Final Psychopharm Exam 2022/2023 graded a

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1. Arousal spectrum: as it spans around an awake, alert, creative and problem solving person from deficient arousal to excessive arousal 2. Sleep wake switch: set of circuits in the hypothalamus tha... t regulate sleep and wake discontinuously 3. Tubermamillary nucleus (TMN): Wake promoter (on) 4. Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO): Sleep promoter (off) 5. Lateral hypothalamus (LAT): orexin containing neurons these are lost in narcolepsy especially narcolepsy with cataplexy 6. Suprachiasmic nucleus (SCN): melatonin sensitive neurons brains internal clock pacemaker regulates circadian input to the sleep wake switch 7. Histamine: key neurotransmitter regulating wakefulness ultimate target of many drugs produced from histidine H1 and H3 receptors in brain also acts on NMDA, but unclear how all histamine neurons arise from a single small are of hypothalamus, the TMN 8. Homeostatic: sleep drive 9. Circadian: wake drive 10. Sleep regulation: small number of interconnecting systems or centers that are located chiefly in the brainstem and that mutually activate and inhibit one another. 11. Norepinepherine: controlling sleep patterns locus ceruleus drugs and manipulations focused here reduce REM sleep 12. Acetylcholine: particularly in the production of REM sleep disturbances in central cholinergic activity are associated with sleep changes in depression 13. Alzheimers dementia: reduced REM and slow wave sleep from loss of cholin- ergic neurons in basal forebrain 14. Melatonin: secretion from pineal gland inhibited by bright lig lowest serum concentrations during day 15. Suprachiasmatic nucleus: hypothalamus anatomical site of a circadian pacemaker that regulates melatonin s the entrainment of the brain to a 24 hour sleep wake cycle 16. Dopamine: has an alerting affect 18. circadian rhythm: 19. Histamine synthesis: Histidine taken into histamine nerve terminals via a his- tidine transporter and converted into histamine by enzyme histidine decarboxylase (HDc) and packed into vesicles 20. Histamine metabolism: Termination: broken down intracellularly by histamine n-mehtly-transferase (histamine NMT) which converts histamine into n-mehtly-his- tamine, which then is converted by MAO-B into the inactive substance n-methly-in- doleacetic acid. 21. Histamine receptor H1: H1 - really involved in sleep G-protein linked receptor Variety of intermediate steps to promoting sleep 22. Histamine receptor H2: -does not appear to be directly related to wakefulness -G protein linked 23. Histamine receptor H3: autoreceptor presynaptic 24. MOA of caffeine: -Antagonist of endogenous neurotransmitters (Purines) -caffeine antagonizes purine receptor and prevents adenosine from binding result- ing in increased dopamine action 25. pharmacokinetics: -how the body acts upon drugs -mediated through hepatic and drug metabolism 26. Pharmacodynamics: -What is the action of the drug on the body? Accounts for therapeutic action and side effects of drug. 27. Half-life serum: -takes about 5 half-life cycles for drug to be eliminated -concentrations may be higher in brain 28. steady state: -Balance between addition of drug and action of CYP metabo- lization. -Takes about 5 half-life cy [Show More]

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