ATE 1211 Animal Physiology Final Exam - Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions)

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ATE 1211 Animal Physiology Final Exam - Questions and Answers (Complete Solutions) Name the cells found inside the seminiferous tubules sex cells (spermatogonia) Which cells contribute making blood?... cell barrier in testes- Sertoli cells Name the hormone produced by Sertoli cells Estrogen What is spermatogenesis? the process of formation of spermatozoa in testes. How many spermatozoa are produced from each primary spermatocyte? Four What is capacitation? sperms undergo some changes in the female genitalia before becoming capable of fertilizing an ovum. This is the process. What are the changes that take place in sperm morphology during capacitation? outer cells on membrane disappear. Which hormone is produced by Leydig s cells or interstitial cells? Testosterone What are the functions of hormone testosterone? maintains libido and may enhance aggressive behavior, induces male secondary sex characters, maintains functioning of male accessory sex glands, stimulates protein metabolism and bone growth, helps in spermatogenesis and controls the secretion of GnRH from hypothalamus. Which hormone is responsible for maintaining secondary sex characters and libido in males Testosterone What is the effect of hormone FSH on testes? helps in spermatogenesis. What is the function of hormone LH in male animals? acts on Leydig's cells and stimulates them to produce more testosterone. Effect of photoperiod (daylight) in sheep and horses the amount of day light strongly affects testicular functions. Short daylight increases sperm motile in rams, and long days increases reproductive activity in horses. Name the organ, where the maturation and storage of sperms occur in reproductive tract Empidiymis Name all the accessory sex glands present in domestic animals prostate gland, seminal vesicles (vesicular glands) and bulbourethral gland (cowper's gland) What is the main function of accessory sex glands? contribute fluid part of semen that provides nutrition to sperms and also serves as a transport media. Name the accessory sex gland present in dog prostate gland What is cryptorchism? where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. What are the two structures that help keep the testes temperature 3 to 4 degree lower than the normal body temperature cremaster muscle and pampiniform plexusesalso What makes the dogs "tie or lock" after coitus? the sphincter muscles of the vestibule of female show contraction at the same time. These factors contribute in tie or lock during intromission. What is freemartin? a female calf twinned to a male calf. The female will have external genitalia but will have a high degree of masculinization of internal genitalia. Name the four components of conduction system of heart SA node, AV node, Bundle of his, and Purkinje Fibers What is the main function of the conduction system? Responsible for conduction of heartbeat Which component of conduction system is called "Pace Maker?" SA node The pathway of conduction of impulse in heart muscles SA node -> Atria -> AV node -> Bundle of his -> Purkinje Fibers -> Ventricles Define cardiac cycle The sequence of events that occur during one complete heartbeat. Diastole relaxation of heart chambers Systole contraction of heart chambers Sequence of events occurring during diastole and systole Atrial diastole, Ventricular diastole, Atrial systole, Ventricular systole During ventricular systole what event happens first The increased pressure in ventricles shut close the AV valves to prevent back flow of blood into atria Closure of which valves is responsible for making the first heart sound 1st heart sound (lub) Closure of which valves is responsible for making second heart sound 2nd heart sound (dub) What are heart murmurs? An abnormal heart sound that is produced due to abnormal blood flow in the heart. This abnormal blood flow may occur due to problem in heart valves or other heart disorders. What is valvular insufficiency? It is the leakage of AV valves, when these valves fail to close completely. What is valvular stenosis? The condition when semilunar valves fail to open completely. It makes the restricted blood flow in aorta and pulmonary artery due to narrowing of these openings. What will be the effect of mitral valve leakage on heart? Mitral valve or bicuspid valve leakage may lead to left side congestive heart failure. What will be the effect of tricuspid valve leakage on heart? The tricuspid valve leakage may lead to the right side congestive heart failure. Define cardiac output The volume of the blood pumped by each ventricle per minute. It's expressed in L/min. Cardiac output depends on what factors The heartrate and stroke volume (volume of blood pumped/beat) Cardiac Output (CO) = HR X Stroke volume (liter/minute) = (Beats/minute) X (L/beat) Which component of nervous system controls the rate of heartbeat? Autonomic nervous system What is the effect of parasympathetic stimulation on the heart rate and coronary blood flow? Slows down the heart rate and blood flow to the coronary arteries. Effect of sympathetic stimulation on the heart rate and coronary blood flow Speeds up the heart rate and blood flow to the coronary arteries Define stroke volume The force of contraction of heart muscles. What is Sterling Law of heart? The greater the diastolic filling, the greater will be the cardiac output. That means the heart will pump the amount of blood presented to it, with in physiological limit. The more stretching of cardiac muscles, more will be the contraction. What is Bainbridge Reflex? The increased right atrium blood pressure (or increased blood pressure in cranial vena cava and caudal vena cava returning the blood to the right atrium) would increase the heart rate and therefore stroke volume. Define Blood pressure The pressure that the blood exerts on the vessel wall. It's a dynamic measurement that corresponds with cardiac output. Name the device used to measure the blood pressure Sphygmomanometer Systolic pressure peak pressure obtained during ventricular systole with each cardiac ejection Diastolic pressure lowest pressure reached in the arteries during ventricular relaxation. Define pulse A wave of systolic pressure that starts at the ventricles and spreads throughout the arterial network. Blood flow in vessels depends on what two factors Change in blood pressure and the resistance of a given vessel. What structure in arterial network controls the blood flow into capillaries? Arterioles Mean Arterial Pressure depends on what two factors Depends on the cardiac output (CO) and total peripheral vascular resistance (TPR) The P-wave of the ECG represents what cardiac event Indicates atrial depolarization. The impulses (wave of depolarization) originate from SA node and spread throughout the atrial muscles. The QRS-complex of the ECG represents what cardiac event Indicates ventricular depolarization; from atrial muscles the impulses are transmitted to AV node. This AV node transmits these impulses throughout the ventricular muscles via Bundle of his, therefore depolarizing the ventricular muscles leaking to ventricular systole. The T-wave of the ECG represents what cardiac event Indicates ventricular repolarization or ventricular diastole. It is usually longer in curation as compared to the depolarization. Usefulness of ECG Useful for monitoring the patient during and after surgery, It detects enlargement of atria and ventricles, Useful in diagnosis of cardiac arrhythmias, Helps in diagnosis of cardiac diseases like endocarditis, myocarditis, or tumors. What are the main functions of ovaries? Development of ova and production of hormones What is the importance of ovulation fossa present on ovary of mare? The ovulation can take place only at ovulation fossa in horses What are the structures located in the cortex of ovary primary follicles, secondary follicles, tertiary follicles, Graafian follicles What is a Graffian Follicle? Mature Follicle What is corpus luteum? a ruptured follicle What will be the fate of corpus luteum on ovary, if fertilization occurs and animal becomes pregnant? CL stays on the ovary as CL of pregnancy and keep producing pregnancy hormone progesterone needed to maintain pregnancy and also inhibits the development of other follicles. What will be the fate of corpus luteum, if there is no fertilization? it regresses and leave a white scar on ovary called corpus albicans and other follicles start their developmental journey (primary follicle to sec. follicle to Ter. follicle to mature follicle etc.) [Show More]

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