COMPLETE - Elaborated Test Bank for Sociology of Sport Paperback 12Ed. by George H. Sage , D. Stanley Eitzen, Becky Beal , Matthew Atencio. ALL Chapters Included 1-15. 102 Pages of Content- A+ Graded for 2023

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COMPLETE - Elaborated Test Bank for Sociology of Sport Paperback 12Ed. by George H. Sage , D. Stanley Eitzen, Becky Beal , Matthew Atencio. ALL Chapters Included 1-15. 102 Pages of Content- A+ Graded ... for 2023 COMPLETE - Elaborated Test Bank for Sociology of Sport Paperback 12Ed. by George H. Sage , D. Stanley Eitzen, Becky Beal , Matthew Atencio. ALL Chapters Included 1-15. 102 Pages of Content- A+ Graded for 2023 Sociology of Sport Paperback 12Ed. by George H. Sage , D. Stanley Eitzen, Becky Beal , Matthew Atencio TABLE OF CONTENTS 1 The Sociological Analysis of Sport in American Society An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study The Pervasiveness of Sport The Discipline of Sociology Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective Thinking as a Sociologist: Sociological Imagination Units of Sociological Analysis The Micro Level The Macro Level Micro and Macro Levels and This Book Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life Functionalism Conflict Theory Conflict/Cultural Social Theories Sociological Theories and Sociology of Sport: Our Position Key Topics in the Study of Sport and Society Summary Notes 2 Social and Cultural Transformations and the Rise of Sport in the United States Pre-Columbian and Colonial Traditions in the United States The Colonists Restrict Physical Activities Early Nineteenth Century: Takeoff of Industrialization, Technology, and Organized Sport Building a Framework for Organized Sport The Technological Revolution and Sport Latter Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Modern Sport Urbanization and the Rise of Modern Sport Forms Technological Innovation and Sport: Transportation Technological Innovation and Sport: Communication Technological Innovation and Equipment to Play Modern Sports Other Technological Breakthroughs and Sport The Cult of Manliness and Sport Muscular Christianity and Intellectuals Social Philosophy and Organized Sport Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Modern World and Sport The Maturing of Modern Sport Twentieth-Century Technology and Sport: Transportation The Technological Revolution and Sport: Communication Other Technological Innovations and Sport Sport in Education Summary Notes 3 Sport and American Culture and Values Culture, Values, and Social Theories Sport as a Microcosm of Cultural Values The American Value System Individual Striving for Success and Competition in Sport The Socially Valued Means to Achieve in Sport Progress Overcomes the Status Quo in Sport Materialism: Acquisitions and Consumption in Sport Social Conformity in Sport American Values; Sport, Character, and Athletic Bodies American Values: Sport and Technology Summary Notes 4 Social Problems and U.S. Sport: Violence,Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Overview of Social Problems in U.S. Sport Social Theories and Social Problems Eamples of Recent Social Problems in Sport Violence in American Society Violence in Historical Contet Contemporary Violence in the United States Violence in Sport: Terminology, Theories Is It Violence or Aggression Confusion in the Literature Theories About the Connection Between Aggressive Behavior and Sport Aggression Theories and Research on Sports Violence in Sport Violence as Part of U.S. Sports Fostering and Supporting Player Violence Violent Behavior of Coaches and Administration Violent Behavior of Athletes in Their Personal Lives Sources for Violence by Male Athletes in Their Private Lives Athletes' Violence Against Teammates: Hazing Sports Fans: Violent and Abusive Actions Factors Associated with Fan Violence Game and Postgame Violence Reducing Fan Violence and Abusive Behavior Substance Abuse and Sport Substance Abuse Not New to Sports The Scope of Current Substance Abuse in Sport Anabolic Steroids: Promises Big and Strong Social/Cultural Influences and Substance Abuse Among Athletes Can Substance Abuse in Sports Be Reduced, Even Prevented Sport and Mental Health Issues Summary Notes Part II SPORT AND STRUCTURED INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY 5 Sport, Social Stratification, and Social Mobility Terminology and Theory in Social Stratification and Mobility Basic Terminology in Social Stratification Dimensions of Inequality Social Class and Sport Adult Participation Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Youth Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status Spectator Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Segregation in Sports by Social Class Social Mobility and the United States and Canada Sport as a Mobility Escalator Demytholoizing the Social Mobility-Through-Sport Hypothesis Summary Notes 6 Racial-Ethnic Minorities and Sport Racial-Ethnic Minorities: Social Theories and Relevant Concepts Social Theories and Race and Minorities Relevant Concepts About Race Sports Participation Among Racial-Ethnic Minorities The History of African American Involvement in U.S. Sport Latino/a Involvement in U.S. Sport Asian American Involvement in U.S. Sport Native American Involvement in Sport The Effects of Globalization on Ethnic Diversity in American Sport African American Dominance in Sport Race-Linked Physical Differences Race-Linked Cultural Differences Social Structure Constraints Racial Discrimination in Sport Stacking Leadership, Administration, and Authority Summary Notes 7 Gender in U.S. Sport: Continuity and Change Social Theories and Gender Relations Constructing and Reproducing Gender Relations Through Sport The Heritage of Gender Inequality in Sport Social Sources of Gender Inequality in Sport Parental Childrearing Practices and Gender Construction The School and Gender Construction The Mass Media and Gender Construction Nicknames, Mascots, and Heroines Females Surmount Social Barriers to Participation in Sport Negative Myths Women's Struggle for Opportunity and Equality in Sport From Boys-Only Youth Sports to Opportunities for Both Sees Title I: Federal Government Support for Gender Equity Toward Gender Equity in High School Sports Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Sports Men Rule in the Coaching and Administration of Women's Sports High School and College Women's Coaching Positions High School and College Administrative/Management Positions Ownership, Management, and