which of the following people would most likely be satisfied with conventionalism? Answer: Mara is looking for an ethical framework that can account for changing cultural attitudes. Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory states that God's command is the only way to know right from wrong. Michelle is visiting a Muslim country. She doesn't know what to expect because she knows that some Muslim societies expect women to wear a head-scarf when they are outdoors. When she gets off of the airplane, Michelle immediately notices that all the women in the airport are wearing head-scarves. According to conventionalism, which action would be most appropriate for Michelle to take? Answer: Buy a head-scarf and put it on. Which of the following examples contains a disagreement between popular thought and divine command theory? Answer: God says, "Woe to those who are rich," but many people strive for wealth. According to an egoist, working hard to succeed in order to take care of oneself and one’s needs is good because . Answer: individual flourishing is the sole basis for ethics Which of the following statements supports egoism? Answer: A flourishing society requires flourishing individuals. The idea that people ought to act only in their own self interest is part of what kind of egoism? Answer: Ethical egoism Which of the following statements in support of divine command theory is true? Answer: Divine command theory can be a source of comfort. Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? Answer: Kevin works late, even though he doesn't get paid and has nothing to gain from it. Most people in Dave's culture volunteer an hour every other week at a local food shelf. In addition to this, Dave also helps coordinate volunteers and fills in for people who can't make their hour. What would a conventionalist call Dave's actions? Answer: Supererogatory Which of the following observations poses a challenge to the cultural differences argument? Answer: A lot of cultures agree that murder, stealing, and lying are wrong. Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? Answer: Because good is determined by self-interest, the egoist cannot judge the actions of others. After moving to a new city, Rachel continues to support her hometown's baseball team. A friend tells her she has to support her new city's team, but Rachel points out that God hasn't said anything on the matter. In Rachel's view, her action is according to divine command theory. Answer: neutral [Show More]

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