PSYB30|PSY B30 FINAL TESTBANK Questions From Different Chapters With Absolute Correct Answers Rated A (Latest Updated Version)

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PSY B30 FINAL TESTBANK PSY B30 FINAL TESTBANK 1. Which term below best describes a state of tension within a person usually caused by a lack of something? A. Alpha press B. Motive C. Beta pres... s D. Need Larsen - Chapter 11 #1 2. From a theoretical point of view, motives are like dispositions in that A. people differ from one another in terms of type and strength of motives. B. differences between people are measurable. C. differences in motives are associated with important life outcomes. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #2 3. Motives satisfy needs with A. thoughts and fantasies. B. behaviors. C. thought, fantasies, and behaviors. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #3 4. Motivational psychologists ask which of the following questions? A. What are people like? B. What do people want? C. What do people do? D. Why do people like what they like? Larsen - Chapter 11 #4 5. Which term best describes an internal state that arouses and directs behavior toward specific objects or goals? A. Need B. Desire C. Motive D. Press Larsen - Chapter 11 #5 6. Which of these psychologists was the first to develop a modern theory of motivation? A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Murray D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #6 7. Henry Murray assumed that needs varied A. over time. B. by situation. C. between people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #7 8. Henry Murray was a before turning to work on motivation. A. physician, embryologist, and biochemist B. lawyer C. entrepreneur D. priest Larsen - Chapter 11 #8 9. According to Murray, people might purposely increase tension A. only if they suffered from mental illness. B. because they wanted attention from others. C. because the process of reducing tension can be pleasurable. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #9 10. The idea that people have different levels of different needs is know as A. the hierarchy of needs. B. press. C. motive constellations. D. the need tree. Larsen - Chapter 11 #10 11. Why do we think of motives as dynamic? A. Levels decrease with age. B. Gender differences have been found on some motives. C. Motives interact with one another within a person. D. Everyone has at least two motives. Larsen - Chapter 11 #11 12. Murray's list included needs. A. three B. five C. eight D. more than 10 Larsen - Chapter 11 #12 13. The act of interpreting the environment and perceiving the meaning of what is going on in a situation is termed A. integration. B. apperception. C. self-actualization. D. motivation. Larsen - Chapter 11 #13 14. An important feature of the Thematic Apperception Test is that it is A. highly reliable. B. popular among clinicians. C. ambiguous. D. easily scored. Larsen - Chapter 11 #14 15. Beta press refers to the A. objective features of the environment. B. subjective features of the environment. C. strength of a need. D. strength of a motive. Larsen - Chapter 11 #15 16. refers to the objective features of the environment. A. Alpha press B. Beta press C. A need D. A motive Larsen - Chapter 11 #16 17. The Thematic Apperception Test was developed by A. Freud. B. Rorchach. C. Maslow. D. Murray. Larsen - Chapter 11 #17 18. Murray developed the Thematic Apperception Test in the A. 1860s. B. 1950s. C. 1930s. D. 1970s. Larsen - Chapter 11 #18 19. (p. 336) The Thematic Apperception Test is a(n) A. self-report questionnaire. B. intelligence inventory. C. psychopathology index. D. projective test. Larsen - Chapter 11 #19 20. McClelland described two different types of motivation, A. internal motivation and external motivation. B. alpha press and beta press. C. implicit motivation and self-attributed motivation. D. conscious motivation and unconscious motivation. Larsen - Chapter 11 #20 21. Some researchers have criticized the Thematic Apperception Test because A. it has poor test-retest reliability. B. scores from different pictures do not correlate highly. C. it has poor internal reliability. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #21 22. Spangler found that the was a better predictor of the long-term effects of motives and the was a better predictor of the short-term effects of motives. A. interview method; Thematic Apperception Test B. Thematic Apperception Test; interview method C. questionnaire method; Thematic Apperception Test D. Thematic Apperception Test; questionnaire method Larsen - Chapter 11 #22 23. The Multi-Motive Grid is A. a term used to describe the interconnected relationship between motives. B. a procedure used to access alpha press and beta press. C. a relatively new technique used to assess motives. D. the idea that our needs and motives influence apperception. Larsen - Chapter 11 #23 24. The name most associated with research on the need for achievement is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #24 25. People high in the need for achievement are very concerned with A. having impact. B. making money. C. doing things better. D. helping other people. Larsen - Chapter 11 #25 26. The "Big 3" motives are A. sex, aggression, and play. B. competence, sex, and aggression. C. self-esteem, self-expression, and reality. D. achievement, power, and intimacy. Larsen - Chapter 11 #26 27. People who score high on the need for achievement prefer tasks with a level of difficulty. A. low B. high C. moderate D. None of these; it all depends on the task Larsen - Chapter 11 #27 28. People who score high on the need for achievement A. prefer moderately challenging activities. B. enjoy tasks where they are personally responsible for outcomes. C. prefer tasks where feedback is available. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #28 29. Men tend to score women on measures of the need for power. A. higher than B. lower than C. about the same as D. both higher and lower, depending on the measurement tool Larsen - Chapter 11 #29 30. People who score high on implicit measures of achievement motivation do especially well in A. business. B. relationships. C. college classes. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #30 31. Men tend to have levels of achievement motivation compared to women. A. much higher B. slightly higher C. lower D. equal Larsen - Chapter 11 #31 32. Independence training is thought to increase A. need for power. B. need for achievement. C. need for intimacy. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #32 33. The name most associated with research on the need for power is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #33 34. People high in the need for power are very concerned with A. making an impact on other people. B. making money. C. altruistic acts. D. a desire for relationships. Larsen - Chapter 11 #34 35. who score high on the need for power tend to be more impulsive and aggressive. A. People who score high on the need for achievement and B. Women C. Men D. Both men and women Larsen - Chapter 11 #35 36. Which of the following motives is associated with poor health when inhibited? A. Achievement B. Intimacy C. Power D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 11 #36 37. The name most associated with research on the need for intimacy is A. McClelland. B. Winter. C. Maslow. D. McAdams. Larsen - Chapter 11 #37 38. People who score high on the need for intimacy are very concerned with A. having impact. B. making money. C. a desire for relationships. D. a desire for understanding. Larsen - Chapter 11 #38 39. High levels of have been associated with having a satisfying job and family life. A. the need for intimacy B. the need for power C. the need for achievement D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #39 40. People who score high on the need for intimacy tend to A. have a few close friends. B. have more friends than people who score low in the need for intimacy. C. be physically attractive. D. be extraverted too. Larsen - Chapter 11 #40 41. Women tend to score higher than men on measures of A. need for power. B. need for intimacy. C. need for achievement. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #41 42. The humanistic tradition is most associated with the A. motive to self-actualize. B. need for power. C. need for intimacy. D. need for achievement. Larsen - Chapter 11 #42 43. Compared to the behaviorist tradition, the humanistic tradition places emphasis on free will. A. more B. less C. about the same D. more or less, depending on the particular humanistic theorist, Larsen - Chapter 11 #43 44. Compared to the psychoanalytic tradition, the humanistic tradition is more about human nature. A. confused B. optimistic C. pessimistic D. open minded Larsen - Chapter 11 #44 45. The humanist tradition emphasizes A. free will. B. personal responsibility. C. growth. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #45 46. Which of the following is a growth motive? A. Power B. Achievement C. Intimacy D. Self-actualization Larsen - Chapter 11 #46 47. Using Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following correctly lists needs from weakest to strongest? A. Physiological, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Self-actualization B. Physiological, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Self-actualization C. Self-actualization, Esteem, Belongingness, Safety, Physiological D. Self-actualization, Safety, Belongingness, Esteem, Physiological Larsen - Chapter 11 #47 48. Examples of physiological needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #48 49. Examples of safety needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #49 50. Who theorized a "hierarchy of needs?" A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Winter D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #50 51. Maslow thought that needs are usually satisfied before people work on other needs. A. esteem B. physiological C. self-actualization D. safety Larsen - Chapter 11 #51 52. Needs at the of Maslow's hierarchy are the strongest. A. top B. bottom C. middle D. top and at the bottom Larsen - Chapter 11 #52 53. Loneliness is a sign that needs are not being satisfied. A. belongingness B. safety C. esteem D. self-actualization Larsen - Chapter 11 #53 54. Examples of esteem needs are A. food and air. B. shelter and security. C. respect and achievement. D. love and acceptance. Larsen - Chapter 11 #54 55. What term best describes a person becoming everything he or she is capable of being? A. Self-actualization B. Self-esteem C. The idiographic approach D. Positive regard Larsen - Chapter 11 #55 56. Maslow thought that about percent of people are working primarily on self- actualization needs. A. 1 B. 10 C. 25 D. 50 Larsen - Chapter 11 #56 57. A study described in the text suggests that, according to Maslow's hierarchy, people working on higher level needs compared to people working on more basic needs. A. are less happy B. are happier C. are no different in terms of happiness D. sleep more Larsen - Chapter 11 #57 58. Maslow conducted case studies on individuals A. in over a dozen countries. B. he knew personally. C. he believed to be self-actualizing or self-actualized. D. at each of the hierarchically organized levels. Larsen - Chapter 11 #58 59. Who developed client-centered therapy? A. Rogers B. Maslow C. Murray D. McClelland Larsen - Chapter 11 #59 60. Rogers believed that the natural human state was to be A. miserable. B. slightly unhappy. C. fully self-actualized. D. fully functioning. Larsen - Chapter 11 #60 61. A fully functioning person A. has met physiological and safety needs. B. has achieved self-actualization. C. is moving towards self-actualization. D. rejects experiences that are incongruent with that person's goals. Larsen - Chapter 11 #61 62. Rogers believed that have the potential to self-actualize. A. only those who undergo client-centered therapy B. very few people C. most people D. all people Larsen - Chapter 11 #62 63. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of self-actualizing people? A. They are spontaneous. B. They have an affinity for solitude. C. They are creative. D. They are well enculturated. Larsen - Chapter 11 #63 64. People who are self-actualizing are usually A. famous. B. wealthy. C. creative. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #64 65. Rogers described the need to be loved and accepted by parents and others as the desire for A. conditions of worth. B. positive regard. C. intimacy. D. attachment. Larsen - Chapter 11 #65 66. A parent may withhold love from a child unless they earn good grades. Rogers would cite this as an example of A. bullying. B. positive regard. C. conditions of worth. D. low need for intimacy. Larsen - Chapter 11 #66 67. According to Rogers, people who experience many conditions of worth may A. deny their feelings. B. work for the approval of others. C. distort their shortcomings. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #67 68. According to Rogers, good parents should A. give their children unconditional positive regard. B. set firm expectations for their children. C. try to self-actualize their child. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #68 69. People who accept their weaknesses and shortcomings probably experience A. conditions of worth. B. unconditional positive self-regard. C. positive regard. D. conditional positive regard. Larsen - Chapter 11 #69 70. According to Rogers, anxiety is the result of A. positive regard. B. distorting one's experiences. C. experiences that do not fit with one's self-concept. D. conditions of worth. Larsen - Chapter 11 #70 71. In order to reduce your anxiety, Rogers would recommend that you A. change your self-concept. B. engage in distortion. C. use more empathy. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #71 72. The term that best describes altering an experience to reduce threat is A. conditions of worth. B. distortion. C. anxiety. D. reflection. Larsen - Chapter 11 #72 73. Which of the following defense mechanisms did Rogers theorize? A. Reaction formation B. Sublimation C. Distortion D. Projection Larsen - Chapter 11 #73 74. By doing client-centered therapy, Rogers attempted to A. get a person back on the path to self-actualization. B. interpret a person's problems. C. solve a person's problems. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #74 75. Which of the following are necessary conditions for client-centered therapy? A. Unconditional positive regard B. Genuine acceptance C. Empathic understanding D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #75 76. Which of the following provides the best metaphor for client-centered therapy? A. A mirror B. A steamroller C. A puzzle D. A textbook Larsen - Chapter 11 #76 77. The term that best describes understanding a person from his or her point of view is A. positive regard. B. genuine acceptance. C. empathy. D. reflection. Larsen - Chapter 11 #77 78. Which of the following statements would you expect to hear from a client-centered therapist? A. It sounds like you are feeling angry. B. Your super-ego controls your actions. C. You must have experienced conditions of worth as a child. D. You need to stop denying and start self-actualizing. Larsen - Chapter 11 #78 79. Which of the following statements about empathy is supported by research? A. Empathy is moderately heritable. B. Empathy can be effectively taught. C. It is easier to teach empathy to women than to men. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 11 #79 80. Research suggests that people who score high on measures of empathy A. are better at giving positive regard. B. tend to be male. C. are more accurate in guessing what others are thinking and feeling. D. cannot improve their empathy skills with practice. Larsen - Chapter 11 #80 CHAPTER 12 1. Which of the following is NOT an important topic in the cognitive/experiential domain? A. Identifying the major traits of personality. B. People's subjective experience of self. C. Emotions. D. The ways people perceive their environment. Larsen - Chapter 12 #1 2. an important aspect of the self. A. The ways people evaluate their self-worth is B. Social roles are C. Identity is D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #2 3. best tell us which things are important to people. A. Traits B. Emotions C. Self-esteem levels D. Perceptions Larsen - Chapter 12 #3 4. According to the Court, Amadou Diallo was shot by police officers A. because he perceived them as a threat. B. because he shot at them. C. because of cognitive errors in the officers' perception. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #4 5. A person who relates a new event to past experiences is engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. causal attribution. D. defensive pessimism. Larsen - Chapter 12 #5 6. A woman who states that skydiving reminds her of riding roller coasters is said to be engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. attributional cognition. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #6 7. A person who recalls factual information in response to a new event is engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. causal attribution. D. defensive pessimism. Larsen - Chapter 12 #7 8. A man who recalls that a cup of milk contains 130 calories when he pours a glass of milk is said to be engaging in A. personalizing cognition. B. objectifying cognition. C. attributional cognition. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #8 9. is a general term to refer to awareness, thinking, and other mental acts. A. Strategies B. Explanatory style C. Cognition D. Perception Larsen - Chapter 12 #9 10. describes the transformation of sensory information to mental representations, and the manipulation of those representations. A. Explanatory style B. Life tasks C. Interpretation D. Information processing Larsen - Chapter 12 #10 11. People who see a Necker Cube differently are showing differences in A. objectifying cognitions. B. personalizing cognitions. C. perception. D. learned helplessness. Larsen - Chapter 12 #11 12. The process of refers to making sense of or explaining events in the world. A. interpretation B. perception C. learned helplessness D. augmenting Larsen - Chapter 12 #12 13. Differences in responses to the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) are the result of differences in A. perception. B. learned helplessness. C. memory. D. interpretation. Larsen - Chapter 12 #13 14. People use to evaluate themselves. A. beliefs and desires B. perception C. interpretation D. personalizing cognition Larsen - Chapter 12 #14 15. Individual differences can be observed in all of these EXCEPT A. perception. B. interpretation. C. beliefs and desires. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #15 16. Herman Witkin introduced the idea of A. defensive pessimism. B. field dependence versus field independence. C. learned helplessness. D. life tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #16 17. The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) has been used to assess A. defensive pessimism. B. field dependence versus field independence. C. learned helplessness. D. life tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #17 18. A person who "sees the trees rather than the forest" is said to be A. a defensive pessimist. B. field-dependent. C. field-independent. D. an optimist. Larsen - Chapter 12 #18 19. Field-dependent people A. pay more attention to visual cues than field-independent people. B. pay less attention to visual cues than field-independent people. C. do not differ from field-independent people with regard to using visual cues. D. are less successful than field-independent people. Larsen - Chapter 12 #19 20. measure(s) field dependence versus field dependence. A. The Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) B. The Rod and Frame Test (RFT) C. The Embedded Figures Test (EFT) D. Both the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) and the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) Larsen - Chapter 12 #20 21. An advantage of the Embedded Figures Test (EFT) over the Rod and Frame Test (RFT) is that A. the EFT measures field-dependence/independence better than the RFT. B. the EFT is much easier to give than the RFT. C. the EFT is more valid than the RFT. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #21 22. Which of the following college majors would be MOST likely to have many field- independent people? A. Journalism B. History C. Sociology D. Physics Larsen - Chapter 12 #22 23. tend to be more sociable than . A. Individuals with an external locus of control; those with an internal locus of control B. Individuals with an internal locus of control; those with an external locus of control C. Field-independent individuals; those who are field-dependent D. Field-dependent individuals; those who are field-independent Larsen - Chapter 12 #23 24. A study by Vrij et al. suggests that field-independent police officers, compared to field-dependent police officers, A. notice fewer details under distracting conditions. B. remember more details encoded under distracting conditions. C. generally perform worse under distraction conditions. D. hit fewer targets in simulated shooting tasks. Larsen - Chapter 12 #24 25. Students who are are especially good at seeing connections between different categories. A. field-dependent B. field-independent C. both field dependent and field independent D. intelligent Larsen - Chapter 12 #25 26. Pain tolerance has been studied with respect to A. field-dependence versus field-independence. B. explanatory style. C. life tasks. D. reducing or augmenting pain. Larsen - Chapter 12 #26 27. The person most associated with research on reducing/augmenting is A. Goleman. B. Petrie. C. Seligman. D. Witkin. Larsen - Chapter 12 #27 28. seek out more stimulation than . A. Reducers; augmenters B. Augmenters; reducers C. Field-independent people; field-dependent people D. Field-dependent people; field-independent people Larsen - Chapter 12 #28 29. Who argued that people construct explanations for the events in their lives just as scientists construct explanations for phenomena in the laboratory? A. Aneseth Petrie B. George Kelly C. Julian Rotter D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #29 30. Which of the following is NOT a construct? A. Gravity B. Anxiety C. Intelligence D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #30 31. "Post-modernism" in psychology can be summarized as A. "Perception is not necessarily reality." B. "Experience defines reality." C. "Reality is constructed, and so there are many different views of reality." D. "There is no spoon." Larsen - Chapter 12 #31 32. According to Rotter, people differ in A. their expectations that a course of action will lead to a reinforcement. B. the value they place on a given reinforcement. C. whether or not their actions influence events. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #32 33. Generalized expectancies are A. characteristics of a situation that can be applied generally. B. perceptions that generalize from one situation to the next. C. expectations for reinforcement held across a variety of situations. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #33 34. Which of the following is NOT an example of a generalized expectancy? A. The belief that people are solely responsible for their actions. B. The belief that all tests are unfair. C. The belief that good things happen to lucky people. D. None of these. They are all examples of generalized expectancy. Larsen - Chapter 12 #34 35. People who take personal responsibility for events A. are field-independent. B. are field-dependent. C. have an internal locus of control. D. have an external locus of control. Larsen - Chapter 12 #35 36. A person who believes that luck plays an important part in her or his life has a(n) A. internal locus of control. B. external locus of control. C. supernatural explanatory style. D. naturalistic explanatory style. Larsen - Chapter 12 #36 37. People with a(n) are more likely to be active in taking charge of circumstances in their lives. A. internal locus of control B. external locus of control C. global explanatory style D. stable explanatory style Larsen - Chapter 12 #37 38. It is probably less adaptive to have an internal locus of control A. in the domain of health behaviors. B. in academic domains. C. when negative events are not controllable. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #38 39. is observed when people passively endure an uncomfortable situation. A. Learned helplessness B. Passive endurance C. Internalized anxiety D. "Freezing" Larsen - Chapter 12 #39 40. Participants who were first exposed to problems without solutions later A. completed more problems that did have solutions. B. completed fewer problems that did have solutions. C. demonstrated the concept of learned helplessness. D. completed fewer problems with solutions and demonstrated learned helplessness. Larsen - Chapter 12 #40 41. The reformulated learned helplessness model focuses on individuals' A. perceptions of events. B. memories of events. C. explanations of events. D. learning styles. Larsen - Chapter 12 #41 42. refers to the way people explain why events occur. A. Causal attribution B. Learned helplessness C. Field independence D. Perception Larsen - Chapter 12 #42 43. A person who takes personal credit for choosing winning lottery numbers probably has a(n) explanatory style. A. internal B. external C. stable D. unstable Larsen - Chapter 12 #43 44. A student who attributes his failure to get into a graduate school as due to the fact that he was sick on the day of his interview has a(n) explanatory style. A. specific B. global C. unstable D. stable Larsen - Chapter 12 #44 45. A women who concludes that all men are untrustworthy after her husband was unfaithful has an explanatory style. A. specific B. global C. unstable D. stable Larsen - Chapter 12 #45 46. The "pessimistic explanatory style" is defined as making attributions for negative events. A. external, stable, and specific B. internal, stable, and specific C. internal, temporary, and global D. internal, stable, and global Larsen - Chapter 12 #46 47. A pessimistic explanatory style has been shown to be associated with all of the following EXCEPT A. aggressiveness. B. poor health. C. mortality. D. lowered immunocompetence. Larsen - Chapter 12 #47 48. A set of relevant actions intended to achieve a goal that the person has selected is known as a(n) A. explanatory style. B. causal attribution. C. personal project. D. outcome-focused strategy. Larsen - Chapter 12 #48 49. Personal projects analysis often addresses A. the likelihood that goals will be met. B. the difficulty of meeting the goals. C. the personal importance of goals. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #49 50. (p. 386) People who score high on rate their personal projects as stressful and difficult. A. psychoticism B. conscientiousness C. neuroticism D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #50 51. People who rate their personal projects are generally more satisfied with life. A. as stressful B. optimistically C. as within their control D. optimistically and within their control Larsen - Chapter 12 #51 52. The concept of intelligence that emphasizes the amount of knowledge one has gained is known as intelligence. A. achievement B. aptitude C. general D. multiple Larsen - Chapter 12 #52 53. IQ tests have usually been interpreted as measures of A. achievement intelligence. B. aptitude intelligence. C. emotional intelligence. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #53 54. intelligence is the term that most refers to a single broad factor of intelligence. A. Achievement B. Aptitude C. General D. Emotional Larsen - Chapter 12 #54 55. The name most associated with the idea of multiple intelligences is A. Gardner. B. Cantor. C. Petrie. D. Witkin. Larsen - Chapter 12 #55 56. The ability to control one's impulses is considered an aspect of intelligence. A. emotional B. aptitude C. kinesthetic D. interpersonal Larsen - Chapter 12 #56 57. A person who scores low in may do well in school, but have difficulty in most other areas of life. A. kinesthetic intelligence B. aptitude intelligence C. emotional intelligence D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 12 #57 58. Some researchers feel that the abilities Gardner calls "intelligences" are correlated enough with each other to A. represent only three distinct intelligences—verbal, quantitative, and analytical. B. warrant more distinct types of intelligence. C. justify thinking of intelligence as a general factor. D. justify thinking of intelligence as an abstract concept that cannot be studied. Larsen - Chapter 12 #58 59. What is defined as "intelligent behavior" A. is consistent across cultures. B. differs across cultures. C. is only found in Western cultures. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 12 #59 60. refers to the time it takes to make a simple discrimination between two displayed objects. A. Inspection time B. Reaction time C. Discrimination effort D. Examination time Larsen - Chapter 12 #60 61. Which of the following are debated among intelligence researchers? A. Whether intelligence can be measured accurately. B. Whether measures of intelligence are biased to favor some individuals. C. Whether different racial groups differ with respect to intelligence. D. All of these. CHAPTER 13 1. Which of the following is NOT considered a component of emotions? A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies Larsen - Chapter 13 #1 2. is the component of emotions that refers to the increase in probabilities of certain behaviors. A. Subjective feelings B. Bodily changes C. Categorizations D. Action tendencies Larsen - Chapter 13 #2 3. A functional analysis of emotions and emotional expression focuses on the of emotions and emotional expression. A. "why" B. "how" C. "what" D. "where" Larsen - Chapter 13 #3 4. depend more on particular situations than personality characteristics. A. Emotional states B. Emotional traits C. Mood inductions D. Dimensional emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #4 5. The patterns of emotional reactions that a person consistently experiences over time are called A. emotional states. B. emotional traits. C. explanatory style. D. the cognitive triad. Larsen - Chapter 13 #5 6. The is most concerned with identifying primary emotions. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. circumplex model Larsen - Chapter 13 #6 7. Happiness can be thought of as an emotional A. state. B. trait. C. state and as an emotional trait. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #7 8. Which of the following has NOT been used as a criterion for identifying fundamental or primary emotions? A. Subjective experience B. Unique motivational properties C. Distinct facial expressions D. Relationship to biological processes Larsen - Chapter 13 #8 9. Ekman has argued that primary emotion facial expressions are innate based on A. universal recognition of facial expressions. B. research that shows people who are blind from birth make facial expressions. C. factor analysis. D. universal recognition of facial expressions and the observation of blind persons' facial expressions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #9 10. Most lists of primary emotions contain emotions. A. equal numbers of positive and negative B. more positive emotions than negative C. more negative emotions than positive D. only negative emotions or positive Larsen - Chapter 13 #10 11. The has focused on gathering self-ratings of emotions and using statistical techniques to reduce the number of emotion terms. A. categorical view of emotions B. dimensional view of emotions C. diathesis-stress model D. functional view of emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #11 12. There is much consensus among proponents of the dimensional view of emotions that are the basic dimensions underlying emotions. A. pleasantness/unpleasantness and arousal level B. pleasantness/unpleasantness and universality of facial expressions C. arousal level and universality of facial expressions D. subjective experience and bodily change Larsen - Chapter 13 #12 13. According to the dimensional view, emotions define a common dimension when they A. have similar facial expressions. B. serve similar functions. C. occur together in experience. D. are rated as feeling distinct. Larsen - Chapter 13 #13 14. is the part of a person's emotional life that refers to the kinds of emotions that are being experienced. A. Style B. Content C. Action tendency D. Intensity Larsen - Chapter 13 #14 15. Happiness is usually measured A. with a polygraph. B. with life-outcome data. C. with self-report questionnaires. D. in the limbic system. Larsen - Chapter 13 #15 16. The average person A. is happy more often than unhappy. B. is unhappy more often than happy. C. is happy and unhappy about equal amounts of time. D. does not care about happiness. Larsen - Chapter 13 #16 17. The extent to which people are satisfied with their lives correlates with A. social desirability. B. having many positive emotions. C. positive illusions. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #17 18. An inflated view of abilities and desirable characteristics is referred to as A. self-deceptive happiness. B. life satisfaction. C. subjective well-being. D. positive illusions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #18 19. Questionnaire measures of happiness A. correlate with measures of social desirability. B. appear to be valid. C. are invalid due to response bias. D. correlate with measures of social desirability and appear to be valid. Larsen - Chapter 13 #19 20. Seidlitz and Diener found that when given five minutes to recall happy events and five minutes to recall unhappy events, happy people recalled than unhappy people. A. more pleasant events and fewer unpleasant events B. as many pleasant events, but fewer unpleasant events C. more pleasant events, but as many unpleasant events D. more events, both happy and unhappy Larsen - Chapter 13 #20 21. Studies of sex differences in happiness indicate that A. men and women are about equally happy. B. men are more likely than women to be depressed. C. women are more likely than men to become alcoholics. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #21 22. Studies of happiness and age have found that A. levels of happiness are not predicted well by age. B. relationships and success at work are more important to young people. C. financial security is more important to older people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #22 23. Wealth has been found to correlate with happiness A. in studies of lottery winners. B. across different nations. C. when comparing people within most countries. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #23 24. People in countries with tend to be happier. A. high incomes B. low incomes C. more civil liberties D. high incomes and more civil liberties Larsen - Chapter 13 #24 25. Which of the following is a potential "third variable" that might explain the correlation between wealth and happiness across countries? A. Civil rights B. Health care C. Education D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #25 26. Diener et al. (1995) found that the correlation between personal income and happiness was in the United States. A. 0.0 B. +.12 C. +.32 D. +.52 Larsen - Chapter 13 #26 27. Which of the following traits is strongly associated with increased happiness? A. High levels of extraversion B. High levels of neuroticism C. Type A personality D. High levels of extraversion and high levels of neuroticism Larsen - Chapter 13 #27 28. Pictures designed to create an emotional reaction would be used A. in the emotional Stroop task. B. in a mood induction. C. to assess Type A personality. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #28 29. Studies of personality and mood inductions find that it is easier to put people who score in good moods. A. high on extraversion B. low on extraversion C. high on neuroticism D. low on neuroticism Larsen - Chapter 13 #29 30. Correlational studies have A. provided evidence of a direct effect of personality on happiness. B. provided evidence of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that high extraversion and low neuroticism are associated with happiness. D. shown that personality type causes happiness. Larsen - Chapter 13 #30 31. Studies that have used mood inductions have A. supported the idea of an indirect effect of personality on happiness. B. supported the idea of a direct effect of personality on happiness. C. shown that personality can influence the mood of a group. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #31 32. Which of the following is NOT likely to increase happiness? A. Spending time with friends B. Helping others C. Wishing for happiness D. Exercise Larsen - Chapter 13 #32 33. People who spend much time worrying score A. high on measures of hostility. B. low on measures of hostility. C. high on measures of neuroticism. D. low on measures of neuroticism. Larsen - Chapter 13 #33 34. People who score high on neuroticism A. take a dimensional view of emotions. B. take a categorical view of emotions. C. are irritated by many things. D. take a categorical view of emotions and are irritated by many things. Larsen - Chapter 13 #34 35. Eysenck linked the trait of to activation in the limbic system. A. extraversion B. neuroticism C. Type A personality D. hostility Larsen - Chapter 13 #35 36. Which of the following brain imaging techniques CANNOT easily test Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. EEG B. MRI C. PET D. Not just one of these. All of these techniques can test Eysenck's theory. Larsen - Chapter 13 #36 37. Which of the following is consistent with Eysenck's biological explanation of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is partially heritable. C. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #37 38. Studies have shown that emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex. Larsen - Chapter 13 #38 39. Studies have shown that the control of emotion is associated with an increased activation of the A. hippocampus. B. hypothalamus. C. anterior cingulate. D. prefrontal cortex. Larsen - Chapter 13 #39 40. Which of the following MOST suggests a cognitive basis of neuroticism? A. Neuroticism scores are stable over time. B. Neuroticism is associated with better recall of negative information. C. Neuroticism is partially heritable. D. Neuroticism is described by almost all cultures. Larsen - Chapter 13 #40 41. People who tend to complain of more physical ailments. A. score high on neuroticism B. score high on extraversion C. have positive illusions D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #41 42. People who score high (as compared to low) on neuroticism tend to A. underestimate their physical symptoms. B. reported fewer serious physical symptoms. C. have exaggerated memories of the physical symptoms they experienced. D. believe that others have physical symptoms even when they do not. Larsen - Chapter 13 #42 43. Which of the following are related to neuroticism? A. Coronary disease B. Cancer C. Premature death D. None of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #43 44. Research suggests that may be more susceptible to immune-mediated diseases. A. People with Type A personality. B. People who score high on hostility. C. People who score high on neuroticism. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #44 45. The emotional Stroop task has been used to study personality differences in A. emotional reactivity. B. attention biases. C. physical symptoms. D. affect intensity. Larsen - Chapter 13 #45 46. Which of the following words would cause emotional interference in a person who is high in neuroticism? A. Disease B. Fear C. Failure D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 13 #46 47. People high in neuroticism are often to name colors of anxiety- and threat-related words. A. faster B. slower C. unwilling D. eager Larsen - Chapter 13 #47 48. It is estimated that depression strikes percent of the people in the United States at some point in their lives. A. 5 B. 10 C. 20 D. 30 Larsen - Chapter 13 #48 49. Which of the following is NOT a symptom of depression? A. Diminished pleasure in most activities B. Fatigue C. Feelings of worthlessness D. Dwelling on the past Larsen - Chapter 13 #49 50. According to the diathesis-stress model, depression results from A. stressful life events. B. a pre-existing vulnerability. C. an active limbic system. D. stressful life events and a pre-existing vulnerability. Larsen - Chapter 13 #50 51. refers to a way of organizing and interpreting the world. A. Cognitive schemas B. Cognitive triads C. Syndromes D. Cognitive categorization Larsen - Chapter 13 #51 52. Which of the following is NOT a part of Beck's cognitive triad? A. Information about the self B. Information about one's past C. Information about one's future D. Information about the world Larsen - Chapter 13 #52 53. Beck emphasized in explaining depression. A. vulnerability to negative emotions B. activity in the limbic system C. distortions in thoughts D. the categorical approach to emotions Larsen - Chapter 13 #53 54. According to Beck, which of the following is NOT a cognitive distortion among people with depression? A. Making arbitrary inferences B. Personalizing C. Catastrophizing D. Compartmentalizing Larsen - Chapter 13 #54 55. Beck thought that cognitive distortions A. lead to self-fulfilling prophesies. B. lead to negative feelings about the self. C. were automatic in depressed people. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #55 56. Depressed persons maintain an , , and explanatory style. A. external; unstable; specific B. external; stable; specific C. internal; stable; global D. internal; unstable; global Larsen - Chapter 13 #56 57. According to the neurotransmitter theory of depression, which of the following neurotransmitters are NOT involved in depression? A. Dopamine B. Serotonin C. Norepinephrine D. Not just one of these answers. They are all involved in depression. Larsen - Chapter 13 #57 58. Someone who becomes very angry and irritated when receiving a bill in the mail or encountering traffic delays, for example, may be labeled A. neurotic. B. hostile. C. psychopathic. D. antisocial. Larsen - Chapter 13 #58 59. Hostility includes which of the following? A. Easily irritated B. Feeling frequent resentment C. Acting in rude and critical manner in everyday interactions D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #59 60. Recent research on Type A personality has focused on A. defining the categorical approach to emotion. B. defining the dimensional approach to emotion. C. neuroticism. D. hostility. Larsen - Chapter 13 #60 61. People who are concerned with aggressively achieving more in less time A. score high on measures of neuroticism. B. tend to be depressed. C. exhibit Type A personality. D. score high on measures of extraversion. Larsen - Chapter 13 #61 62. A cluster of several traits is referred to as a(n) A. "taxonomy." B. "syndrome." C. "explanatory style." D. "diathesis-stress model." Larsen - Chapter 13 #62 63. Research on Type A personality suggests that the component of is most associated with poor health. A. time urgency B. achievement strivings C. hostility D. competitiveness Larsen - Chapter 13 #63 64. Which of the following traits refers to an emotional style? A. Type A personality B. Hostility C. Affect intensity D. Easygoingness Larsen - Chapter 13 #64 65. A person who experiences very high "highs" and very low "lows" scores high on the trait of A. affect intensity. B. neuroticism. C. extraversion. D. hostility. Larsen - Chapter 13 #65 66. A person who scores low on affect intensity A. never experiences strong emotions. B. experiences negative emotions more frequently than a person who scores high. C. experiences strong emotions less frequently than a person who scores high. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 13 #66 67. Which of the following was identified using the experience sampling method? A. Type A personality B. Affect intensity C. Neuroticism D. Explanatory style Larsen - Chapter 13 #67 68. Researchers agree that A. it is better to be high on affect intensity. B. it is better to be low on affect intensity. C. it is better to be high on affect intensity most of the time. D. we cannot say whether it is bad or good to be low or high on affect intensity. Larsen - Chapter 13 #68 69. Research on affect intensity suggests that most people affect intensity. A. prefer to be high in B. prefer to be low in C. prefer to be moderate in D. would not want to change their level of Larsen - Chapter 13 #69 70. People who score high on affect intensity A. experience only negative emotions more strongly than people who score low. B. experience more physiological arousal than people who score low. C. experience less physiological arousal than people who score low. D. Both A and B. Larsen - Chapter 13 #70 71. A benefit of low affect intensity is A. fewer psychosomatic symptoms. B. lower levels of concern about psychosomatic symptoms. C. experiencing less intense positive emotions. D. experiencing more intense positive emotions. Larsen - Chapter 13 #71 72. High levels of affect intensity are associated with A. Type A personality. B. high levels of neuroticism. C. high levels of extraversion. D. high levels of neuroticism and extraversion. Larsen - Chapter 13 #72 73. Mood variability is a component of A. Type A personality. B. affect intensity. C. extraversion. D. anxiety. Larsen - Chapter 13 #73 74. People in affect intensity exhibit frequent changes in their moods. A. low; slightly more B. low; many more C. high; more D. high; less Larsen - Chapter 13 #74 75. Emotional content and emotional style A. correlate at high levels. B. correlate at moderate levels. C. correlate at low levels. D. do not correlate at all. CHAPTER 14 1. The way you see and define yourself is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. self-esteem variability. Larsen - Chapter 14 #1 2. The extent to which you value yourself is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #2 3. The aspects of yourself that you present to others is known as your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #3 4. If you describe yourself to other people as extraverted, but in fact you are introverted, then extraversion is a part of your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #4 5. Most people look at first in a photo. A. themselves B. romantic partners C. family members D. close friends Larsen - Chapter 14 #5 6. People are especially sensitive to events that change their sense of self in A. early childhood. B. late adolescence. C. middle adulthood. D. late adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #6 7. Our sense of self influences A. how we evaluate life events. B. how we interact with other people. C. how others view us. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #7 8. A person who fails an exam will A. feel bad if doing well on the exam was important to his or her self-concept. B. feel bad if he or she has low self-esteem. C. feel bad if he or she has high self-esteem. D. likely begin to self-handicap. Larsen - Chapter 14 #8 9. People who evaluate their personal characteristics as positive A. demonstrate identity contrast. B. engage in selective valuation. C. have high self-esteem. D. have low self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #9 10. The information on your driver's license is mostly a part of your A. self-esteem. B. self-concept. C. social identity. D. possible selves. Larsen - Chapter 14 #10 11. There are types of identify theft, . A. two; impersonation and misrepresentation B. two; account takeover and application fraud C. three; impersonation, misrepresentation, and omission D. three; account takeover, application fraud, and document falsification Larsen - Chapter 14 #11 12. The self-concept begins to develop as early as A. infancy. B. childhood. C. adolescence. D. adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #12 13. begins to develop when an infant notices that her or his body is distinct from the rest of the world. A. Self-esteem B. The self-concept C. A social identity D. The first possible self Larsen - Chapter 14 #13 14. People differ from most other animals in that A. animals do not have traits. B. animals do not have a self-concept. C. animals do not engage in unconscious behavior. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #14 15. Children can follow rules set up by parents around the age of A. 6 months. B. 9 months. C. 1 year. D. 2 years. Larsen - Chapter 14 #15 16. Which of the following develops first in children? A. Knowledge about their gender and age B. The capacity for social comparison C. A private self-concept D. All of these develop about the same time Larsen - Chapter 14 #16 17. When a person evaluates his performance relative to peers, he engages in A. identity conflict. B. identity deficit. C. selective valuation. D. social comparison. Larsen - Chapter 14 #17 18. Around the age of 5 or 6 years of age, children develop A. the ability to engage in social comparison. B. a private self-concept. C. objective self-awareness. D. the ability to engage in social comparison and a private self-concept. Larsen - Chapter 14 #18 19. Imaginary friends often indicate that a child has developed A. the ability to engage in social comparison. B. a private self-concept. C. objective self-awareness. D. an identity deficit. Larsen - Chapter 14 #19 20. Perspective taking usually develops around the age of years. A. 2 B. 5 C. 9 D. 13 Larsen - Chapter 14 #20 21. The ability to see oneself as other people might is known as A. a private self-concept. B. social comparison. C. perspective taking. D. social identity. Larsen - Chapter 14 #21 22. Seeing oneself as the object of others' attention is known as A. social comparison. B. perspective taking. C. objective self-awareness. D. a private self-concept. Larsen - Chapter 14 #22 23. People living in modern societies begin to organize their lives in narrative terms in A. early adolescence. B. late adolescence. C. early adulthood. D. late adolescence and early adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 14 #23 24. The specific knowledge structures of self-concepts are called A. self-schema. B. possible selves. C. social identities. D. self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #24 25. Self-schema A. guides attention. B. is stored in memory. C. influences how we interpret the world. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #25 26. "Possible selves" describe who we A. would like to become. B. do not want to become. C. think we might become. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #26 27. A person who has a possible self of a musician A. knows that he or she will be a musician some day. B. knows the steps he or she will need to take to become a musician. C. will be guided towards musical opportunities. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #27 28. Possible selves A. describe past behaviors. B. motivate behavior. C. are unrelated to behavior. D. develop in early infancy. Larsen - Chapter 14 #28 29. what a person wants to be. A. Self-esteem is B. The ideal self is C. The ought self is D. Possible selves are Larsen - Chapter 14 #29 30. A person's understanding of how others want him or her to be is known as the A. "self-guide." B. "deal self." C. "ought self." D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #30 31. Tory Higgins described as standards that individuals use to organize information and motivate appropriate behavior. A. self-guides B. possible selves C. self-esteem D. identity crises Larsen - Chapter 14 #31 32. A person who is especially motivated to avoid harm A. has high self-esteem. B. is engaging in prevention focus. C. is engaging in promotion focus. D. has lost his or her self guide. Larsen - Chapter 14 #32 33. Compared to people with high self-esteem, people with low self-esteem are more A. prevention focused. B. promotion focused. C. concerned with not failing than with succeeding. D. prevention focused and more concerned with not failing than with succeeding. Larsen - Chapter 14 #33 34. Self-esteem is the sum of your reactions to all the aspects of yourself- concept. A. positive B. negative C. positive and negative D. positive, negative, and standard Larsen - Chapter 14 #34 35. When people behave in ways that are inconsistent with their self-concepts A. they self-handicap. B. they abandon their possible selves. C. their self-esteem increases. D. their self-esteem decreases. Larsen - Chapter 14 #35 36. is the composite of self-evaluations across many different domains. A. Self-esteem variability B. Global self-esteem C. Self-concept D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #36 37. Self-esteem in the academic domain with self-esteem in the physical attractiveness domain. A. correlates highly B. correlates moderately C. correlates a little D. does not correlate Larsen - Chapter 14 #37 38. A person who agrees with the statement, "I feel I do not have much to be proud of," would score self-esteem. A. low on academic B. score high on academic C. score low on global D. score high on global Larsen - Chapter 14 #38 39. People tend to respond to criticism with decreased motivation. A. with low self-esteem B. with high self-esteem C. who are shy D. who are not shy Larsen - Chapter 14 #39 40. People who score high on self-esteem tend to after receiving failure feedback. A. work harder B. give up C. become angry D. increase their self-esteem Larsen - Chapter 14 #40 41. People who have low self-esteem A. are interested only in positive feedback. B. are interested only in negative feedback. C. are not interested in receiving feedback. D. do not differ from those high in self-esteem in their interest in feedback. Larsen - Chapter 14 #41 42. People who tend to be motivated by a fear of failure. A. have high self-esteem B. have low self-esteem C. are shy D. have low self-esteem and are shy Larsen - Chapter 14 #42 43. A person with high (as opposed to low) self-esteem would be more likely to respond to failure by A. giving up. B. accepting it. C. thinking of other things that are going well. D. becoming aggressive. Larsen - Chapter 14 #43 44. People who desire social contact but are held back by insecurity are best described as A. having low self-esteem. B. antisocial. C. shy. D. lacking self-schema. Larsen - Chapter 14 #44 45. People who are shy also A. have low self-esteem variability. B. are introverted. C. score high on social anxiety. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #45 46. Kagan has found that about percent of 4-month-old infants are shy. A. 10 B. 20 C. 30 D. 40 Larsen - Chapter 14 #46 47. Children who were shy as infants, but overcame their shyness A. were encouraged into social interactions by parents. B. were not encouraged into social interactions by parents. C. did not have the shyness gene. D. had parents that were more outgoing. Larsen - Chapter 14 #47 48. People who experience discomfort related to social interactions score A. high on measures of self-esteem. B. low on measures of self-esteem. C. high on measures of social anxiety. D. low on measures of social anxiety. Larsen - Chapter 14 #48 49. People who are socially anxious A. are less likely to ask for help. B. are often perceived as unfriendly. C. do not want to have friends. D. are less likely to ask for help and are often perceived as unfriendly. Larsen - Chapter 14 #49 50. To overcome shyness, people should A. force themselves into social situations. B. only enter social situations where they feel comfortable. C. carefully monitor their part of the conversation. D. take the view that conversation should come easily. Larsen - Chapter 14 #50 51. Which of the following is NOT a step that would tend to help decrease shyness? A. Try not to avoid social situations. B. Mentally review aspects of conversation that went poorly. C. Pay attention to others. D. Make more eye contact. Larsen - Chapter 14 #51 52. A person with many distinct aspects of self is best described as having A. high self-esteem variability. B. high global self esteem. C. high self-complexity. D. self guides. Larsen - Chapter 14 #52 53. People with low (as opposed to high) self-complexity A. respond better to negative life events. B. are devastated by negative life events. C. tend to respond to failure with aggression. D. score higher on measures of self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 14 #53 54. A positive aspect of defensive pessimism is that A. it helps transform anxiety into pleasure. B. it leads to motivation. C. other people find it attractive. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #54 55. When a person deliberately does something that increases the chances of failure, he or she is engaging in A. defensive pessimism. B. prevention focus. C. promotion focus. D. self-handicapping. Larsen - Chapter 14 #55 56. A person who goes to a wild, all-night party the night before an exam may be engaging in A. stupidity. B. prevention focus. C. promotion focus. D. self-handicapping. Larsen - Chapter 14 #56 57. People who score low in self-esteem are more likely to A. engage in self-handicapping. B. engage in defensive pessimism. C. avoid failure feedback. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #57 58. Individual differences in short-term self-evaluations refer to the dimension of A. self-esteem variability. B. global self-esteem. C. promotion focus. D. prevention focus. Larsen - Chapter 14 #58 59. Self-esteem level and self-esteem variability A. correlate at high levels. B. do not correlate. C. interact to predict important outcomes. D. do not correlate and interact to predict important outcomes. Larsen - Chapter 14 #59 60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people who score high on self- esteem variability? A. Enhanced sensitivity to social events B. Tendency for a low sense of self-worth C. Tendency to react with anger and hostility D. Increased concern about their self-view Larsen - Chapter 14 #60 61. Gender and ethnicity are necessarily a component of one's A. self-concept. B. self-esteem. C. social identity. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #61 62. The idea that identity remains relatively stable is referred to as identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #62 63. The idea that a people's identity sets them apart from others is known as identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #63 64. first popularized the concept of identity. A. Eysenck B. Freud C. Erikson D. Skinner Larsen - Chapter 14 #64 65. Experimentation with different identities is most common in A. childhood. B. adolescence. C. adulthood. D. old age. Larsen - Chapter 14 #65 66. People differ in A. the extent to which identity is important to them. B. the amount of effort expended on creating an identity. C. whether or not they have identities. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #66 67. Anxiety related to changes in one's identity is called identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. crisis. D. All of these Larsen - Chapter 14 #67 68. When a person has failed to find an adequate identity, he or she experiences identity A. continuity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. rigidity. Larsen - Chapter 14 #68 69. A person who has an identity deficit A. has trouble making decisions. B. experiences more identity contrast. C. has more difficulty changing his or her identity. D. has trouble making decisions and experiences more identity contrast. Larsen - Chapter 14 #69 70. When individuals discard their parents' values, they may be at risk for identity A. conflict. B. continuity. C. contrast. D. deficit. Larsen - Chapter 14 #70 71. Important and difficult life decisions are often accompanied by identity A. rigidity. B. contrast. C. deficit. D. conflict. Larsen - Chapter 14 #71 72. Identity conflicts are conflicts. A. approach-avoidance B. approach-approach C. avoidance-avoidance D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 14 #72 73. Midlife identity crises are most likely to be A. approach-approach conflicts. B. identity deficits. C. identity conflicts. D. identity contrasts. Larsen - Chapter 14 #73 74. The character Lester from the movie "American Beauty" most demonstrates the concept of A. self-esteem variability. B. defensive pessimism. C. self-handicapping. D. identity crisis. CHAPTER 15 1. The social and cultural domain of knowledge emphasizes the effects of on an individual's behavior more than other approaches emphasize those factors. A. internal factors B. external factors C. unconscious factors D. conscious factors Larsen - Chapter 15 #1 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the ways discussed in the text that illustrate how personality interacts with situations? A. Evocation B. Satisfaction C. Selection D. Manipulation Larsen - Chapter 15 #2 3. People consider personality traits most when they friends. A. manipulate B. evoke C. select D. argue with Larsen - Chapter 15 #3 4. When a person's behavior unintentionally elicits a certain response from another person, we observe A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. Provocation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #4 5. If a person is treated nicely because she is a friendly person the mechanism of may be operating. A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #5 6. Intentionally influencing other people's behavior is known as A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #6 7. A boy who persuades his brother to steal some candy demonstrates the concept of A. manipulation. B. selection. C. evocation. D. stagnation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #7 8. According to international research, the characteristic most desirable in a mate is A. extraversion. B. mutual attraction or love. C. openness. D. agreeableness. Larsen - Chapter 15 #8 9. Which of the following is most important to most people in choosing a mate? A. Political ideology B. Personality characteristics C. Health D. Good looks Larsen - Chapter 15 #9 10. The complimentary needs theory states that individuals select mates A. with personality characteristics that differ from theirs. B. who fulfill their needs for being complimented and flattered. C. with personality characteristics similar to their own. D. who have characteristics that are related to marital satisfaction. Larsen - Chapter 15 #10 11. Francis, a miserable cook, is looking for a spouse who is a wonderful cook. Francis' preference for someone who cooks would support the hypothesis on human mating. A. Assortative mating B. Complimentary needs C. Wishful thinking D. Self-deception Larsen - Chapter 15 #11 12. Which of the following names the theory that states that individuals select individuals with characteristics similar to their own for marriage partners? A. Long-term mating B. Mirror image mating C. Assortative mating D. Matching hypothesis Larsen - Chapter 15 #12 13. Investigators have found evidence for assortative mating A. only for physical characteristics (height, weight, etc.). B. only for psychological characteristics (attitudes, beliefs, personality traits). C. in a few selected variables important in the area of evolutionary psychology. D. for almost every variable that has been investigated. Larsen - Chapter 15 #13 14. Samantha places an on-line personal ad. In her ad she writes that she is very outgoing, conscientious, and open to experience. She states that she wants the same characteristics in potential mate. Her ad supports the hypothesis of mate selection. A. assortative mating B. complimentary needs C. wishful thinking D. self deception Larsen - Chapter 15 #14 15. According to the assortative mating hypothesis, individuals who score high on extraversion scales will prefer potential mates who score high on A. neuroticism. B. agreeableness. C. extraversion D. extraversion. Larsen - Chapter 15 #15 16. In 1997, Botwin, Buss, and Shackelford found that individuals preferred mates with personality traits that A. made up for deficits in their own personality traits. B. were strongly skewed to the positive pole of each personality trait. C. were similar to their own personality traits. D. matched their opposite sex parent's personality traits. Larsen - Chapter 15 #16 17. When the correlations between an individual's mate preferences for personality traits and the scores for their partner's personality traits are examined A. there is no evidence that an individual's preferences for a mate are related to their own personality traits. B. there is modest evidence to support the idea that an individual's preferences for a mate are related to their partner's personality traits. C. there is an extremely strong correspondence between an individual's trait preferences and the trait ratings of their partner's personality. D. correlations between an individual's preferences for personality traits match their partner's scores for preferences for personality traits. Larsen - Chapter 15 #17 18. Correlations between a person's preferences ratings for personality characteristics in a mate and ratings of the mate's personality characteristics measured across different sources of data are A. weakly positive. B. moderately positive. C. weakly negative. D. close to zero. Larsen - Chapter 15 #18 19. People who are married to someone who has personality characteristics close to their ratings of their preferred partner are A. much more satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal. B. slightly much more satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal. C. less satisfied than people who are married to someone less like their ideal. D. no different from other people in terms of satisfaction. Larsen - Chapter 15 #19 20. People who are married to someone who scores high on all of these personality traits EXCEPT tend to be more satisfied in their relationships than individuals whose spouse score low on this trait. A. agreeableness B. extraversion C. emotional stability D. openness to experience Larsen - Chapter 15 #20 21. People who are married to someone who has high trait ratings for agreeableness report higher levels of marital satisfaction A. if their spouse also has high trait ratings for emotional instability. B. if their spouse also has low trait ratings for intellect-openness. C. if their spouse also has high trait ratings for surgency. D. no matter what other personality traits their spouse has. Larsen - Chapter 15 #21 22. Women who are married to men who score high on openness rate their A. husbands as sources of stimulating conversation compared to other women's view of their husbands. B. husbands as being sources of encouragement and support. C. husbands as being someone in whom they can confide. D. love and affection expressed with their husbands as being high. Larsen - Chapter 15 #22 23. According to the "violation of desire" theory, people are most likely to break up with mates A. with whom they are no longer romantically infatuated after a period of time in the relationship. B. who violate the person's desire to reach their level of optimal reproductively success. C. who lack widely sought personality characteristics in a mate, such as dependability, emotional stability, or pleasing disposition. D. who discover, over time, that their partner no longer meets their complimentary needs. Larsen - Chapter 15 #23 24. In terms of personality, the best predictor of divorce is A. low levels of emotional stability. B. high levels of emotional stability. C. high levels of openness. D. low levels of openness. Larsen - Chapter 15 #24 25. Low levels of which of the following personality traits are NOT correlated with a higher likelihood of a divorce or breakup in a relationship? A. Agreeableness B. Emotional stability C. Conscientiousness D. Openness Larsen - Chapter 15 #25 26. The finding that partners in a relationship who are dissimilar in personality are more likely to break up supports the A. violation of desire theory. B. assortative mating hypothesis. C. complimentary needs hypothesis. D. attraction similarity theory Larsen - Chapter 15 #26 27. The tendency to feel tense, anxious, or worried during social interactions, or even when anticipating a social interaction, is known as A. openness. B. emotional stability. C. expectation confirmation. D. shyness. Larsen - Chapter 15 #27 28. In terms of health issues, shy women when compared to non-shy women. A. are more likely to see a gynecologist. B. are less likely to see a gynecologist. C. are more likely to insist on contraception before having sex. D. avoid potentially dangerous sexual situations. Larsen - Chapter 15 #28 29. Shy people engage in all of the following behaviors more than less shy people EXCEPT they A. take fewer risks. B. avoid other people. C. are more likely to get divorced. D. create socially isolating situations. Larsen - Chapter 15 #29 30. The following are all examples of how personality traits guide the selection of situations EXCEPT individuals scoring high on A. sensation-seeking scales avoid risky situations. B. psychoticism scales choose volatile and spontaneous situations. C. Machiavellianism scales prefer face-to-face situations. D. emphases scales are likely to volunteer for community activities. Larsen - Chapter 15 #30 31. Individuals scoring high on sensation-seeking scales prefer NOT to select situations that A. are characterized by higher risk sexual behavior. B. involve unusual psychological experiments on topics such as drugs or sex. C. consists of a series of highly repetitive tasks. D. frequently involve attending parties were alcohol or drugs are available. Larsen - Chapter 15 #31 32. Buss, Block, and Block found that highly active children elicited behaviors to bring them under control by their parents and teachers. This finding is an example of the mechanism of person-environment mechanism of A. manipulation. B. evocation. C. exasperation. D. provocation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #32 33. Aggressive people tend to evoke from others. A. hostility B. submission C. understanding D. praise Larsen - Chapter 15 #33 34. As they walk down the hallway, Bob accidentally bumps into Chuck, a well-known neighborhood bully. Chuck immediately becomes aggressive, demanding that Bob tell him what he meant to do when he bumped into him. Chuck's behavior demonstrates the attributional bias. A. fundamental B. hostile C. externalization D. aggressive Larsen - Chapter 15 #34 35. Evocation is NOT demonstrated in which of the following situations? A. When a person acts in a way that causes an emotional response in another person. B. When a husband's actions cause a wife to behave in ways that anger her husband. C. When a wife nags her husband to get something accomplished. D. When a charismatic person walks into a room and a dull party becomes enjoyable. Larsen - Chapter 15 #35 36. The finding that aggressive people interpret ambiguous situations as hostile demonstrates the A. evocative imperative. B. paranoid externalization bias. C. hostile attribution bias. D. fundamental situation error. Larsen - Chapter 15 #36 37. Husbands who score low on conscientiousness tend to evoke anger from their wives by A. having extramarital affairs. B. drinking too much. C. being abusive. D. withholding sex. Larsen - Chapter 15 #37 38. Husband who score low on tend to evoke anger from their wives by being condescending, failing to spend time with them, neglecting them, and ignoring their feelings. A. extraversion B. agreeableness C. openness D. conscientiousness Larsen - Chapter 15 #38 39. People who score tend to evoke the most anger from their spouses. A. low on agreeableness B. high on agreeableness C. low on conscientiousness D. high on conscientiousness Larsen - Chapter 15 #39 40. Individuals who are highly agreeable tend to evoke than individuals with lower agreeableness scores. A. much more love from their spouses B. far less interpersonal conflict C. longer conversations with peers D. more upper limit control Larsen - Chapter 15 #40 41. The phenomenon of expectancy confirmations are also known as A. evocative corroborations. B. self-fulfilling prophesies. C. behavioral substantiations. D. likelihood verifications Larsen - Chapter 15 #41 42. A study showed that when people had to interact with a person who they expected to be a hostile person they A. were more hostile toward the person. B. were more accommodating towards the person. C. acted more agreeable towards the person. D. acted more neurotic towards the person. Larsen - Chapter 15 #42 43. You have heard that Dean X has a reputation for being very arrogant and condescending to students. One day your professor sends you to see the Dean to discuss an important educational issue. You are quite apprehensive when you enter the Dean's office and act very nervous and anxious. Since Dean X does not suffer fools, he snaps at you, thus confirming the that you evoked. A. self-fulfilling corroborations B. expectancy confirmations C. behavioral verifications D. likelihood substantiations Larsen - Chapter 15 #43 44. People who are being manipulated by another person are A. affected by the person doing the manipulating. B. always harmed by the manipulation. C. less likely to use manipulation themselves. D. likely to attempt a retaliatory manipulation Larsen - Chapter 15 #44 45. A is a classification scheme based on the categorization of things into groups. A. circumplex B. hierarchy C. assortment D. taxonomy Larsen - Chapter 15 #45 46. The taxonomy of manipulation tactics described in the text was developed with A. a two-step procedure: nominations of acts of influence and factor analysis of self-reports and observer-reports of the previously nominated acts. B. observer reports based on lengthy questionnaires. C. physiological measures. D. behavioral tests. Larsen - Chapter 15 #46 47. The manipulation tactic of might involve yelling at someone. A. coercion B. reason C. charm D. responsibility invocation Larsen - Chapter 15 #47 48. The only tactic of manipulation with a mean difference between men and women was found to be A. a monetary reward. B. the silent treatment. C. regression. D. coercion. Larsen - Chapter 15 #48 49. Which of the following is an example of regression? A. Not talking to someone until they do what you want. B. Bribing someone. C. Whining. D. Acting submissive. Larsen - Chapter 15 #49 50. Which of the following is an example of the hardball manipulation tactic? A. Bribing someone. B. Acting in a loving way. C. Whining. D. Hitting someone. Larsen - Chapter 15 #50 51. Telling someone that "everyone else is doing it" is an example of the manipulation tactic. A. hardball B. social comparison C. charm D. self-abasement Larsen - Chapter 15 #51 52. Showing someone how fun an activity will be is an example of the manipulation tactic. A. pleasure induction B. hardball C. silent treatment D. self-abasement Larsen - Chapter 15 #52 53. Research on the differential-use manipulation tactics by men and women has found that A. women are more likely to use the self-abasement tactic. B. men are more likely to use the hardball tactic. C. women are more likely to use the reason tactic. D. men and women use different tactics about the same amount. Larsen - Chapter 15 #53 54. Noccolo Machiavelli was a 16th century Italian A. prince. B. cardinal. C. diplomat. D. inventor. Larsen - Chapter 15 #54 55. is the deliberate, manipulative style of behavior that uses other individuals for personal gain. A. Dictatorialism B. Machiavellianism C. Zoroasterism D. Rastafarianism Larsen - Chapter 15 #55 56. Which of the following statements would a person scoring high on Machiavellianism agree with? A. Honesty is the best policy. B. Most people are generally good and kind. C. It is wise to flatter important people. D. Cooperation is the best strategy. Larsen - Chapter 15 #56 57. Machiavellian strategies work best A. in structured situations. B. in unstructured situations. C. when they are used by trusting people. D. when they are used on untrusting people. Larsen - Chapter 15 #57 58. People who score high on Machiavellianism are more likely to pursue a A. tit-for-tat strategy. B. short-term social strategy. C. long-term social strategy. D. a reciprocal strategy Larsen - Chapter 15 #58 59. Workers who score low on Machiavellianism make more money A. in companies where there are many rules. B. in companies where there are few rules. C. in companies that frequently evaluate performance. D. compared to people who score high. Larsen - Chapter 15 #59 60. A study by Wilson et al. showed that people who scored high in Machiavellianism were A. more likely prefer highly structured situations. B. less likely to steal money. C. more likely to lie about stealing money. D. scrupulously honest in financial transactions. Larsen - Chapter 15 #60 61. (p. 484) People who score low on tend to use the self-abasement manipulation tactic more often. A. surgency B. agreeableness C. conscientiousness D. emotional stability Larsen - Chapter 15 #61 62. People who score high on tend to use the manipulation tactics of pleasure induction and reason more. A. surgency B. agreeableness C. conscientiousness D. emotional stability Larsen - Chapter 15 #62 63. The manipulation tactic most often used by people low in emotional stability is A. hardball. B. self-abasement. C. regression. D. pleasure induction. Larsen - Chapter 15 #63 64. The following are all characteristics of narcissism EXCEPT A. being grandiose. B. being exploitative. C. being self-centered. D. apathetic behavior. Larsen - Chapter 15 #64 65. People who score high on intellect-openness tend to use the manipulation tactic of most. A. reason B. self-abasement C. hardball D. pleasure induction Larsen - Chapter 15 #65 66. People who score low on intellect-openness tend to use the manipulation tactic of most. A. reason B. social comparison C. regression D. silent treatment Larsen - Chapter 15 #66 67. Judy chooses friends who admire her and reflect her highly positive view of herself. Judy most likely scores high on the personality trait of A. extraversion. B. narcissism. C. Machiavellianism. D. manipulation. Larsen - Chapter 15 #67 68. Narcissists who are very self-aggrandizing tend to evoke reactions of from other people. A. anger B. laughter C. exasperation D. humility Larsen - Chapter 15 #68 69. Narcissists tend to use a predictable set of manipulation tactics which are typically exemplified by being in social situations. A. very generous and giving and described as altruistic B. very aggressive and hostile C. exploitative of users and being described as "users" D. supportive and nurturing Larsen - Chapter 15 #69 70. Narcissists react to failure by A. becoming socially withdrawn. B. derogating other people. C. accepting responsibility for their actions. D. engaging in self-abasement. CHAPTER 16 1. Differences between men and women in terms of personality or behavior without regard to the causes of those differences are called A. sex differences. B. gender differences. C. adaptive problems. D. gender stereotypes. Larsen - Chapter 16 #1 2. The fact that men are, on average, taller than women is best described by the term A. sex difference. B. gender difference. C. adaptive problem. D. gender stereotype. Larsen - Chapter 16 #2 3. The social interpretation of what it means to be a man or a woman is referred to as A. sex. B. gender. C. social learning theory. D. social role theory. Larsen - Chapter 16 #3 4. Beliefs about the ways men and women differ, in contrast to actual differences, are called A. sex differences. B. gender differences. C. adaptive problems. D. gender stereotypes. Larsen - Chapter 16 #4 5. The idea that men are not capable of being nurturing is an example of a(n) A. sex difference. B. gender difference. C. adaptive problem. D. gender stereotype. Larsen - Chapter 16 #5 6. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons some individuals have argued that studying sex differences is a potentially dangerous course of study? A. The findings may be used to support political agendas. B. Minimizing these differences may hamper the feminist agenda. C. The findings may be used to support the status quo. D. The findings may reflect gender stereotypes, rather than real differences. Larsen - Chapter 16 #6 7. Feminist psychologists like Alice Eagly argue that is impossible to ignore the study of sex differences since A. scientific and social change will be impossible without coming to terms with real sex differences between men and women. B. science will show that the differences between men and woman have been exaggerated and are minimal. C. it is important to understand how gender stereotypes make men and women different from one another. D. researchers need to be able to dismiss the role of sex differences in behavior to advance the feminist agenda. Larsen - Chapter 16 #7 8. The study of sex differences in psychology became popular in the A. 1920s. B. 1950s. C. 1970s. D. 1990s. Larsen - Chapter 16 #8 9. In an influential book, "The Psychology of Sex Differences," Eleanor Maccoby and Carol Jacklyn argued that A. men were slightly better at verbal tasks. B. men were more aggressive than women. C. men and women do not differ significantly in personality. D. women were slightly better at object rotation tasks. Larsen - Chapter 16 #9 10. The statistical technique of summarizes findings from many different studies. A. factor analysis B. meta-analysis C. gender analysis D. qualitative analysis Larsen - Chapter 16 #10 11. An effect size of .51 would be considered between two groups. A. small B. moderate C. large D. no difference Larsen - Chapter 16 #11 12. An effect size of -.82 would be considered between two groups. A. small B. moderate C. large D. no difference Larsen - Chapter 16 #12 13. The "d" effect size statistic is interpreted as the A. average difference in units of standard deviations. B. standard deviation of the sample. C. mean difference between samples. D. difference score between two samples. Larsen - Chapter 16 #13 14. The findings that women score higher in verbal ability and that men score higher in math ability have effect sizes that are considered A. small. B. moderate. C. large. D. very large. Larsen - Chapter 16 #14 15. When we observe a sex difference where women score higher than men, we can conclude that A. most women will score higher than most men. B. some men will score higher than most women. C. there is a difference between men's average score and women's average score. D. the difference is due to hormones. Larsen - Chapter 16 #15 16. When we examine average sex differences between men and women, regardless of the size of those differences, it is important to remember that A. sex differences may have political implications and must be interpreted very carefully. B. the implications of average sex differences do not necessarily apply to any particular individual. C. researchers may upset someone by finding any particular sex difference between men and women. D. there is generally little overlap between distributions of male and female scores for any particular characteristic. Larsen - Chapter 16 #16 17. views sex differences as small and inconsequential. A. Social roles theory B. Socialization theory C. The minimalist position D. The maximalist position Larsen - Chapter 16 #17 18. argues that the magnitude of sex differences is comparable to the magnitude of many other effects in psychology and should not be trivialized. A. The antifeminist position B. The minimalist position C. The moderation position D. The maximalist position Larsen - Chapter 16 #18 19. A proponent of a social role theory, Alice Eagly's views on the importance of sex difference are best characterized by the view. A. minimalist B. undifferentiated C. maximalist D. feminist Larsen - Chapter 16 #19 20. is a facet of extraversion that has been shown to have the largest sex difference between men and women. A. Gregariousness B. Assertiveness C. Activity D. Talkativeness Larsen - Chapter 16 #20 21. The finding that men interrupt conversations more frequently then women do is consistent with research on sex differences for which of the following facets of extraversion? A. Activity B. Trust C. Assertiveness D. Impulsiveness Larsen - Chapter 16 #21 22. Women tend to score higher than men on the facet of the agreeableness personality trait. A. activity B. good-natured C. tender-mindedness D. cooperative Larsen - Chapter 16 #22 23. People who score high on the tender-mindedness facet of the agreeableness trait in the five factor model of personality tend to A. lack intelligence. B. be nurturing and empathetic. C. have a poor grasp of reality D. be psychologically fragile. Larsen - Chapter 16 #23 24. Men tend to score higher than women on personality measures of A. aggressiveness. B. warmth. C. neuroticism. D. conscientiousness. Larsen - Chapter 16 #24 25. Men commit about percent of all homicides that are committed worldwide. A. 60 B. 70 C. 80 D. 90 Larsen - Chapter 16 #25 26. Women tend to score slightly higher than men on the facet of the conscientiousness personality trait. A. order B. self-discipline C. responsible D. scrupulous Larsen - Chapter 16 #26 27. Women tend to score higher than men on the facet of the emotional stability personality trait. A. impulsivity B. aggressiveness C. anxiety D. insecurity Larsen - Chapter 16 #27 28. Men and women show the least differences on the personality trait of of the five-factor model of personality. A. extraversion B. emotional stability C. agreeableness D. openness Larsen - Chapter 16 #28 29. Brebner's international study of the basic emotions found that women experience emotion than men. A. less frequently and less intensely B. more frequently and more intensely C. less frequently and more intensely D. more frequently and less intensely Larsen - Chapter 16 #29 30. A person's general self-evaluation is known as A. global self-esteem. B. domain-specific self-esteem. C. self-esteem variability. D. overall self concept. Larsen - Chapter 16 #30 31. Overall, sex differences in self-esteem have been found to be A. small. B. moderate. C. large. D. very large. Larsen - Chapter 16 #31 32. Sex differences between men and women in terms of self-esteem A. start occurring in childhood, continue increasing during adolescence, and increase steadily during adulthood. B. are slight in childhood, peak during the teenage years, and steadily decrease during adulthood. C. are not present in childhood, begin to occur in adolescence, and steadily decrease during adulthood. D. are extremely large during childhood and decrease over the remainder of the life span. Larsen - Chapter 16 #32 33. One of the largest differences in sexuality between men and women is found in their interest in A. sex. B. casual sex. C. specific sex acts. D. safe sex. Larsen - Chapter 16 #33 34. Research on sex differences in men and women in terms of depression A. fails to find consistent differences. B. finds that women tend to be more depressed than men. C. finds that men tend to be more depressed than women. D. finds that the depression differences are due to differences on the people-things dimension. Larsen - Chapter 16 #34 35. Depressed women are more likely to than depressed men. A. become socially withdrawn B. act aggressively C. seek treatment D. commit suicide with a firearm Larsen - Chapter 16 #35 36. Sex differences in depression between men and women are observed A. across the life span. B. only in childhood. C. mostly in adolescence and adulthood. D. mostly in old age. Larsen - Chapter 16 #36 37. Approximately percent of adult women and percent of adult men will have at least one episode of depression during their lives. A. 15; 5 B. 30; 20 C. 25; 10 D. 20; 20 Larsen - Chapter 16 #37 38. Some researchers speculate that explains gender differences between men and women for depression. A. hormones B. genetic susceptibility C. rumination D. differences on the trait of trust Larsen - Chapter 16 #38 39. If a person focuses repeatedly on his or her symptoms and the causes of that distress, the person may be involved in A. rumination. B. recidivism. C. regression. D. rehabilitation. Larsen - Chapter 16 #39 40. The greater rate of depression that women suffer as compared to men may be due to A. increases in male happiness due an increased number of televised sports on cable television. B. increasing body dissatisfaction occurring around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases. C. greater levels of "hostile masculinity" by males around the onset of puberty when heterosexual interaction increases. D. differences in brain structure between women and men that physiologically predisposes women to ruminate. Larsen - Chapter 16 #40 41. Which is NOT predicted from Bleske and Buss's study of opposite sex friendships? A. Men are more likely than women to initiate friendship with someone of the opposite sex because they are sexually attracted to them. B. Men are more likely to have female friends that closely match their personality characteristics. C. Men are more likely to dissolve friendships with women when they do not result in sex. D. Men are more likely to become sexually attracted to their female friends. Larsen - Chapter 16 #41 42. The idea that women view close relationships as a more central part of their identity is A. consistent with the feminine mystique stereotype. B. supported by research on the people-things dimension. C. most related to differences in self-esteem. D. related to sex differences in the agreeableness personality trait. Larsen - Chapter 16 #42 43. Fraternal twins Jack and Jill have been raised in the same environment. Jill aspires to become a clinical psychologist while Jack intends to be a mechanical engineer. Their career choices most likely are due to sex differences that are expressed by their scores on the dimension of personality. A. people-things B. openness to experience C. Machiavellianism D. need for achievement Larsen - Chapter 16 #43 44. If we think of masculinity-femininity as a single bipolar dimension, A. a person can be both masculine and feminine. B. a person cannot score high on both masculinity and femininity. C. a person must be more masculine or more feminine. D. we must assume hormonal origins of these traits. Larsen - Chapter 16 #44 45. A person who is androgynous scores A. low on both masculinity and femininity. B. high on both masculinity and femininity. C. high on masculinity and low on femininity. D. high on femininity and low on masculinity. Larsen - Chapter 16 #45 46. The dimension contains items related to assertiveness, dominance, and instrumentality. A. people-things B. sociosexuality C. masculinity D. femininity Larsen - Chapter 16 #46 47. The dimension contains items related to nurturance, empathy, and emotional expression. A. people-things B. sociosexuality C. masculinity D. femininity Larsen - Chapter 16 #47 48. Pat has a garage full of tools; loves to throw big dinner parties for friends; is very assertive at work; and likes to be self-sufficient. One often finds Pat working on his own or friends' cars. He will spend hours listening to friends' problems or nurturing students he tutors after work. Pat most likely scores towards the end of the Bem sex role inventory. A. undifferentiated B. androgyny C. masculinity D. femininity Larsen - Chapter 16 #48 49. Two-dimensional measures of gender have been criticized because A. it is impossible to establish validity for two dimensions of personality simultaneously. B. recent research suggests that masculinity-femininity is a single dimension. C. there are so few androgynous people. D. there are too many undifferentiated people. Larsen - Chapter 16 #49 50. Psychologist Janet Spence now views her measure of sex roles as more of a measure of A. instrumentality and expressiveness. B. people versus things. C. gender stereotypes. D. androgyny. Larsen - Chapter 16 #50 51. refers to the traits involved with getting tasks completed in a direct, independent fashion, being self-sufficient, and working with objects. A. Tender-mindedness B. Gender schema C. Expressiveness D. Instrumentality Larsen - Chapter 16 #51 52. Showing emotions, empathy, and nurturance is associated with the trait of A. expressiveness. B. instrumentality. C. global self-esteem. D. rumination. Larsen - Chapter 16 #52 53. The cognitive orientations that lead people to process information on the basis of sex-linked associations are known as A. gender stereotypes. B. gender schemata. C. sex differences. D. masculinity-femininity. Larsen - Chapter 16 #53 54. Researchers who used to view androgyny as ideal now consider , that is, not to use gender and sex-linkage at all in one's processing of social information, as best. A. undifferentiated gender B. masculinity C. femininity D. gender-aschematic thinking Larsen - Chapter 16 #54 55. Thinking of men as either "dads" or "cads" is an example of A. sex differences. B. gender differences. C. social categories. D. social learning theory. Larsen - Chapter 16 #55 56. Which of the following is NOT a component of gender stereotypes? A. Cognitive B. Affective C. Behavioral D. Perceptual Larsen - Chapter 16 #56 57. Gender-based discrimination is an example of the component of gender stereotypes. A. cognitive B. affective C. behavioral D. perceptual Larsen - Chapter 16 #57 58. Research on gender stereotypes A. consistently finds that men are seen as more instrumental. B. consistently finds that men are seen as less instrumental. C. consistently finds that men and women are seen as equally instrumental. D. finds that they differ too much across cultures to make generalizations. Larsen - Chapter 16 #58 59. Research on gender stereotypes subtypes has found A. gender stereotypes are univariate constructs. B. gender stereotypes can be divided into an equal number of subtypes for each sex. C. the structure and number of male and females gender stereotypes subtypes are very different. D. gender stereotypes subtypes are psychologically equivalent for males and females. Larsen - Chapter 16 #59 60. Research on gender discrimination has found that A. discrimination always favors men. B. women are quoted higher prices on new automobiles. C. women are more likely to be recommended for heart surgery. D. women are more likely to get negative book reviews in Contemporary Psychology. Larsen - Chapter 16 #60 61. Gender discrimination against men has been found A. in legal settings. B. in medical settings. C. in book reviews. D. when buying cars. Larsen - Chapter 16 #61 62. theory describes sex differences in behavior as due to differences in how they are reinforced for different behaviors. A. Socialization B. Social role C. Evolutionary D. Hormonal Larsen - Chapter 16 #62 63. Social learning theory is a variant of the theory. A. socialization B. social role C. evolutionary D. hormonal Larsen - Chapter 16 #63 64. The idea that boys learn masculine behaviors by observing men is most indicative of the theory. A. socialization B. evolutionary C. hormonal D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #64 65. Studies that show that parents are more likely to encourage their daughters to be dependent supports the theory. A. socialization B. social role C. evolutionary D. hormonal Larsen - Chapter 16 #65 66. Steve and Charlene's parents assign them different chores in the family. The parents assume that Steve will continue working on the family farm, so most of his chores are related to the business of agriculture. They assume Charlene will get married and have to maintain a household, so they assign her cooking and cleaning chores. The differential treatment that Steve and Charlene's parents give their children can best be explained by A. the social-role theory. B. gender stereotypes. C. complimentary needs. D. sex role discrimination. Larsen - Chapter 16 #66 67. A problem for the socialization theory is that A. research suggests that fathers prefer to spend time with daughters. B. children may evoke sex differences in the way they are treated. C. there is no cross-cultural evidence for the differential treatment of boys and girls. D. boys and girls behave differently even if they been intentionally socialized in a similar manner. Larsen - Chapter 16 #67 68. The theory that most emphasizes the expectations about the jobs men and women are "supposed" to have is the theory. A. social role B. evolutionary C. socialization D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #68 69. The finding that men and women are differentially represented in different jobs is most consistent with the theory. A. social role B. evolutionary C. socialization D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #69 70. The theory predicts decreases in sex differences as more men assume domestic duties. A. socialization B. social role C. evolutionary D. hormonal Larsen - Chapter 16 #70 71. Which of the following theories MOST accounts for the origins of sex differences in behavior? A. Social role theory B. Evolutionary theory C. Socialization theory D. Social learning theory Larsen - Chapter 16 #71 72. The one sex difference that shows virtually no overlap in the distributions of men and women is in A. warmth. B. self-esteem. C. sexuality. D. testosterone levels. Larsen - Chapter 16 #72 73. Which of the following