Coaching in Professional and Olympic Sports Coaching and Administration/Management in U.S. Olympic Organizations Reasons for the Persistence of Men in Coaching and Administering Women's Sports Women Athletes' Careers at the Professional and Olympic Levels of Sport Female Olympic Athletes Gender Equality in Sport Sport, Gender Identity, and Seual Orientation Summary Notes Part III FROM ORGANIZED SPORT TO CORPORATE SPORT: YOUTH TO COLLEGE SPORT 8 Youth and Sport Youth Sports Programs: Something for Everyone Social Theories and Youth Sports The Rise of Youth Sports Programs: The Takeoff and Epansion of a New Form of Sport Objectives of Youth Sports Programs What Do Young Athletes, Their Parents, and Coaches Want from Sports Socialization and Sport: Involvement in Sport and Its Consequences Socialization into Sport: Why Do Children Become Involved in Organized Sports Families Parents Siblings Peers Coaches Schools Mass Media Participants: Youth Athletes Socialization via Sport: Process and Outcomes Two Forms of Play: Peer Group and Adult Organized Development of Personal-Social Attributes Through Sport Youth Orientation Toward Sport Sportsmanship in Youth Sports Character Development in Youth Sports Potential Psychosocial Problems in Youth Sports Adult Intrusion in Youth Sports Disruption of Education Risk of Injury The "Winning Is the Only-Thing" Ethic and Youth Sports Emphasizing Personal Growth and Self-Actualization Lifestyle and Action Sports Youth Sports Coaches Bill of Rights for Young Athletes Youth Sport and the COVID-19 Pandemic Summary Notes 9 Interscholastic Sports Social Theories and Interscholastic Sports The Status of Sport in Secondary Schools The Consequences of Sport for Schools, Communities, and Individuals The Consequences of Sport for the High School The Consequences of Sport for the Community The Consequences of Sport for Participants Problems, Dilemmas, and Controversies The Subversion of Educational Goals Reproduction of Social Class and White Privilege The Reinforcement of Gender Inequities Cheating Unsportsmanlike Behavior of Fans Autocratic Coaches Ecessive Pressures to Win Elitism Sport Specialization Economic Class Divisions and Budget Shortfalls Corporate High School Sport Programs Efforts to Reform High School Sports Summary Notes 10 Intercollegiate Sport Beginning and Development of College Sports Student-Centered College Sport Remains College Sport as Big Business Social Theories and Their Role in Colleges and Universities Functionalism and Big-Time College Sports Conflict/Culturalism and Big-Time College Sports Beliefs and Reality About Big-Time Sport Functions Further Consequences of the Commercial Orientation of Big-Time College Sports A Contradiction: Athletes as Amateurs in a Big-Business Environment The NCAA and Student-Athletes The Enforcement of "Amateurism" Pressure to Shift the Legal Parameters of Amateurism in Collegiate Sport The Restriction of Athletes' Rights Educational Performance and Student-Athletes Academic Predictions for Student-Athletes at College Academic Achievement and College Athletes Graduation Rates and Student-Athletes The Impediments to Scholarly Achievement by College Athletes Reform Initiatives and Intercollegiate Sports The Administration of Intercollegiate Sports Emphasizing the Education of Student-Athletes Commitment to Athletes' Rights Summary Notes Part IV SPORT AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 11 Sport and the Economy Professional Sport as a Business Social Theories and the Economy Professional Team Sports as Monopolies Public Subsidization of Professional Team Franchises Ownership for Profit A Radical Question: Are Owners Necessary Who Benefits Economically from Sports Professional Athletes' Earnings Auiliary Professions and Occupations in Sport Sport-Related Businesses Corporate Advertising in Sport The Relationship Between Owners and Athletes The Draft and the Reserve Clause Professional Team Sport Athletes Fight for Free Agency Amateur Sport as a Business The Ambiguous Case: Intercollegiate Sports and Amateurism The Economics of Collegiate Sport Gambling and Sport Issues About Sports Betting in the United States Sports Gambling and College Students Summary Notes 12 Sport and the Mass Media Social Roles of the Mass Media Prominent and Subtle Roles of the Media Mass Media and Social Theories The Symbiosis of Mass Media and Sport Enduring Linkages Between the Mass Media and Sport Television: The Monster of the Sports World Increasing TV Sports Coverage Economic Aspects of Televised Sports Television's Influence on Sport Increases in Sport Revenue Television Drives Shifts in Popularity of Sports Professional Sports Franchise Locations and the Media Television: The Financial Foundation for Big-Time Intercollegiate Sport Television Taps High School Sports Modifying Sports to Accommodate TV Television's Own Sports Televised Sport as a Socially Mediated Event The Impact of Sport on the Mass Media Increased Sport in the Media Sport's Privileged Treatment by the Media Sports Consumers and the Mass Media The Internet: An Essential Form of Mass Communications for Sports Integration of the Internet, Television, Computers, and Video Games Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter Media Sport: Gender , Race, and Disabilities Issues Reproduction of Hegemonic Masculinity in Media Sport Media Sport and Gender Inequities Media Sport and Racial and Ethnic Inequities Media Sport and Disabilities Inequities Sports Journalism and the Mass Media Sportscasters: Narrators of Mediated Sport Minority Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Women Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Summary Notes 13 Sport and Politics Politics as a Social Institution Social Theories and Politics Intertwining of Politics and Sports The Political Uses of Sport Sport as a Vehicle for Propaganda Sport and Nationalism Sport as an Opiate of the Masses The Eploitation of Sport by Politicians Sport as a Vehicle of Change in Society Internationalization of Social Activism and Sport Globalization and Sport The Political Olympic Games Political Problems and the Olympic Movement Proposals for Reforming the Olympic Games Summary Notes 14 Sport and Religion The Relationship Between Religion and Society Personal and Social Roles of Religion Historical Affiliation Between Religion and Sport Ancient Greece: Creators of Organized Sports Events The Early Christian Church and Roman Sport Spectacles Pre-Columbian Societies: Sport in the Americas Reformation and Protestantism in the North American Colonies Religious Objections to Sport Declined in the Nineteenth Century Religion and Sport Conciliation Sport as Religion Similarities Between Sport and Religion Critical Views About Sport as Religion Religion Uses Sport Churches Religious Leaders Embrace Sport Church Colleges and Universities Religious Organizations and Sports The Fellowship of Christian Athletes Religion and Professional Sports Organizations Sport and Religion Publications Missionary Work of Churches and Sport Religious Evangelizing by Athletes and Coaches The Promise Keepers: Patriarchy, Gender, and Seuality Sportianity Confronting Social Issues Value Orientations of Religion and Sport The Protestant Ethic and Sports Protestantism and Contemporary Sport Sport Uses Religion The Use of Prayer and Divine Intervention The Use of Magic Magic and Its Uses in Sports Summary Notes Part V SPORT, FUTURE TRENDS, AND SUSTAINABILITY 15 Future Trends: The Sustainability of Sport in the United States >>Key Social Factors that Drive Social Change 1 The Sociological Analysis of Sport in American Society An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study The Pervasiveness of Sport The Discipline of Sociology Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective Thinking as a Sociologist: Sociological Imagination Units of Sociological Analysis The Micro Level The Macro Level Micro and Macro Levels and This Book Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life Functionalism Conflict Theory Conflict/Cultural Social Theories Sociological Theories and Sociology of Sport: Our Position Key Topics in the Study of Sport and Society Summary Notes 2 Social and Cultural Transformations and the Rise of Sport in the United States Pre-Columbian and Colonial Traditions in the United States The Colonists Restrict Physical Activities Early Nineteenth Century: Takeoff of Industrialization, Technology, and Organized Sport Building a Framework for Organized Sport The Technological Revolution and Sport Latter Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Modern Sport Urbanization and the Rise of Modern Sport Forms Technological Innovation and Sport: Transportation Technological Innovation and Sport: Communication Technological Innovation and Equipment to Play Modern Sports Other Technological Breakthroughs and Sport The Cult of Manliness and Sport Muscular Christianity and Intellectuals Social Philosophy and Organized Sport Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Modern World and Sport The Maturing of Modern Sport Twentieth-Century Technology and Sport: Transportation The Technological Revolution and Sport: Communication Other Technological Innovations and Sport Sport in Education Summary Notes 3 Sport and American Culture and Values Culture, Values, and Social Theories Sport as a Microcosm of Cultural Values The American Value System Individual Striving for Success and Competition in Sport The Socially Valued Means to Achieve in Sport Progress Overcomes the Status Quo in Sport Materialism: Acquisitions and Consumption in Sport Social Conformity in Sport American Values; Sport, Character, and Athletic Bodies American Values: Sport and Technology Summary Notes 4 Social Problems and U.S. Sport: Violence,Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Overview of Social Problems in U.S. Sport Social Theories and Social Problems Eamples of Recent Social Problems in Sport Violence in American Society Violence in Historical Contet Contemporary Violence in the United States Violence in Sport: Terminology, Theories Is It Violence or Aggression Confusion in the Literature Theories About the Connection Between Aggressive Behavior and Sport Aggression Theories and Research on Sports Violence in Sport Violence as Part of U.S. Sports Fostering and Supporting Player Violence Violent Behavior of Coaches and Administration Violent Behavior of Athletes in Their Personal Lives Sources for Violence by Male Athletes in Their Private Lives Athletes' Violence Against Teammates: Hazing Sports Fans: Violent and Abusive Actions Factors Associated with Fan Violence Game and Postgame Violence Reducing Fan Violence and Abusive Behavior Substance Abuse and Sport Substance Abuse Not New to Sports The Scope of Current Substance Abuse in Sport Anabolic Steroids: Promises Big and Strong Social/Cultural Influences and Substance Abuse Among Athletes Can Substance Abuse in Sports Be Reduced, Even Prevented Sport and Mental Health Issues Summary Notes Part II SPORT AND STRUCTURED INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY 5 Sport, Social Stratification, and Social Mobility Terminology and Theory in Social Stratification and Mobility Basic Terminology in Social Stratification Dimensions of Inequality Social Class and Sport Adult Participation Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Youth Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status Spectator Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Segregation in Sports by Social Class Social Mobility and the United States and Canada Sport as a Mobility Escalator Demytholoizing the Social Mobility-Through-Sport Hypothesis Summary Notes 6 Racial-Ethnic Minorities and Sport Racial-Ethnic Minorities: Social Theories and Relevant Concepts Social Theories and Race and Minorities Relevant Concepts About Race Sports Participation Among Racial-Ethnic Minorities The History of African American Involvement in U.S. Sport Latino/a Involvement in U.S. Sport Asian American Involvement in U.S. Sport Native American Involvement in Sport The Effects of Globalization on Ethnic Diversity in American Sport African American Dominance in Sport Race-Linked Physical Differences Race-Linked Cultural Differences Social Structure Constraints Racial Discrimination in Sport Stacking Leadership, Administration, and Authority Summary Notes 7 Gender in U.S. Sport: Continuity and Change Social Theories and Gender Relations Constructing and Reproducing Gender Relations Through Sport The Heritage of Gender Inequality in Sport Social Sources of Gender Inequality in Sport Parental Childrearing Practices and Gender Construction The School and Gender Construction The Mass Media and Gender Construction Nicknames, Mascots, and Heroines Females Surmount Social Barriers to Participation in Sport Negative Myths Women's Struggle for Opportunity and Equality in Sport From Boys-Only Youth Sports to Opportunities for Both Sees Title I: Federal Government Support for Gender Equity Toward Gender Equity in High School