MOST emphasizes physiological differences as causing sex differences? A. Socialization theory B. Social role theory C. Evolutionary theory D. Hormonal theory Larsen - Chapter 16 #73 74. Young girls with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) grow up into women who A. show deficits in traditional female characteristics like empathy. B. show superiority in traditionally masculine cognitive skills. C. become hyper feminized in adulthood. D. have extreme difficulty with cognitive spatial rotation skills. Larsen - Chapter 16 #74 75. High levels of testosterone in women is linked to all of the behaviors below EXCEPT A. Being the more "masculine" partner in lesbian relationships. B. Increased sexual desire just prior to ovulation. C. Greater success in traditionally masculine careers. D. Frequent disciplinary infractions when incarcerated. Larsen - Chapter 16 #75 76. The theory that most emphasized differences in sexual strategies is the theory. A. social role B. evolutionary C. socialization D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #76 77. From an evolutionary perspective, the optimal reproductive strategy for men is to A. withhold sex until you find the perfect mate. B. invest heavily in one mate. C. mate indiscriminately with as many women as possible. D. attempt to mate with a modal number of women. Larsen - Chapter 16 #77 78. The fact that women (rather than men) give birth to children is most important to the theory. A. social role B. evolutionary C. socialization D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #78 79. The finding that men have more desire for sexual variety is most consistent with the theory. A. social role B. evolutionary C. socialization D. social learning Larsen - Chapter 16 #79 80. A problem for evolutionary theory is that A. it does not address the origins of sex differences. B. it does not explain individual differences within the sexes. C. research suggests that fathers prefer to spend time with daughters. D. differences between short- and long-term mating strategies are too small. CHAPTER 17 1. Among lowland Yanomamö men, one of the LEAST desirable personality characteristics is A. cowardice. B. neuroticism. C. low self-esteem. D. aggressiveness. Larsen - Chapter 17 #1 2. Which of the following is NOT one of the goals of cultural personality psychology? To discover A. the principles underlying cultural diversity. B. how individual humans differ. C. how human psychology shapes culture. D. how cultural shapes personality. Larsen - Chapter 17 #2 3. The question of whether personality characteristics are universal addresses the level of analysis. A. human nature B. group differences C. individual differences D. individual uniqueness Larsen - Chapter 17 #3 4. Tooby and Cosmides define cultural variations as within-group A. similarities and between-group similarities. B. similarities and between-group differences. C. differences and between-group similarities. D. differences and between-group differences. Larsen - Chapter 17 #4 5. Almost all members of the Bleeminese tribe go bowling. However, it is rare for a member of the Bloopine tribe to bowl at all. This difference in behavior between the two tribes represents a cultural A. variation. B. stratification. C. deviation. D. norm. Larsen - Chapter 17 #5 6. Environmental conditions are most responsible for A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #6 7. The bulky clothes that people in far northern cultures often wear is an example of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. a culture of honor. Larsen - Chapter 17 #7 8. Characteristics that are universally common to all people, but only evident in some cultures are examples of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #8 9. The X people live in a desert where the temperature often exceeds 100 degrees Fahrenheit. They wear lightweight, loose robes and large-brimmed hats. The X people's mode of dress is an example of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture Larsen - Chapter 17 #9 10. Evoked cooperation is usually the result of conditions in the environment. A. no variance B. low variance C. medium variance D. high variance Larsen - Chapter 17 #10 11. If every day all the hunters in a tribe successfully return from the daily hunting expedition with plenty of slain animals, there will be due to the . A. little evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions B. much evoked cooperation; low-variance conditions C. little evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions D. much evoked cooperation; high-variance conditions Larsen - Chapter 17 #11 12. Research suggests that cooperative cultures develop A. in cooler climates. B. in warmer climates. C. where resources are more variable. D. where resources are less variable. Larsen - Chapter 17 #12 13. High-variance conditions are most associated with A. independence. B. aggression. C. sharing. D. social inequality. Larsen - Chapter 17 #13 14. Jay Belsky and his colleagues believe that an early environment with harsh, rejecting, and inconsistent child rearing practices, and erratic parental investment will foster A. in children the desire to constantly evoke cooperation across all environmental conditions. B. in children an impulsive personality and a mating strategy marked by earlier reproduction. C. unconscientious children that have lower levels of formal education. D. highly cooperative children with mating strategies marked by delayed reproduction. Larsen - Chapter 17 #14 15. Children raised in unpredictable environments are more likely to A. pursue a short-term mating strategy. B. pursue a long-term mating strategy. C. expect to be married throughout adulthood. D. develop narcissistic personalities. Larsen - Chapter 17 #15 16. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic for cultures that emphasize chastity to their children? They are more likely to A. invest in their children. B. have many stable marriages. C. have many divorces. D. become extinct. Larsen - Chapter 17 #16 17. The proclivity of evoked mating strategies to vary cross-culturally may be based upon differences in the A. relative value of women across different cultures. B. value placed on chastity and parental investment across cultures. C. in the geographical factors that vary across cultures. D. the level of the equality between men and women across cultures. Larsen - Chapter 17 #17 18. Nisbett and his colleagues have proposed the notion that a is a variable based upon defending oneself against aggression evoked by other individuals in the environment. A. provoked environment B. culture of honor C. den of inequity D. elicited culture Larsen - Chapter 17 #18 19. Egalitarianism is associated with A. high-variance conditions. B. low-variance conditions. C. agricultural cultures. D. cultures of honor. Larsen - Chapter 17 #19 20. Cultural characteristics that start out as ideas are most likely examples of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #20 21. The Bleeminese, a little known culture located northeast of Pixley, have a set of coming-of-age rituals that include watching 50 hours of Green Acres reruns, dressing like Arnold the Pig, reciting the secret Bleem chants, and other strenuous tasks. The Bleeminese have passed down their coming-of-age ceremony to each 12-year-old Bleem who, in turn, will make sure to pass on the tradition to their children. This Bleeminese ritual is an example of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #21 22. Nisbett's "cultures of honor" is an example of A. interdependence. B. independence. C. evoked culture. D. transmitted culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #22 23. According to Nisbett, honor is most important in A. cultures with low variance in resources. B. cultures with high variance in resources. C. agricultural cultures. D. herding cultures. Larsen - Chapter 17 #23 24. Nisbett has attributed greater aggression among Southerners to A. transmitted culture. B. false politeness. C. the greater need to protect resources that could easily be stolen. D. the warmer southern climate. Larsen - Chapter 17 #24 25. In a study by Nisbett, were more likely to respond to insults with aggression. A. Southerners B. Northerners C. people from independent cultures D. people from interdependent cultures Larsen - Chapter 17 #25 26. The idea that it is wrong to eat beef is an example of A. evoked culture. B. transmitted culture. C. Balkanization. D. reactive culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #26 27. American children's judgments of right and wrong A. have been diluted significantly by the media. B. do not reflect adult judgments until adolescence. C. are extremely similar to adult judgments by age five. D. are more similar to their grandparents then parents. Larsen - Chapter 17 #27 28. Culturally transmitted ideas about morality are first evident in A. infancy. B. childhood. C. adolescence. D. adulthood. Larsen - Chapter 17 #28 29. Which of the following moral ideas is most widely accepted across cultures? A. Incest is wrong. B. Eating pork is wrong. C. Combing one's hair during a thunderstorm is wrong. D. Beating one's wife is wrong. Larsen - Chapter 17 #29 30. Which of the following is a positive aspect of cross-cultural marriages? A. Limited options in child rearing practices. B. Ease of communication. C. More options in gender roles. D. Restricted cultural bonds. Larsen - Chapter 17 #30 31. "Balkanization" is a term that refers to A. greater permeability between cultures. B. cross-cultural marriages. C. social resegregation following a peaceful time of diversity. D. cultural differences. Larsen - Chapter 17 #31 32. Cultural differences are most apparent in A. expression of emotions. B. recognizing emotion expressions. C. the dimensional structure of personality traits. D. self-concepts. Larsen - Chapter 17 #32 33. The cultural task of involves how you are affiliated with, attached to, or engaged in the larger group of which you are a member. A. independence B. interdependence C. individualism D. collectivism Larsen - Chapter 17 #33 34. Western cultures tend to emphasize the cultural task of more than non- Western cultures. A. cultural transmission B. evoking culture C. independence D. interdependence Larsen - Chapter 17 #34 35. According to Markus and Kitayama, people in are more likely to think of themselves in reference to their larger cultural group. A. England B. Zaire C. America D. Japan Larsen - Chapter 17 #35 36. People in Eastern cultures tend to use more to describe themselves. A. relational statements B. personal adjectives C. global adjectives D. attitudinal statements Larsen - Chapter 17 #36 37. is the process of adapting to the ways of life and beliefs that are common in one's new culture. A. Acclamation B. Emancipation C. Acculturation D. Emaciation Larsen - Chapter 17 #37 38. Which of the following descriptions is more typical of a person from a non-Western culture? A. I am Mary's brother. B. I am submissive. C. I am agreeable. D. I am self-reliant. Larsen - Chapter 17 #38 39. Collectivist cultures are similar to cultures. A. individualist B. interdependent C. independent D. introverted Larsen - Chapter 17 #39 40. A study of Asian Americans living in New York who did not identify themselves as Asian found that they used more A. self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans. B. social role adjectives than Euro-Americans. C. self-descriptive adjectives than Euro-Americans if they identified themselves as Asian. D. abstract and autonomous self-statements. Larsen - Chapter 17 #40 41. Research has found that Japanese college students give when compared to American college students. A. more context-dependent self-descriptions B. fewer context-dependent self-descriptions C. longer self-descriptions D. shorter self-descriptions Larsen - Chapter 17 #41 42. Research suggests that American students are more likely to describe themselves as when compared to Japanese students. A. ordinary B. related to someone C. special D. eccentric Larsen - Chapter 17 #42 43. A study of Chinese students' self descriptions found that they A. described themselves independent of the situation. B. described themselves within the context of the situation. C. typically described themselves by referring specifically to other people. D. described themselves as being pretty ordinary. Larsen - Chapter 17 #43 44. People in cultures are more likely to give priority to personal goals. A. variable resource B. herding C. individualist D. collectivist Larsen - Chapter 17 #44 45. Oyserman and her colleagues speculate that humans have evolved mechanisms so that A. individuals are born with mechanisms to fit into the culture they are born into. B. when resources are abundant and mobility is high individuals will be interdependent. C. when resources are scarce and mobility is low individuals will strive for independence. D. individuals will choose either individualistic or interdependent self-concepts depending on the fitness advantage of that strategy. Larsen - Chapter 17 #45 46. Compared to Americans, Japanese individuals tend to explain events with attention to relationships, contacts, and links to the object as a whole. A. holistically B. analytically C. statistically D. mechanically Larsen - Chapter 17 #46 47. Which of the following is NOT one of the criticisms of the interdependence- independence and collectivist-individualistic concepts? A. cross-cultural theories are almost always conducted between North America and East Asia and, thus, may not be generalized about other cultures. B. cross-cultural research is almost always conducted on college students. C. there is a considerable overlap in the self concepts of people from different cultures. D. characterizing cultures in broad cultural dichotomies may be overly simplistic Larsen - Chapter 17 #47 48. Americans tend to explain events with the object detached from its context, attributes of objects, or people assigned to categories, and with a reliance on rules about the categories to describe behavior. A. holistically B. analytically C. statistically D. mechanically Larsen - Chapter 17 #48 49. Differences in the ways Western and non-Western people describe themselves are most likely due to A. hormones. B. genes. C. cultural transmission. D. evolution. Larsen - Chapter 17 #49 50. The tendency to present oneself using positive attributes is know as A. acculturation. B. an independent strategy. C. an interdependent strategy. D. self-enhancement. Larsen - Chapter 17 #50 51. Research has found that, compared to American participants, Asian participants are more likely to A. use positive self-descriptive adjectives. B. score lower on measures of self-esteem. C. describe themselves individualistically. D. be more spontaneous positive statements about themselves. Larsen - Chapter 17 #51 52. Research suggests that, as compared to people from non-Western cultures, Americans tend to A. express themselves more positively. B. experience themselves more negatively. C. use less self-enhancement. D. use context-dependent descriptions. Larsen - Chapter 17 #52 53. People from social classes tend to emphasize the importance of obedience to authority. A. lower B. middle C. higher D. elite Larsen - Chapter 17 #53 54. Kohn found that differences in conformity and self-direction A. were best predicted by independence-interdependence. B. varied more between cultures. C. varied more within cultures. D. were the result of self-enhancement. Larsen - Chapter 17 #54 55. Kohn found that men from lower social classes than men from higher social classes. A. were more self-directed B. emphasized greater obedience to authority C. showed lower levels of conformity D. had greater intellectual flexibility Larsen - Chapter 17 #55 56. Men from higher social classes in cultures tended to have low levels of conformity, more self-direction, and have greater intellectual flexibility than did men from lower social classes. A. collectivist B. individualist C. interdependent D. all of the above Larsen - Chapter 17 #56 57. Differences in historical eras are most likely to affect A. cultural variation. B. within-culture variation. C. cultural universals. D. acculturation. Larsen - Chapter 17 #57 58. Margaret Mead argued A. for cultural universals. B. against cultural universals. C. for within-culture variation. D. that historical eras were important to culture. Larsen - Chapter 17 #58 59. Recent research suggests that A. some of the cultural differences observed by Mead were inaccurate. B. the idea of cultural universals is untenable. C. cultural universals are more important than cultural differences. D. within-culture variation is much smaller than between culture variation. Larsen - Chapter 17 #59 60. Which of the following is probably NOT a cultural universal? A. Prohibitions against incest. B. Facial expressions of basic emotions. C. Division of labor by sex. D. Prohibition against spousal abuse. Larsen - Chapter 17 #60 61. Williams and Best found that most trait adjectives were rated as A. positive. B. negative. C. neutral. D. masculine or feminine. Larsen - Chapter 17 #61 62. Most cultures agree that the trait of is more associated with men. A. affection B. arrogance C. fearfulness D. appreciativeness Larsen - Chapter 17 #62 63. Most cultures agree that the trait of is more associated with women. A. emotionality B. independence C. activeness D. conceitedness Larsen - Chapter 17 #63 64. was one of the first to suggest that emotions are universal. A. Mead B. Markus C. Darwin D. Larsen Larsen - Chapter 17 #64 65. The German word "schadenfreude" describes A. pleasure in another's misfortune. B. grief. C. the fifth factor of personality in Germany. D. sadness. Larsen - Chapter 17 #65 66. Pinker argues that people in different cultures A. experience different emotions. B. express emotions similarly. C. use different words to talk about their emotions. D. cannot recognize emotions cross-culturally. Larsen - Chapter 17 #66 67. People are able to identify facial expressions of basic emotions made by Americans. A. in New Guinea B. in Germany C. in Japan D. universally Larsen - Chapter 17 #67 68. Expressions of basic emotions are an example of A. transmitted culture. B. cultural universals. C. evoked culture. D. elicited culture Larsen - Chapter 17 #68 69. Cross-cultural research on personality structure indicates that A. the idea of stable personality is a purely Western idea. B. many cultures lack words to describe personality traits. C. the five-factor model is always found. D. there are great similarities in personality structure across cultures. Larsen - Chapter 17 #69 70. The Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity states that language A. creates thoughts and experiences. B. is not necessary to experience emotions. C. provides an unlimited capacity to express thoughts and emotions. D. clouds the true experience of thoughts and emotions. Larsen - Chapter 17 #70 71. Trait-descriptive terms are found A. mostly in Western cultures. B. mostly in Asian cultures. C. only in non-Western cultures. D. in most cultures. Larsen - Chapter 17 #71 72. Studies that have translated English questionnaires into different languages A. have been successful in replicating the five-factor model of personality. B. have only replicated four factors in the five-factor model of personality. C. have not been conducted yet. D. indicate that personality structure is not universal. Larsen - Chapter 17 #72 73. Studies that begin with indigenous trait terms in many cultures A. provide a more stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies. B. provide a less stringent test of cultural universality than translation studies. C. find the five-factor model of personality in all cultures. D. replicate Cattell's 16 factor personality model. Larsen - Chapter 17 #73 74. Research has found the LEAST degree of cross-cultural universality on the factor of A. emotional stability. B. openness. C. extraversion. D. agreeableness. CHAPTER 18 1. Which of the following is important in fighting the spread of AIDS? A. Research on a vaccine. B. Research on the HIV virus. C. Research on behavior. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #1 2. Researchers in the field of focus on the link between the mind and body. A. differential psychology B. health psychology C. psychoanalysis D. medicine Larsen - Chapter 18 #2 3. It is thought that in the United States, lifestyle contributes to more than percent of premature deaths. A. 10 B. 30 C. 50 D. 90 Larsen - Chapter 18 #3 4. Stress is the feeling produced by events that are uncontrollable or threatening. A. objective B. subjective C. acute D. chronic Larsen - Chapter 18 #4 5. Which of the following is NOT a model of the links between behavior and health? A. Circumplex model B. Interactional model C. Transactional model D. Predisposition model Larsen - Chapter 18 #5 6. are diagrams of variables and the causal relationships between them. A. Appraisals B. Models C. Theories D. Hypotheses Larsen - Chapter 18 #6 7. Which of the following is NOT an important variable in most health psychology models? A. Stress B. Appraisals C. Coping D. All of these are important variables. Larsen - Chapter 18 #7 8. In the model, personality has its effect on people's ability to cope with events. A. health behavior B. interactional C. transactional D. predisposition Larsen - Chapter 18 #8 9. A problem for the model was that psychologists had difficulty identifying coping strategies that were consistently adaptive or maladaptive. A. health behavior B. interactional C. transactional D. predisposition Larsen - Chapter 18 #9 10. In the transactional model, personality has the effect of influencing A. coping. B. appraisals. C. stressful events. D. all of these Larsen - Chapter 18 #10 11. Which model describes personality as having an effect on stressful events (e.g., through selection, evocation, or manipulation)? A. Health behavior model B. Interactional model C. Transactional model D. Predisposition model Larsen - Chapter 18 #11 12. Which of the following models is least complex? A. Health behavior model B. Interactional model C. Transactional model D. Illness behavior model Larsen - Chapter 18 #12 13. Which model focuses on how personality influences life style choices (e.g., smoking) that in turn influence health? A. Health behavior model B. Interactional model C. Transactional model D. Illness behavior model Larsen - Chapter 18 #13 14. The finding that extraverts are more likely to smoke is most consistent with the A. health behavior model. B. interactional model. C. transactional model. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #14 15. Which model sees no direct relationship between personality and health, but instead attributes correlations between the two to a third variable? A. Health behavior model B. Interactional model C. Transactional model D. Predisposition model Larsen - Chapter 18 #15 16. Behavior genetics research on personality and illness fits best into the model. A. health behavior B. interactional C. transactional D. predisposition Larsen - Chapter 18 #16 17. Going to the doctor, missing work, and complaining about symptoms are all examples of A. appraisals. B. self-efficacy. C. illness behaviors. D. health behaviors. Larsen - Chapter 18 #17 18. The model emphasizes how personality influences the degree to which people pay attention to bodily sensations that can indicate illness. A. health behavior B. interactional C. transactional D. illness behavior Larsen - Chapter 18 #18 19. the subjective feelings of being overwhelmed by events that seem uncontrollable. A. Stress is B. Stressors are C. Appraisals are D. Pessimism is Larsen - Chapter 18 #19 20. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of stressors? A. They produce a state of feeling overwhelmed. B. They are major life events. C. They produce opposing tendencies. D. They are uncontrollable. Larsen - Chapter 18 #20 21. The reaction to being startled and the increases in blood pressure and other physiological responses is known as A. a stressor. B. the fight-or-flight response. C. pessimism. D. hostility. Larsen - Chapter 18 #21 22. Who is responsible for developing the stress response concept of general adaptation syndrome? A. Hanlye B. Lazarus C. Holmes D. Selye Larsen - Chapter 18 #22 23. Selye described repeated stressors as leading to A. primary appraisals B. secondary appraisals. C. the general adaptation syndrome (GAS). D. primary and secondary appraisals. Larsen - Chapter 18 #23 24. In the general adaptation syndrome, the fight-or-flight response falls under the stage. A. appraisal B. alarm C. stage of resistance D. stage of exhaustion Larsen - Chapter 18 #24 25. In the general adaptation syndrome, the stage of resistance is characterized by A. the fight-or-flight response. B. exhaustion. C. increased physiological energy. D. arteriosclerosis. Larsen - Chapter 18 #25 26. According to Selye, people are most prone to illness in the stage of the general adaptation syndrome. A. appraisal B. alarm C. resistance D. exhaustion Larsen - Chapter 18 #26 27. Which of the following is generally considered to be the MOST stressful major life event? A. Christmas B. Buying a new car C. Getting married D. Changing residence Larsen - Chapter 18 #27 28. Stressful life events A. are always objectively negative. B. are always objectively positive. C. are always objectively neutral. D. can be objectively positive, negative, or neutral. Larsen - Chapter 18 #28 29. Research by Holmes and Rahe found that people who had more major life stresses were A. more likely to have a serious illness. B. less likely to have a serious illness. C. more likely to die during the course of the study. D. not much different from those who had few major stresses. Larsen - Chapter 18 #29 30. Research suggests that people are more susceptible to the common cold A. if they follow the illness behavior model. B. if they are in the alarm stage of the GAS. C. if they have experienced more stressful life events. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #30 31. Stress is thought to have the greatest influence on the system. A. circulatory B. cardiovascular C. reproductive D. immune Larsen - Chapter 18 #31 32. Concerns about weight, crime, and taxes are examples of A. daily hassles. B. major life events. C. attributional style. D. emotional inhibition. Larsen - Chapter 18 #32 33. Psychologists recognize varieties of stress: . A. three; episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress B. three; benign, traumatic, and chronic stress C. four; acute, episodic acute, traumatic, and chronic stress D. four; acute, benign, traumatic, and chronic stress Larsen - Chapter 18 #33 34. Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) may develop in persons who life-threatening events. A. experienced B. witnessed C. imagined D. experienced or witnessed Larsen - Chapter 18 #34 35. is the term to describe how the effects of stress add up and accumulate in a person over time. A. Additive effects B. Stress accumulation C. Longitudinal buildup D. Stress accrual Larsen - Chapter 18 #35 36. When a person perceives that an event is a threat to his goals, he engages in A. the optimistic bias. B. the pessimistic bias. C. primary appraisal. D. secondary appraisal. Larsen - Chapter 18 #36 37. According to Lazarus, what must be present for an event to be stressful? A. The fight-or-flight response. B. Primary appraisal. C. Secondary appraisal. D. Primary and secondary appraisal. Larsen - Chapter 18 #37 38. According to Lazarus, an exam will be stressful A. always. B. if a person views the exam as important. C. if a person wants to do well but has to cram. D. if a person views the exam as important or wants to do well but has to cram. Larsen - Chapter 18 #38 39. is a dispositional way of explaining the causes of bad events. A. Defensive pessimism B. Attributional style C. Problem-focused coping D. Negative event interpretation Larsen - Chapter 18 #39 40. The technique for measuring attributional style was developed by Peterson and his colleagues. A. Content Analysis of Verbatim Explanations (CAVE) B. Attributional Analysis (AA) C. Attribution Vocabulary (AV) D. Peterson Attributional Analysis of Vocabulary (PAAV) Larsen - Chapter 18 #40 41. Positive emotions are thought to help with stress by A. broadening attention. B. helping people build stores of energy. C. helping people build social networks. D. All the these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #41 42. The "broaden and build" model addresses A. how positive emotions can buffer against stress. B. the optimistic bias. C. the fight-or-flight response. D. how frustration leads to stress. Larsen - Chapter 18 #42 43. Which of the following coping mechanisms can generate positive emotions during stress? A. Problem-focused coping B. Defensive pessimism C. Primary appraisal D. Secondary appraisal Larsen - Chapter 18 #43 44. Focusing on the good aspects of a generally stressful situation is an example of A. problem-focused coping. B. positive reappraisal. C. creating positive events. D. disclosure. Larsen - Chapter 18 #44 45. Problem-focused coping A. can generate positive emotions. B. is useful when events are controllable. C. is useful when events are uncontrollable. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #45 46. Takings breaks and using humor in stressful situations are examples of the coping strategy. A. problem-focused coping B. positive reappraisal C. creating positive events D. disclosure Larsen - Chapter 18 #46 47. A person with a pessimistic explanatory style explains bad events as due to causes. A. internal B. global C. temporary D. internal and global Larsen - Chapter 18 #47 48. Dispositional optimism is defined as A. the belief that one can do the behaviors necessary to achieve a desired outcome. B. making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global. C. the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare. D. having higher than average self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 18 #48 49. Self-efficacy is defined as A. the belief that one can do the behaviors necessary to achieve a desired outcome. B. making attributions that are unstable, temporary, and global. C. the expectation that good events will be plentiful, and bad events will be rare. D. having higher-than-average self-esteem. Larsen - Chapter 18 #49 50. tend to greatly underestimate the chances that negative events will happen to them. A. People with Type A personality B. Optimists C. Extraverts D. People who score high on hostility Larsen - Chapter 18 #50 51. The fact that most people underestimate their risk for negative events is known as A. optimism. B. optimistic-bias. C. time urgency. D. general adaptation syndrome. Larsen - Chapter 18 #51 52. Optimism predicts good health when measured by A. self-reports. B. physician reports. C. number of visits to a doctor. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #52 53. A large study by Peterson et al. found that optimists and pessimists differed in the number of deaths due to A. immune system problems. B. cancer. C. cardiovascular disease. D. accidents. Larsen - Chapter 18 #53 54. Which of the following has NOT been proposed as a way that optimism can lead to better health? A. Optimists have better social networks. B. Optimism does not correlate with depression. C. Optimism is associated with better immune system functioning. D. Optimists engage in more health behaviors. Larsen - Chapter 18 #54 55. Optimists engage in levels of problem-focused coping and levels of avoidance coping. A. lower; higher B. lower; lower C. higher; lower D. higher; higher Larsen - Chapter 18 #55 56. Psychologists do not understand fully the link between optimism and health because A. most of the research is correlational. B. it is difficult to measure optimism. C. most of the research is non-correlational. D. optimism has only recently been studied. Larsen - Chapter 18 #56 57. Smiling when you receive a gift that you do not really like is an example of A. hostility. B. primary appraisal. C. secondary appraisal. D. emotional inhibition. Larsen - Chapter 18 #57 58. Research suggests that inhibiting the expression negative emotions A. makes people feel better. B. makes people feel worse. C. leads to increased physiological activity. D. leads to reduced physiological activity. Larsen - Chapter 18 #58 59. In a study by James Gross and Robert Levenson, participants who were instructed to inhibit their emotional expressions A. showed less outward expression. B. showed more outward expression. C. showed decreased physiological activity. D. Both A and C. Larsen - Chapter 18 #59 60. When people express their negative emotions they are A. less effective in communicating with others. B. likely to have more problems in relationships. C. likely to have fewer problems in relationships. D. effective communicators, but have more problems in relationships. Larsen - Chapter 18 #60 61. Research suggests that emotional expressiveness is associated with A. better health. B. better relationships. C. more physiological reactivity. D. better health and better relationships. Larsen - Chapter 18 #61 62. Telling others about private aspects of ourselves is known as A. disclosure. B. problem-focused coping. C. self-efficacy. D. the general adaptive syndrome. Larsen - Chapter 18 #62 63. When psychologist James Pennebaker asked research participants to write about secret unpleasant events, he found that A. people felt good as they wrote. B. many people found it difficult to think of secrets. C. everyone had secrets. D. people felt good as they wrote and that everyone had secrets. Larsen - Chapter 18 #63 64. Pennebaker has suggested that keeping negative events secret A. helps maintain self-esteem. B. requires physical energy. C. is associated with good physical health. D. helps maintain self-esteem and is associated with good physical health. Larsen - Chapter 18 #64 65. A study that compared participants who wrote about traumatic events to people who wrote about neutral events found that people who wrote about the traumatic events A. visited the campus health center less. B. visited the campus health center more. C. found the task more enjoyable. D. re-experienced the traumatic event. Larsen - Chapter 18 #65 66. Research suggests that disclosing traumatic events has the effect of A. increasing physiological arousal during disclosure. B. improving physical health. C. reducing the likelihood of depression. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #66 67. People who are very achievement motivated and always in a hurry score high on measures of A. dispositional optimism. B. Type A personality. C. hostility. D. pessimistic attributional style. Larsen - Chapter 18 #67 68. Which of the following is NOT a component of Type A behavior pattern? A. Competitive achievement motivation B. Time urgency C. Hostility D. All of these are components of Type A. Larsen - Chapter 18 #68 69. Which of the following components of Type A behavior pattern is most lethal? A. Achievement striving B. Time urgency C. Hostility D. All of these are equally lethal. Larsen - Chapter 18 #69 70. is the subjective experience when you are blocked from achieving a goal. A. Stress B. Frustration C. Primary appraisal D. Secondary appraisal Larsen - Chapter 18 #70 71. People who are achievement-motivated and time-urgent A. are a greater risk for heart disease. B. are at reduced risk for heart disease. C. do not really have Type A personality. D. None of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #71 72. Early questionnaire measures of Type A personality, compared to structured interviews, A. found more effects on heart disease. B. found fewer effects on heart disease. C. are less reliable measures. D. Both B And C. Larsen - Chapter 18 #72 73. People who score high on hostility A. are usually violent and aggressive. B. are violent and aggressive when dealing with submissive people. C. act disagreeable when frustrated. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #73 74. Research on Type A falls under the A. health behavior model. B. interactional model. C. transactional model. D. All of these. Larsen - Chapter 18 #74 75. Hostile Type A behavior is thought to lead to heart disease through A. primary appraisals. B. secondary appraisals. C. the general adaptation syndrome. D. arteriosclerosis. CHAPTER 19 1. Kody Scott, a gang member nicknamed "Monster," is a violent person who craves excitement, fears nothing, and has no guilt or remorse. Scott most likely has personality disorder. A. antisocial B. paranoid C. schizotypal D. narcissistic Larsen - Chapter 19 #1 2. Personality disorders usually include the problems below EXCEPT for A. difficulties with social relationships. B. emotional problems. C. deficits in intelligence. D. problems with self concept Larsen - Chapter 19 #2 3. Personality disorders can be thought of as A. exaggerated levels of cognitive activity. B. maladaptive variations or combinations of normal personality traits. C. special categories of abnormal personality traits. D. extreme levels of emotionality unaffected by personality traits. Larsen - Chapter 19 #3 4. Which of the following is NOT a reason motives are important in understanding maladaptive personality disorders A. an exaggerated need for power at high levels may result in a maladaptive personality disorder. B. variations in normal personality traits are not related to maladaptive personality disorders. C. individuals with maladaptive personality disorders may have a lack of motivation for intimacy. D. an extreme need for superiority is found in individuals with narcissistic personality disorder. Larsen - Chapter 19 #4 5. The field of psychology mainly studies mental disorders. A. differential B. abnormal C. health D. social Larsen - Chapter 19 #5 6. The statistical definition of abnormal focuses on A. ways that behavior cause an individual to suffer. B. ways that behaviors cause the community to suffer. C. characteristics that are rare in the population. D. ways standard personality traits can be seen as abnormal. Larsen - Chapter 19 #6 7. Which of the following is one of the biggest problems in using social and statistical definitions of abnormal? A. Societal norms change over time. B. It is difficult to determine what behaviors are not acceptable in a society. C. It is difficult to collect data on atypical behaviors. D. Every person is unique. Larsen - Chapter 19 #7 8. Psychological definitions of abnormality focus on A. how rare personality characteristics are. B. the objective experience of people. C. behavior patterns that put people at higher risk for problems. D. social definitions of abnormality. Larsen - Chapter 19 #8 9. The DSM-IV is A. a gene related to dopamine. B. a manual that describes categories of mental disorders. C. a personality disorder. D. a statistical technique to determine validity. Larsen - Chapter 19 #9 10. is defined as enduring patterns of behavior or experience that differs greatly from the