Sports Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Sports Men Rule in the Coaching and Administration of Women's Sports High School and College Women's Coaching Positions High School and College Administrative/Management Positions Ownership, Management, and Coaching in Professional and Olympic Sports Coaching and Administration/Management in U.S. Olympic Organizations Reasons for the Persistence of Men in Coaching and Administering Women's Sports Women Athletes' Careers at the Professional and Olympic Levels of Sport Female Olympic Athletes Gender Equality in Sport Sport, Gender Identity, and Seual Orientation Summary Notes Part III FROM ORGANIZED SPORT TO CORPORATE SPORT: YOUTH TO COLLEGE SPORT 8 Youth and Sport Youth Sports Programs: Something for Everyone Social Theories and Youth Sports The Rise of Youth Sports Programs: The Takeoff and Epansion of a New Form of Sport Objectives of Youth Sports Programs What Do Young Athletes, Their Parents, and Coaches Want from Sports Socialization and Sport: Involvement in Sport and Its Consequences Socialization into Sport: Why Do Children Become Involved in Organized Sports Families Parents Siblings Peers Coaches Schools Mass Media Participants: Youth Athletes Socialization via Sport: Process and Outcomes Two Forms of Play: Peer Group and Adult Organized Development of Personal-Social Attributes Through Sport Youth Orientation Toward Sport Sportsmanship in Youth Sports Character Development in Youth Sports Potential Psychosocial Problems in Youth Sports Adult Intrusion in Youth Sports Disruption of Education Risk of Injury The "Winning Is the Only-Thing" Ethic and Youth Sports Emphasizing Personal Growth and Self-Actualization Lifestyle and Action Sports Youth Sports Coaches Bill of Rights for Young Athletes Youth Sport and the COVID-19 Pandemic Summary Notes 9 Interscholastic Sports Social Theories and Interscholastic Sports The Status of Sport in Secondary Schools The Consequences of Sport for Schools, Communities, and Individuals The Consequences of Sport for the High School The Consequences of Sport for the Community The Consequences of Sport for Participants Problems, Dilemmas, and Controversies The Subversion of Educational Goals Reproduction of Social Class and White Privilege The Reinforcement of Gender Inequities Cheating Unsportsmanlike Behavior of Fans Autocratic Coaches Ecessive Pressures to Win Elitism Sport Specialization Economic Class Divisions and Budget Shortfalls Corporate High School Sport Programs Efforts to Reform High School Sports Summary Notes 10 Intercollegiate Sport Beginning and Development of College Sports Student-Centered College Sport Remains College Sport as Big Business Social Theories and Their Role in Colleges and Universities Functionalism and Big-Time College Sports Conflict/Culturalism and Big-Time College Sports Beliefs and Reality About Big-Time Sport Functions Further Consequences of the Commercial Orientation of Big-Time College Sports A Contradiction: Athletes as Amateurs in a Big-Business Environment The NCAA and Student-Athletes The Enforcement of "Amateurism" Pressure to Shift the Legal Parameters of Amateurism in Collegiate Sport The Restriction of Athletes' Rights Educational Performance and Student-Athletes Academic Predictions for Student-Athletes at College Academic Achievement and College Athletes Graduation Rates and Student-Athletes The Impediments to Scholarly Achievement by College Athletes Reform Initiatives and Intercollegiate Sports The Administration of Intercollegiate Sports Emphasizing the Education of Student-Athletes Commitment to Athletes' Rights Summary Notes Part IV SPORT AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 11 Sport and the Economy Professional Sport as a Business Social Theories and the Economy Professional Team Sports as Monopolies Public Subsidization of Professional Team Franchises Ownership for Profit A Radical Question: Are Owners Necessary Who Benefits Economically from Sports Professional Athletes' Earnings Auiliary Professions and Occupations in Sport Sport-Related Businesses Corporate Advertising in Sport The Relationship Between Owners and Athletes The Draft and the Reserve Clause Professional Team Sport Athletes Fight for Free Agency Amateur Sport as a Business The Ambiguous Case: Intercollegiate Sports and Amateurism The Economics of Collegiate Sport Gambling and Sport Issues About Sports Betting in the United States Sports Gambling and College Students Summary Notes 12 Sport and the Mass Media Social Roles of the Mass Media Prominent and Subtle Roles of the Media Mass Media and Social Theories The Symbiosis of Mass Media and Sport Enduring Linkages Between the Mass Media and Sport Television: The Monster of the Sports World Increasing TV Sports Coverage Economic Aspects of Televised Sports Television's Influence on Sport Increases in Sport Revenue Television Drives Shifts in Popularity of Sports Professional Sports Franchise Locations and the Media Television: The Financial Foundation for Big-Time Intercollegiate Sport Television Taps High School Sports Modifying Sports to Accommodate TV Television's Own Sports Televised Sport as a Socially Mediated Event The Impact of Sport on the Mass Media Increased Sport in the Media Sport's Privileged Treatment by the Media Sports Consumers and the Mass Media The Internet: An Essential Form of Mass Communications for Sports Integration of the Internet, Television, Computers, and Video Games Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter Media Sport: Gender , Race, and Disabilities Issues Reproduction of Hegemonic Masculinity in Media Sport Media Sport and Gender Inequities Media Sport and Racial and Ethnic Inequities Media Sport and Disabilities Inequities Sports Journalism and the Mass Media Sportscasters: Narrators of Mediated Sport Minority Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Women Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Summary Notes 13 Sport and Politics Politics as a Social Institution Social Theories and Politics Intertwining of Politics and Sports The Political Uses of Sport Sport as a Vehicle for Propaganda Sport and Nationalism Sport as an Opiate of the Masses The Eploitation of Sport by Politicians Sport as a Vehicle of Change in Society Internationalization of Social Activism and Sport Globalization and Sport The Political Olympic Games Political Problems and the Olympic Movement Proposals for Reforming the Olympic Games Summary Notes 14 Sport and Religion The Relationship Between Religion and Society Personal and Social Roles of Religion Historical Affiliation Between Religion and Sport Ancient Greece: Creators of Organized Sports Events The Early Christian Church and Roman Sport Spectacles Pre-Columbian Societies: Sport in the Americas Reformation and Protestantism in the North American Colonies Religious Objections to Sport Declined in the Nineteenth Century Religion and Sport Conciliation Sport as Religion Similarities Between Sport and Religion Critical Views About Sport as Religion Religion Uses Sport Churches Religious Leaders Embrace Sport Church Colleges and Universities Religious Organizations and Sports The Fellowship of Christian Athletes Religion and Professional Sports Organizations Sport and Religion Publications Missionary Work of Churches and Sport Religious Evangelizing by Athletes and Coaches The Promise Keepers: Patriarchy, Gender, and Seuality Sportianity Confronting Social Issues Value Orientations of Religion and Sport The Protestant Ethic and Sports Protestantism and Contemporary Sport Sport Uses Religion The Use of Prayer and Divine Intervention The Use of Magic Magic and Its Uses in Sports Summary Notes Part V SPORT, FUTURE TRENDS, AND SUSTAINABILITY 15 Future Trends: The Sustainability of Sport in the United States Key Social Factors that Drive Social Change 1 The Sociological Analysis of Sport in American Society An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study The Pervasiveness of Sport The Discipline of Sociology Assumptions of the Sociological Perspective Thinking as a Sociologist: Sociological Imagination Units of Sociological Analysis The Micro Level The Macro Level Micro and Macro Levels and This Book Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life Functionalism Conflict Theory Conflict/Cultural Social Theories Sociological Theories and Sociology of Sport: Our Position Key Topics in the Study of Sport and Society Summary Notes 2 Social and Cultural Transformations and the Rise of Sport in the United States Pre-Columbian and Colonial Traditions in the United States The Colonists Restrict Physical Activities Early Nineteenth Century: Takeoff of Industrialization, Technology, and Organized Sport Building a Framework for Organized Sport The Technological Revolution and Sport Latter Nineteenth Century: The Beginnings of Modern Sport Urbanization and the Rise of Modern Sport Forms Technological Innovation and Sport: Transportation Technological Innovation and Sport: Communication Technological Innovation and Equipment to Play Modern Sports Other Technological Breakthroughs and Sport The Cult of Manliness and Sport Muscular Christianity and Intellectuals Social Philosophy and Organized Sport Twentieth and Twenty-First Centuries: The Modern World and Sport The Maturing of Modern Sport Twentieth-Century Technology and Sport: Transportation The Technological Revolution and Sport: Communication Other Technological Innovations and Sport Sport in Education Summary Notes 3 Sport and American Culture and Values Culture, Values, and Social Theories Sport as a Microcosm of Cultural Values The American Value System Individual Striving for Success and Competition in Sport The Socially Valued Means to Achieve in Sport Progress Overcomes the Status Quo in Sport Materialism: Acquisitions and Consumption in Sport Social Conformity in Sport American Values; Sport, Character, and Athletic Bodies American Values: Sport and Technology Summary Notes 4 Social Problems and U.S. Sport: Violence,Substance Abuse, and Mental Health Overview of Social Problems in U.S. Sport Social Theories and Social Problems Eamples of Recent Social Problems in Sport Violence in American Society Violence in Historical Contet Contemporary Violence in the United States Violence in Sport: Terminology, Theories Is It Violence or Aggression Confusion in the Literature Theories About the Connection Between Aggressive Behavior and Sport Aggression Theories and Research on Sports Violence in Sport Violence as Part of U.S. Sports Fostering and Supporting Player Violence Violent Behavior of Coaches and Administration Violent Behavior of Athletes in Their Personal Lives Sources for Violence by Male Athletes in Their Private Lives Athletes' Violence Against Teammates: Hazing Sports Fans: Violent and Abusive Actions Factors Associated with Fan Violence Game and Postgame Violence Reducing Fan Violence and Abusive Behavior Substance Abuse and Sport Substance Abuse Not New to Sports The Scope of Current Substance Abuse in Sport Anabolic Steroids: Promises Big and Strong Social/Cultural Influences and Substance Abuse Among Athletes Can Substance Abuse in Sports Be Reduced, Even Prevented Sport and Mental Health Issues Summary Notes Part II SPORT AND STRUCTURED INEQUALITY IN SOCIETY 5 Sport, Social Stratification, and Social Mobility Terminology and Theory in Social Stratification and Mobility Basic Terminology in Social Stratification Dimensions of Inequality Social Class and Sport Adult Participation Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Youth Sport Participation by Socioeconomic Status Spectator Preferences for Sports by Socioeconomic Status Segregation in Sports by Social Class Social Mobility and the United States and Canada Sport as a Mobility Escalator Demytholoizing the Social Mobility-Through-Sport Hypothesis Summary Notes 6 Racial-Ethnic Minorities and Sport Racial-Ethnic Minorities: Social Theories and Relevant Concepts Social Theories and Race and Minorities Relevant Concepts About Race Sports Participation Among Racial-Ethnic Minorities The History of African American Involvement in U.S. Sport Latino/a Involvement in U.S. Sport Asian American Involvement in U.S. Sport Native American Involvement in Sport The Effects of Globalization on Ethnic Diversity in American Sport African American Dominance in Sport Race-Linked Physical Differences Race-Linked Cultural Differences Social Structure Constraints Racial Discrimination in Sport Stacking Leadership, Administration, and Authority Summary Notes 7 Gender in U.S. Sport: Continuity and Change Social Theories and Gender Relations Constructing and Reproducing Gender Relations Through Sport The Heritage of Gender Inequality in Sport Social Sources of Gender Inequality in Sport Parental Childrearing Practices and Gender Construction The School and Gender Construction The Mass Media and Gender Construction Nicknames, Mascots, and Heroines Females Surmount Social Barriers to Participation in Sport Negative Myths Women's Struggle for Opportunity and Equality in Sport From Boys-Only Youth Sports