expectations of a person's culture. A. Abnormal psychology B. A disorder C. A personality disorder D. Psychopathy Larsen - Chapter 19 #10 11. A behavioral problem is not considered a personality disorder if it A. is the result of drug abuse. B. has been evident since childhood. C. is an enduring pattern of behavior. D. leads to clinically significant stress. Larsen - Chapter 19 #11 12. A characteristic common to all personality disorders is A. avoidance of social situations. B. impaired social relations. C. indifference to social rules. D. an erratic pattern of behaviors Larsen - Chapter 19 #12 13. According to , a person either has a disorder or does not. A. abnormal psychologists B. the neurotic paradox C. the dimensional view D. the categorical view Larsen - Chapter 19 #13 14. The states that there is a qualitative break between abnormal and normal personalities. A. dimensional view B. categorical view C. neurotic paradox D. narcissistic paradox Larsen - Chapter 19 #14 15. According to the dimensional view of personality disorders each disorder A. is seen as a quantitative break between abnormal and normal personalities. B. is seen as a continuum ranging from normality at one end to severe disability and disturbance at the other. C. is bimodal, with both normal and abnormal modes of behaviors. D. has a different mean level of abnormality in the population. Larsen - Chapter 19 #15 16. Modern theorists believe the view of personality disorders provides a reliable and meaningful way of describing . A. dimensional; extreme forms of normal personality traits B. categorical; qualitative breaks between normal and abnormal personality C. dimensional; qualitative breaks between normal and abnormal personality D. categorical; extreme forms of normal personality traits Larsen - Chapter 19 #16 17. A psychologist should be especially hesitant before diagnosing a personality disorder in all of these groups EXCEPT A. adolescent populations. B. criminal populations. C. adults undergoing a severe loss. D. immigrant populations. Larsen - Chapter 19 #17 18. Adolescents who experiment with different identities A. will most likely grow out of this stage. B. likely have narcissistic personality disorder. C. likely have borderline personality disorder. D. likely have histrionic personality disorder. Larsen - Chapter 19 #18 19. Chinn has just immigrated to Buffalo, New York from Singapore. He seems depressed and quite withdrawn. A friend suggests that he makes an appointment with a psychologist. Chinn's problems are most likely the result of A. an antisocial personality disorder. B. his recent immigration to Buffalo. C. the narcissistic American culture. D. his basic personality traits. Larsen - Chapter 19 #19 20. Men tend to have more personality disorders than women in which they A. internalize behaviors like depression and self harm. B. externalize behaviors like fighting and violence. C. exhibit narcissistic behaviors like self aggrandizement. D. exhibit obsessive-compulsive behaviors like repeatedly checking locks. Larsen - Chapter 19 #20 21. People with personality disorders have also been described as sociopaths or psychopaths. A. borderline B. antisocial C. obsessive-compulsive D. schizoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #21 22. Ron is 11 years old and enjoys nothing better then torturing snakes. He also defiantly disobeys his parents and frequently stays out almost all night. Ron most likely has personality disorder. A. schizoid B. antisocial C. histrionic D. schizotypal Larsen - Chapter 19 #22 23. Antisocial personality disorder is associated with A. withdrawn behavior in childhood. B. aggression and cruelty in childhood. C. hallucinations in childhood. D. paranoid behavior in childhood Larsen - Chapter 19 #23 24. If a child does not display signs of conduct disorder by the age of 16, it is very A. unlikely that he or she will develop antisocial personality disorder. B. likely that he or she will develop antisocial personality disorder. C. likely that that he or she will develop avoidant personality disorder. D. unlikely that he or she will develop avoidant personality disorder. Larsen - Chapter 19 #24 25. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of antisocial personality disorder? A. Little concern for others. B. Impulsivity. C. Strong emotions. D. Lack of guilt. Larsen - Chapter 19 #25 26. Mark walked by a car he liked and just decided to steal it. After he was incarcerated for his crime, Mark confided to his cellmate that he did not plan to take the car in advance, and did not even look in the back seat where Detective Johnson was taking a nap. Mark most likely has personality disorder. A. schizoid B. antisocial C. borderline D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #26 27. Which of the following is NOT a trait related to antisocial personality disorder? A. Irresponsibility B. Excessive attention-seeking C. Superficial charm D. Recklessness Larsen - Chapter 19 #27 28. People with personality disorder are unlikely to feel remorse if they cause others to suffer. A. schizoid B. antisocial C. avoidant D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #28 29. Some researchers have theorized that one cause of personality disorder might be an inability to experience fear. A. antisocial B. paranoid C. histrionic D. schizoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #29 30. Research suggests that, as compared to other people, in fearful situations psychopaths A. self-report more fear. B. self-report less fear. C. exhibit smaller physiological reactions. D. exhibit larger physiological reactions. Larsen - Chapter 19 #30 31. The social learning perspective on antisocial personality disorder suggests that A. people with antisocial personality disorder were that way since infancy. B. people with antisocial personality disorder were likely abused as children. C. people with antisocial personality disorder are unconcerned with power. D. Both B and C. Larsen - Chapter 19 #31 32. Using Gray's theory to explain the antisocial personality disorder, we might hypothesize that such psychopaths have a A. strong BIS. B. weak BIS. C. strong BAS D. weak BAS. Larsen - Chapter 19 #32 33. From the social learning perspective, antisocial personality disorder may be the result of A. having an extremely strong fear response. B. operant conditioning of the behavioral inhibition system. C. desensitization and repetition of antisocial behaviors. D. the presence of a strong behavioral inhibition system. Larsen - Chapter 19 #33 34. The lives of individuals with borderline personality disorders are primarily marked by A. insanity. B. instability. C. impotence. D. insecurity. Larsen - Chapter 19 #34 35. Lillian has been married three times, she has trouble keeping a job for more than a couple of years, and is very emotionally unstable. Lillian most likely has personality disorder. A. schizoid B. antisocial C. borderline D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #35 36. People with personality disorder have unstable emotions, relationships, and images of themselves. A. borderline B. dependent C. narcissistic D. schizotypal Larsen - Chapter 19 #36 37. Individuals with which of the following personality disorders might attempt suicide or self-mutilation in an attempt to manipulate people with whom they have relationships? A. Schizoid B. Dependent C. Borderline D. Histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #37 38. People with personality disorder are likely to have romantic relationships that are intense and unstable. A. antisocial B. schizoid C. borderline D. dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #38 39. Glen Close's character in the movie "Fatal Attraction" most likely has a personality disorder. A. borderline B. dependent C. narcissistic D. schizotypal Larsen - Chapter 19 #39 40. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of borderline personality disorder? A. Strong emotions B. Aggressiveness C. Prone to self-harm D. Detachment from social relationships Larsen - Chapter 19 #40 41. personality disorder is thought to be the result of abuse in early childhood. A. Obsessive-compulsive B. Histrionic C. Borderline D. Dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #41 42. The following are all things a person married to an individual with borderline personality disorder may do to help form a stable relationship with their partner EXCEPT A. Provide structure and support. B. Be accepting and stable. C. Concentrate on trouble as it occurs. D. Meets expectations for commitment. Larsen - Chapter 19 #42 43. Many researchers believe that borderline personality disorder is caused by A. being very spoiled as a child. B. a strong behavioral activating system. C. childhood physical or sexual abuse or an early loss of love from parents. D. desensitization to the emotions of other individuals. Larsen - Chapter 19 #43 44. If a child comes to believe that other people are not to be trusted, he or she may be at risk of developing a(n) personality disorder. A. obsessive-compulsive B. histrionic C. borderline D. narcissistic Larsen - Chapter 19 #44 45. People with personality disorder are often sexually provocative in inappropriate ways. A. schizotypal B. histrionic C. obsessive-compulsive D. borderline Larsen - Chapter 19 #45 46. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people with histrionic personality disorder? A. Strong need for attention B. Suspiciousness C. Shallow opinions D. Strong emotions Larsen - Chapter 19 #46 47. Roger always has to be the center of attention. Often he will seek attention by being overly dramatic. He always has an opinion about everything, even if he does not know what is talking about. Roger most likely has a(n) personality disorder. A. histrionic B. impulsive C. borderline D. dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #47 48. If a woman who wears an excessive amount of carefully applied makeup, an overly elaborate hairstyle, and flashy clothes has a personality disorder, it is most likely a(n) personality disorder. A. histrionic B. antisocial C. borderline D. dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #48 49. Histrionic individuals are difficult to get along with due to their excessive need for A. intimacy. B. achievement. C. attention. D. power. Larsen - Chapter 19 #49 50. A person with a need to be admired and an inflated sense of self-importance most likely has personality disorder. A. borderline B. antisocial C. schizoid D. narcissistic Larsen - Chapter 19 #50 51. The paradox refers to the finding that some people have apparently high self- esteem, but actually are very emotionally fragile. A. neurotic B. narcissistic C. dependent D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #51 52. People with personality disorder often achieve much because of their drive and ambition. A. antisocial B. narcissistic C. schizoid D. dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #52 53. Kim has an extremely strong sense of entitlement. She believes she is the most important supervisor in her firm. She routinely expects that her employees give her praise and adulation. Kim most likely has personality disorder. A. histrionic B. narcissistic C. schizoid D. dependent Larsen - Chapter 19 #53 54. People who have narcissistic personality disorder A. generally do not achieve much in life. B. are insensitive to the needs of others. C. tend to be very suggestible. D. have shallow opinions about issues. Larsen - Chapter 19 #54 55. People with personality disorder most likely experience little pleasure from sex or eating. A. antisocial B. histrionic C. avoidant D. schizoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #55 56. Individuals with a schizoid personality disorder have A. strong emotions. B. an inflated sense of self-importance. C. suspicions of others people. D. appear socially clumsy. Larsen - Chapter 19 #56 57. People with personality disorder are more likely to stare at other people without initiating any social interaction. A. avoidant B. schizoid C. schizotypal D. obsessive-compulsive Larsen - Chapter 19 #57 58. Sam has just relocated to New York City after growing up on a farm in rural Nebraska. He has great difficulty in adapting to life in the big city and appears socially numb and passive. Sam's behavior is A. diagnosed as antisocial personality disorder. B. mimicking schizoid personality disorder. C. related to schizotypal type behaviors. D. representative of avoidant personality disorder. Larsen - Chapter 19 #58 59. People who feel anxious because they feel they do not fit into social groups most likely have personality disorder. A. schizoid B. schizotypal C. antisocial D. borderline Larsen - Chapter 19 #59 60. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of schizotypal personality disorder? A. Suspiciousness. B. Odd and unusual habits. C. A propensity to be jealous. D. Anxiety in social situations. Larsen - Chapter 19 #60 61. A person who experiences odd sensations that border on hallucinations most likely has personality disorder. A. schizotypal B. schizoid C. antisocial D. avoidant Larsen - Chapter 19 #61 62. Francis believes in ghosts and spends much of his time going to séances, reading about ghosts, and visiting haunted houses. If Francis had a personality disorder, it most likely would be a personality disorder. A. schizotypal B. schizoid C. eccentric D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #62 63. Which of the following traits is NOT one of the traits Mason and his colleagues have developed to measure schizotypal personality disorder? A. Cognitive disorganization B. Unusual experiences C. Conformity D. Tendency to avoid people Larsen - Chapter 19 #63 64. People with personality disorder tend to be distrustful of others and see others as constant threats. A. avoidant B. antisocial C. histrionic D. paranoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #64 65. A person with a paranoid personality disorder would most likely A. disregard the feelings of his or her spouse. B. accuse his or her spouse of cheating on them. C. abuse his or her spouse without remorse. D. leave his or her spouse to pursue short-term sexual relationships. Larsen - Chapter 19 #65 66. Gerta suspects that her husband is being unfaithful. She goes to great lengths to find support for her jealous beliefs despite that there is no evidence to show that he is cheating. Her husband cannot to anything to quell her jealous beliefs. Gerta's pathological jealousy is probably related to personality disorder. A. antisocial B. histrionic C. paranoid D. schizotypal Larsen - Chapter 19 #66 67. Scarf has argued that the "Unabomber" Ted Kaczynski has personality disorder. A. antisocial B. narcissistic C. borderline D. avoidant Larsen - Chapter 19 #67 68. Reporter Maggie Scarf argued that the Ted Kaczynski began mailing bombs to people because A. his sense of self-esteem was threatened. B. he had antisocial personality disorder. C. he was not very smart. D. he wanted attention, even if it was negative. Larsen - Chapter 19 #68 69. The paradox refers to behavior patterns that avoid one problem, but create other problems. A. neurotic B. narcissistic C. schizoid D. disorder Larsen - Chapter 19 #69 70. People with personality disorder are motivated by feelings of inadequacy and sensitivity to criticism. A. antisocial B. avoidant C. obsessive-compulsive D. schizoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #70 71. People who have avoidant personality disorder A. have extremely high self-esteem. B. have an aloof interactional style. C. restrict their activities to avoid embarrassment. D. reject any external criticism of their behavior. Larsen - Chapter 19 #71 72. Which of the following is a characteristic of the avoidant personality disorder? A. Feelings of inadequacy. B. Lack of concern for other people. C. Seeks reassurance from others. D. Strong pathological jealousy. Larsen - Chapter 19 #72 73. Elika refuses to complete her term paper. She is very worried about the reaction of her professor to her ideas that are diametrically opposed to his ideas about a topic in psychology. Her refusal to complete this paper is probably a sign that she has a personality disorder. A. avoidant B. histrionic C. nervous D. distressed Larsen - Chapter 19 #73 74. People with an excessive need to be taken care of most likely have personality disorder. A. avoidant B. histrionic C. dependent D. narcissistic Larsen - Chapter 19 #74 75. Lynne has trouble working independently. Instead of working independently, he will tolerate the abuse of others at work, avoiding disagreements at all costs. Lynne most likely has a(n) personality disorder. A. dependent B. eccentric C. obsessive D. paranoid Larsen - Chapter 19 #75 76. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an individual with a dependent personality disorder? A. They have a strong need for praise from others. B. They perform many submissive behaviors. C. They do not work well independently. D. They have an excessive need for someone to take care of them. Larsen - Chapter 19 #76 77. A person who is preoccupied with order and perfection most likely has personality disorder. A. histrionic B. dependent C. antisocial D. obsessive-compulsive Larsen - Chapter 19 #77 78. A person with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder is likely to A. put play before work. B. hold very high personal standards. C. avoid social contact. D. have a poor self-concept Larsen - Chapter 19 #78 79. Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of people with obsessive-compulsive personality disorder? A. Striving for perfection. B. Rigid and inflexible. C. Frequently stingy. D. Does not work well independently. Larsen - Chapter 19 #79 80. Alejandro, who attends church every Sunday, has a strong moral and ethical code. If Alejandro has a personality disorder, it most likely will be a(n) disorder. A. obsessive compulsive B. dependent C. paranoid D. histrionic Larsen - Chapter 19 #80 81. The most prevalent personality disorder discussed in your text is A. histrionic. B. dependent. C. avoidant. D. obsessive compulsive. Larsen - Chapter 19 #81 82. The least prevalent personality disorder discussed in your text is A. antisocial. B. borderline. C. narcissistic. D. schizoid. Larsen - Chapter 19 #82 83. At any given time, approximately percent of the population is diagnosed with at least one type of personality disorder. A. .02 B. 5 C. 13 D. 25 Larsen - Chapter 19 #83 84. Comorbidity is the notion that A. individuals may have symptoms that meet the criteria for more then one personality disorder. B. two or more individuals in a relationship may share the traits for the same personality disorder. C. personality disorders are heritable between parents and their children. D. one individual may morbidly transmit their personality disorder to another person. Larsen - Chapter 19 #84 85. According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, an avoidant personality disorder is A. high conscientiousness. B. low neuroticism and high extraversion. C. high introversion and high neuroticism. D. low agreeableness and high openness. Larsen - Chapter 19 #85 86. According to the dimensional view of personality disorders, a histrionic personality disorder is extreme A. extraversion. B. agreeableness. C. conscientiousness. D. neuroticism. Larsen - Chapter 19 #86 87. Currently the DSM-IV utilizes a view to classify mental disorders. A. dimensional B. categorical C. qualitative D. taxonomic [Show More]

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