to Opportunities for Both Sees Title I: Federal Government Support for Gender Equity Toward Gender Equity in High School Sports Gender Equity in Intercollegiate Sports Men Rule in the Coaching and Administration of Women's Sports High School and College Women's Coaching Positions High School and College Administrative/Management Positions Ownership, Management, and Coaching in Professional and Olympic Sports Coaching and Administration/Management in U.S. Olympic Organizations Reasons for the Persistence of Men in Coaching and Administering Women's Sports Women Athletes' Careers at the Professional and Olympic Levels of Sport Female Olympic Athletes Gender Equality in Sport Sport, Gender Identity, and Seual Orientation Summary Notes Part III FROM ORGANIZED SPORT TO CORPORATE SPORT: YOUTH TO COLLEGE SPORT 8 Youth and Sport Youth Sports Programs: Something for Everyone Social Theories and Youth Sports The Rise of Youth Sports Programs: The Takeoff and Epansion of a New Form of Sport Objectives of Youth Sports Programs What Do Young Athletes, Their Parents, and Coaches Want from Sports Socialization and Sport: Involvement in Sport and Its Consequences Socialization into Sport: Why Do Children Become Involved in Organized Sports Families Parents Siblings Peers Coaches Schools Mass Media Participants: Youth Athletes Socialization via Sport: Process and Outcomes Two Forms of Play: Peer Group and Adult Organized Development of Personal-Social Attributes Through Sport Youth Orientation Toward Sport Sportsmanship in Youth Sports Character Development in Youth Sports Potential Psychosocial Problems in Youth Sports Adult Intrusion in Youth Sports Disruption of Education Risk of Injury The "Winning Is the Only-Thing" Ethic and Youth Sports Emphasizing Personal Growth and Self-Actualization Lifestyle and Action Sports Youth Sports Coaches Bill of Rights for Young Athletes Youth Sport and the COVID-19 Pandemic Summary Notes 9 Interscholastic Sports Social Theories and Interscholastic Sports The Status of Sport in Secondary Schools The Consequences of Sport for Schools, Communities, and Individuals The Consequences of Sport for the High School The Consequences of Sport for the Community The Consequences of Sport for Participants Problems, Dilemmas, and Controversies The Subversion of Educational Goals Reproduction of Social Class and White Privilege The Reinforcement of Gender Inequities Cheating Unsportsmanlike Behavior of Fans Autocratic Coaches Ecessive Pressures to Win Elitism Sport Specialization Economic Class Divisions and Budget Shortfalls Corporate High School Sport Programs Efforts to Reform High School Sports Summary Notes 10 Intercollegiate Sport Beginning and Development of College Sports Student-Centered College Sport Remains College Sport as Big Business Social Theories and Their Role in Colleges and Universities Functionalism and Big-Time College Sports Conflict/Culturalism and Big-Time College Sports Beliefs and Reality About Big-Time Sport Functions Further Consequences of the Commercial Orientation of Big-Time College Sports A Contradiction: Athletes as Amateurs in a Big-Business Environment The NCAA and Student-Athletes The Enforcement of "Amateurism" Pressure to Shift the Legal Parameters of Amateurism in Collegiate Sport The Restriction of Athletes' Rights Educational Performance and Student-Athletes Academic Predictions for Student-Athletes at College Academic Achievement and College Athletes Graduation Rates and Student-Athletes The Impediments to Scholarly Achievement by College Athletes Reform Initiatives and Intercollegiate Sports The Administration of Intercollegiate Sports Emphasizing the Education of Student-Athletes Commitment to Athletes' Rights Summary Notes Part IV SPORT AND SOCIAL INSTITUTIONS 11 Sport and the Economy Professional Sport as a Business Social Theories and the Economy Professional Team Sports as Monopolies Public Subsidization of Professional Team Franchises Ownership for Profit A Radical Question: Are Owners Necessary Who Benefits Economically from Sports Professional Athletes' Earnings Auiliary Professions and Occupations in Sport Sport-Related Businesses Corporate Advertising in Sport The Relationship Between Owners and Athletes The Draft and the Reserve Clause Professional Team Sport Athletes Fight for Free Agency Amateur Sport as a Business The Ambiguous Case: Intercollegiate Sports and Amateurism The Economics of Collegiate Sport Gambling and Sport Issues About Sports Betting in the United States Sports Gambling and College Students Summary Notes 12 Sport and the Mass Media Social Roles of the Mass Media Prominent and Subtle Roles of the Media Mass Media and Social Theories The Symbiosis of Mass Media and Sport Enduring Linkages Between the Mass Media and Sport Television: The Monster of the Sports World Increasing TV Sports Coverage Economic Aspects of Televised Sports Television's Influence on Sport Increases in Sport Revenue Television Drives Shifts in Popularity of Sports Professional Sports Franchise Locations and the Media Television: The Financial Foundation for Big-Time Intercollegiate Sport Television Taps High School Sports Modifying Sports to Accommodate TV Television's Own Sports Televised Sport as a Socially Mediated Event The Impact of Sport on the Mass Media Increased Sport in the Media Sport's Privileged Treatment by the Media Sports Consumers and the Mass Media The Internet: An Essential Form of Mass Communications for Sports Integration of the Internet, Television, Computers, and Video Games Social Media: Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, and Twitter Media Sport: Gender , Race, and Disabilities Issues Reproduction of Hegemonic Masculinity in Media Sport Media Sport and Gender Inequities Media Sport and Racial and Ethnic Inequities Media Sport and Disabilities Inequities Sports Journalism and the Mass Media Sportscasters: Narrators of Mediated Sport Minority Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Women Sport Journalists and Broadcasters Summary Notes 13 Sport and Politics Politics as a Social Institution Social Theories and Politics Intertwining of Politics and Sports The Political Uses of Sport Sport as a Vehicle for Propaganda Sport and Nationalism Sport as an Opiate of the Masses The Eploitation of Sport by Politicians Sport as a Vehicle of Change in Society Internationalization of Social Activism and Sport Globalization and Sport The Political Olympic Games Political Problems and the Olympic Movement Proposals for Reforming the Olympic Games Summary Notes 14 Sport and Religion The Relationship Between Religion and Society Personal and Social Roles of Religion Historical Affiliation Between Religion and Sport Ancient Greece: Creators of Organized Sports Events The Early Christian Church and Roman Sport Spectacles Pre-Columbian Societies: Sport in the Americas Reformation and Protestantism in the North American Colonies Religious Objections to Sport Declined in the Nineteenth Century Religion and Sport Conciliation Sport as Religion Similarities Between Sport and Religion Critical Views About Sport as Religion Religion Uses Sport Churches Religious Leaders Embrace Sport Church Colleges and Universities Religious Organizations and Sports The Fellowship of Christian Athletes Religion and Professional Sports Organizations Sport and Religion Publications Missionary Work of Churches and Sport Religious Evangelizing by Athletes and Coaches The Promise Keepers: Patriarchy, Gender, and Seuality Sportianity Confronting Social Issues Value Orientations of Religion and Sport The Protestant Ethic and Sports Protestantism and Contemporary Sport Sport Uses Religion The Use of Prayer and Divine Intervention The Use of Magic Magic and Its Uses in Sports Summary Notes Part V SPORT, FUTURE TRENDS, AND SUSTAINABILITY 15 Future Trends: The Sustainability of Sport in the United States Key Social Factors that Drive Social Change The Economy, Technology, and Labor: The Information Society An Information Society Information Society and Fletime: Hopes and Realities of Increased Leisure Technology Demographic Shifts: Diverse and Aging Populations and Location Population Composition Locations Future Trends and Sports Professional Sports Esports and Video Games Future of Mediated sport: Television and the Internet Adventure and Lifestyle Sports Sports immersed in Outdoor/Nature Spaces Action and Lifestyle Sports Trends in Sustainability: Social Values and Future Sport Organizational Trends in Sport Neoliberalism Sport For Development and Peace Programs Youth and High School sports Intercollegiate Sports Professional Teams and Leagues Inclusion Trends in Sport People with Disabilities Older Adults LGBTQ Environmental Sustainability in Future SportsThe Economy, Technology, and Labor: The Information Society An Information Society Information Society and Fletime: Hopes and Realities of Increased Leisure Technology Demographic Shifts: Diverse and Aging Populations and Location Population Composition Locations Future Trends and Sports Professional Sports Esports and Video Games Future of Mediated sport: Television and the Internet Adventure and Lifestyle Sports Sports immersed in Outdoor/Nature Spaces Action and Lifestyle Sports Trends in Sustainability: Social Values and Future Sport Organizational Trends in Sport Neoliberalism Sport For Development and Peace Programs Youth and High School sports Intercollegiate Sports Professional Teams and Leagues Inclusion Trends in Sport People with Disabilities Older Adults LGBTQ Environmental Sustainability in Future SportsThe Economy, Technology, and Labor: The Information Society An Information Society Information Society and Fletime: Hopes and Realities of Increased Leisure Technology Demographic Shifts: Diverse and Aging Populations and Location Population Composition Locations Future Trends and Sports Professional Sports Esports and Video Games Future of Mediated sport: Television and the Internet Adventure and Lifestyle Sports Sports immersed in Outdoor/Nature Spaces Action and Lifestyle Sports Trends in Sustainability: Social Values and Future Sport Organizational Trends in Sport Neoliberalism Sport For Development and Peace Programs Youth and High School sports Intercollegiate Sports Professional Teams and Leagues Inclusion Trends in Sport People with Disabilities Older Adults LGBTQ Environmental Sustainability in Future Sports SAMPLE QUESTIONS: CHAPTER 1 The Sociological Analysis of Sport in North American Society Main Themes 1. Sport is a pervasive cultural practice in the United States and Canada and increasingly a worldwide endeavor. 2. The discipline of sociology uses a specialized perspective, concepts, and procedures to describe and explain the institution of sport in society. 3. Several social theoretical perspectives provide vantage points for understanding the social world of sport. 4. Sociology of sport as an organized field of study is less than sixty years old. 5. Sport involves different types of social organization. 6. Sport’s social practices and values have similarities to the wider society and are often said to be a microcosm of society. 7. Various levels of sport are identified and illustrations are given for each. Lecture Topical Headings A. An Overview of Sociology of Sport as a Field of Study B. The Pervasiveness of Sport C. The Discipline of Sociology 1. Assumptions of the sociological perspective a. Individuals are, by their nature, social beings b. Individuals are, for the most part, socially determined c. Individuals create, sustain, and change the social forms within which they conduct their lives 2. Thinking as a sociologist: sociological imagination 3. Units of sociological analysis a. The micro level b. The macro level D. Sociological Theories: Contrasting Ways to See and Understand Social Life 1. Functionalism 2. Conflict theory 3. Conflict/cultural theories a. Hegemony theory b. Feminist theory c. Race theory 4. Interactionist theory 5. Sociological theories and sociology of sport: our position E. Sport as a Microcosm of Society 1. Common characteristics of sport and society a. The high degree of competitiveness b. The emphasis on materialism TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M c. The pervasiveness of racism d. The pervasiveness of male dominance e. The domination of individuals by bureaucracies f. The unequal distribution of power in organizations g. The use of conflict to change unequal power relationships h. Sport is not a sanctuary; deviance is found throughout sport F. Levels of Sport 1. Informal sport 2. Organized sport 3. Corporate sport Test Items True/False 1. A sociological assumption that individuals are shaped by their society implies a total social determination. (False) 2. Although psychology and sociology are similar fields, there is very little difference in the way they study and account for human behavior. (False) 3. As a field of study, the sociology of sport treats sport and physical activities as cultural practices. (True) 4. From a sociological perspective, behaviors are considered to emanate primarily from internal individual motivations. (False) 5. Fundamental to the sociological perspective is the notion that structural forces beyond the conscious control of an individual have profound effects on human behavior. (True) 6. Sports teams are not particularly useful research settings for sociologists to test theories about social organization because they are composed of exceptional rather than average persons. (False) 7. From the view of the textbook authors, the observer of any social arrangement must view the subject from a critical stance. (True) 8. The conflict social theory has political implications but the functionalist perspective does not. (False) 9. Hegemony theory adds ideology and culture to the importance of the economy, politics, and the cultural patterns of dominance in society. (True) TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M 10. According to the feminist social theory, organized sport has been a major contributor to the perpetuation of male dominance. (True) 11. The presence of rudimentary organization distinguishes informal sport from corporate sport. (True) Multiple Choice (* indicates correct answer) 1. Which of the following statements is not true of sociology? A. Sociology stresses those factors external to the individual. B. Sociology is the only scientific discipline concerned with the description and explanation of human behavior.* C. Sociology describes and explains social organization. D. Sociologists study social behavior of all kinds, from interpersonal social relations to group formations to formal social organizations. 2. The sociological perspective can be uncomfortable because A. it requires acceptance of "official" explanations of the way society is organized. B. it liberates one from social constraints and thus undermines the comfort that tradition provides.* C. it makes possible the accurate prediction of human behavior that could be used in undesirable ways. D. All of the above 3. Functionalist theory focuses on A. the social bond that holds groups together.* B. the social forces that pit group against group. C. patterns of dominance and influence in society. D. how people give meaning to their lives. 4. The four levels of sport described in the textbook A. suggest that the levels can be placed on a continuum from play to work.* B. classify pseudosports as a form of informal sport. C. place Little League programs at the informal level of sport. D. classify international sport as a separate level of sport. 5. Conflict theorists tend to argue that A. sport is inspirational. B. sport provides an excellent opportunity for minorities to move up the social class ladder. C. sport builds character in potentially deviant youth. D. None of the above* 6. Which theoretical perspective places the greatest emphasis on human agency? A. Functionalism B. Conflict theory TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M C. Conflict/cultural theory* 7. Conflict theorists and functionalists _________ that sport maintains the status quo. A. agree* B. disagree 8. Which of the following theories is not a structural theory? A. Functionalism B. Conflict/cultural theory C. Hegemony theory D. Interactionist theory* 9. The “social construction of reality” is most closely associated with A. functionalism. B. conflict theory. C. critical theory. D. interactionist theory.* 10. High school sports would generally be an example of A. pseudosport. B. informal sport. C. organized sport.* D. corporate sport. E. None of the above 11. Human agency refers to A. human beings as active agents shaping and changing social structures.* B. individuals as social beings. C. individuals being socially determined. D. the perfection of social arrangements. 12. The “sociological imagination” A. focuses on understanding the behavior of an individual and his or her problems. B. focuses on human agency. C. is similar to Karl Marx’s term “false consciousness.” D. sees the solutions to social problems by changing the structure of society, not in terms of changing individuals.* Essay Questions 1. The textbook authors describe several major assumptions of the sociological perspective. Identify and discuss one of the major assumptions of the sociological perspective described in the text. 2. Write a brief essay supporting the statement “If you hold up football to the bright light of sociology, you will see that it mirrors modern social life.” TESTBANKSELLER.COM TESTBANKSELLER.COM #1 TEST BANKS WHOLESALER T E S T B A N K S E L L E R . C O M 3. Several major sociological theories are described in the text. Identify two of them and briefly describe how they differ. 4. Three levels of sport are identified in the text. Identify two of these and give a brief characterization of each. 5. What is your understanding of “the sociological imagination”? Does it appear applicable to sport in US or Canadian society? If so, how? Student Project 1. As a way of illustrating the pervasive influence of sport on our lives, keep a one-week log of the ways in which you were involved with sport during that week. Involvement might include reading the sports section of a newspaper, reading a sport magazine (e.g., Sports Illustrated), viewing a sports event on television or in person, playing a sport, etc. Report on the time you were involved and the variety of ways in which you were involved. Supplementary Readings Donnelly, Peter, ed. Taking Sport Seriously: Social Issues in Canadian Sport, 3rd ed. Toronto: Thompson Educational Publishing, 2011. Eitzen, D. Stanley. Fair and Foul: Beyond the Myths and Paradoxes of Sport, 5th ed. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2012. Eitzen, D. Stanley, ed. Sport in Contemporary Society, 10th ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2015. Eitzen, D. Stanley, Maxine Baca Zinn, and Kelly Eitzen Smith. In Conflict and Order: Understanding Society, 13th ed. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2012. Healey, Joseph. Race, Ethnicity, Gender, and Class: The Sociology of Group Conflict and Change, updated 5th ed. Newbury Park, CA: Pine Forge Press, 2009. Hylton, Kevin. “Race” and Sport: Critical Race Theory. New York: Routledge, 2009. McCann, Carole, and Seung-kyung Kim. Feminist Theory Reader: Local and Global Perspectives. New York: Routledge, 2013. Mills, C. Wright. The Sociological Imagination. New York: Oxford University Press, 1959. Nixon, Howard L. II. Sport in a Changing World. Boulder, CO: Paradigm, 2008.. [Show More]

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