BIOL 251 Comprehensive Final Exam. (A+ GUIDE) | 75 Q&A (well explained) | American Public University

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Comprehensive Final Exam Return to Assessment List Part 1 of 10 - Part 1 5.0/ 5.0 Points From chapter 1 Question 1 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Organization, metabolism, responsiveness, moveme... nt, development, growth and reproduction all together are called of a human body. • A. catabolism • B. anabolism • C. anatomy • D. functions • E. structures Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 2 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? • A. Anabolism is a process in which complex structures or molecules are broken down into much simpler ones. • B. Catabolism is a process in which simple molecules can be combined to form more complex molecules or tissues. • C. Metabolism is the sum of all anabolic and catabolic reactions that take place in the body. • D. A waste product of all the reactions that take place in a cell is the molecule ATP. • E. All of the above statements are correct. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 3 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following statement(s) is(are) correct? • A. Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the structures in a specific body region • B. Systemic anatomy is the study of the structures that make up a discrete body system. • C. Your study of anatomy and physiology will make more sense if you continually relate the form of the structures you are studying to their function. • D. Like most scientific disciplines, anatomy has areas of specialization. • E. All of the above statements are true. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 4 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The human body tries its best to maintain a steady state of most of the internal conditions of the body, e.g. internal temperature, blood pressure, etc. This steady state is called: • A. Status quo • B. Body state • C. Homeostasis • D. Bodystasis • E. Straight and steady Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 5 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an . • A. organism • B. organelle • C. specific tissue • D. organ system • E. organ Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 2 of 10 - Part 2 4.0/ 5.0 Points From chapter 2 Question 6 of 75 0.0 / 1.0 Points During a party, Eli loses a bet and is forced to drink a bottle of lemon juice. Not long thereafter, he begins complaining of having difficulty breathing, and his friends take him to the local emergency room. His blood pH is 7.28. What does this mean? • A. Eli’s blood is highly acidic. • B. Eli’s blood is slightly alkaline. • C. Eli’s blood is within normal range. • D. Eli’s blood is slightly acidic. Feedback: Incorrect. This can be found in the OpenStax Overview of Anatomy and Physiology section. Section 2.4. Question 7 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points When an atom donates an electron to another atom, it becomes what? • A. An Anion • B. An Ion • C. Nonpolar • D. All of the above Feedback: Correct. This can be found in the OpenStax Overview of Anatomy and Physiology section. Section 2.2. Question 8 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following statements about chemical bonds is true? • A. A molecule of water is unlikely to bond with an ion. • B. Bonding readily occurs between nonpolar and polar molecules. • C. Covalent bonds are stronger than ionic bonds. • D. Hydrogen bonds occur between two atoms of hydrogen. Feedback: Correct. This can be found in the OpenStax Overview of Anatomy and Physiology section. Section 2.2. Question 9 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Most of the chemical reactions in the body are facilitated by which of the following? • A. Concentration • B. Enzymes • C. Pressure • D. Temperature Feedback: Correct. This can be found in the OpenStax Overview of Anatomy and Physiology section. Section 2.3. Question 10 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Organic molecules are made of repeating units of individual molecules called what? • A. Carbon Rings • B. Monomers • C. Polymers Feedback: Correct. This can be found in the OpenStax Overview of Anatomy and Physiology section. Section 2.5. Part 3 of 10 - Part 3 5.0/ 5.0 Points From chapter 3 Question 11 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The process when the cytoplasm actually divides into two separate cells is named . • A. Mitosis • B. Interphase • C. Meiosis • D. Prophase • E. Cytokinesis Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 12 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The jelly-like substance found within cells that provides the fluid medium necessary for biochemical reactions is called . • A. Petroleum • B. Water • C. Cytosol • D. Alcohol • E. Synovial fluid Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 13 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The molecules which store the genetic instructions of an organism is . • A. DNA • B. ADP • C. Histone • D. ATP • E. RNA Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 14 of 75 1.0/ 1.0 Points Human sex cells (sperm or egg) contain chromosomes. All other cells contain chromosomes. • A. 30; 60 • B. 23; 46 • C. 24; 48 • D. 22; 44 • E. 25; 50 Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 15 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following are organelles found inside of an animal cell? • A. nucleus • B. mitochondria • C. Golgi apparatus • D. ribosome • E. All of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 4 of 10 - Part 4 4.0/ 5.0 Points From chapter 4 Question 16 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The most abundant cell in connective tissue proper is the . • A. Elastic cell • B. Adipocyte • C. Fibroblast • D. Reticular tissue • E. Osteoblast Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 17 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following statements is/are true about nervous tissue? • A. A neuron is able to propagate nerve impulses. • B. A neuroglial cell is a supportive cell. • C. The cell body of a neuron is called the soma. • D. All of the above statements are true. • E. Only A and B are true. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 18 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The basic types of cell-to-cell junctions between epithelial cells are . • A. Tight junctions • B. Gap junctions • C. Anchoring junctions • D. Fixed junctions • E. A, B, and C are all correct. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 19 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Simple epithelium appears under a microscope like scales. They usually lie flat and horizontal. • A. cuboidal • B. squamous • C. junctional • D. columnar • E. stratified Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 20 of 75 0.0 / 1.0 Points The different types of cells are not randomly distributed throughout the body; rather they occur in organized layers, a level of organization referred to as . • A. an organ • B. a cell system • C. epithelial • D. an organ system • E. tissue Feedback: The above statement is a definition of tissue. Part 5 of 10 - Part 5 5.0/ 5.0 Points From chapter 12 Question 21 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The following types of glial cells (supportive cells) are responsible for helping to synthesize myelin, the insulation of axons: in the central nervous system (CNS) and in the peripheral nervous system (PNS.) • A. Oligodendrocytes; Schwann cells • B. Neurons; astrocytes • C. Neurons; Schwann cells • D. Microglia; astrocytes • E. Schwann cells; Oligodendrocytes Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 22 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which part of a neuron transmits an electrical signal to a target cell? • A. ganglion • B. axon • C. cell body • D. soma • E. dendrites Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 23 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The threshold membrane potential difference is . • A. -60 mV • B. -55 mV • C. -30 mV • D. 0 mV • E. +30 mV Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 24 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points The division of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord is the nervous system. • A. central • B. sympathetic • C. autonomic • D. peripheral • E. parasympathetic Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 25 of 75 1.0 / 1.0 Points Which of the following is probably going to propagate an action potential fastest? • A. a thin, unmyelinated axon • B. a thin, myelinated axon • C. a thick, unmyelinated axon • D. a thick, myelinated axon • E. All of these propagate the action potential at the same rate. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 6 of 10 - Part 6 15.0/ 15.0 Points From chapter 17 Question 26 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The function of the placental hormone human placental lactogen (hPL) is to . • A. prepare the breasts for lactation • B. nourish the placenta • C. regulate the menstrual cycle • D. help the placenta to mature • E. All of the above are true. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 27 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points How many hormones are produced by the posterior pituitary? • A. 1 • B. 3 • C. 2 • D. 0 • E. 6 Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 28 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Stage one of GAS is called the alarm reaction. This is short-term stress, the fight-or-flight response, mediated by the hormones and from the adrenal medulla. • A. Insulin; glucagon • B. Testosterone; estrogen • C. Epinephrine; norepinephrine • D. Cortisol; hydrocortisone • E. Aldosterone; angiotensin Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 29 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Hormones produced and released from sex organs include which of the following? • A. estrogen and progesterone • B. testosterone • C. inhibin • D. FSH and LH • E. A, B, and C are all correct Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 30 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The beta cells of the pancreatic islets produce and secrete . • A. insulin • B. glucagon • C. epinephrine • D. betagen • E. Both A and B Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 31 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The development of a goiter indicates that . • A. the anterior pituitary is abnormally enlarged • B. there is hypertrophy of the thyroid’s follicle cells • C. there is an excessive accumulation of colloid in the thyroid follicles • D. the anterior pituitary is secreting excessive growth hormone • E. Both B and C are correct. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 32 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points One of the major functions of the adrenal glands is to respond to . • A. stress • B. low insulin levels • C. hunger and thirst • D. light and dark • E. pain Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 33 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points In contrast to the nervous system, the endocrine system uses only one method of communication: signaling. • A. chemical • B. transmitter • C. direct • D. electrical • E. “hard wired” Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 34 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following is an anterior pituitary hormone? • A. TSH • B. ADH • C. oxytocin • D. Insulin • E. Cortisol Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 35 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following statements about the thyroid gland is true? • A. It is located anterior to the trachea and inferior to the larynx. • B. The parathyroid glands are embedded within it. • C. It manufactures three hormones. • D. It is controlled by the anterior part of the pituitary gland. • E. All of the above are true. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 7 of 10 - Part 7 7.5/ 15.0 Points From chapter 19 Question 36 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following statements is/are correct when describing heart sounds? • A. A heart murmur is always considered to be a normal heart sound. • B. Normally you will hear at least three or four heart sounds. • C. Very few individuals are able to hear any heart sounds. • D. In a normal, healthy heart, there are only two audible heart sounds: S1 and S2. • E. The normal heart sounds do not have anything to do with the opening or closing of a heart valve. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 37 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following statements about the circulatory system is/are correct? • A. The pulmonary circulatory system starts in the pulmonary trunk as the blood leaves the right ventricle and ends as the blood flows back into the left atrium. • B. The systemic circulatory system begins in the aorta as the blood leaves the left ventricle and ends as the blood returns to the right atrium. • C. The pulmonary arteries carry less oxygen than do the pulmonary veins. • D. The aorta is the largest blood vessel that exits from the heart. • E. All the above statements are true. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 38 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following statements about the left ventricle is/are true? • A. Blood entering the left ventricle is usually quite low in its oxygen concentration. • B. Blood exits the left ventricle through the aortic valve into the aorta. • C. The left ventricle contracts at the same time as the left atrium. • D. The wall of the left ventricle is very thin but also is very strong. • E. Both B and D are correct. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 39 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points What can cause the normal heart rate to increase or decrease? • A. Nervous control over HR is centralized within the two paired cardiovascular centers of the medulla oblongata in the brain stem. • B. The parasympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to increase. • C. The hormone named epinephrine will cause the heart rate to decrease. • D. The sympathetic nervous system will cause the heart rate to decrease. • E. Very few other chemicals or medications can cause the heart rate to either increase or decrease. Feedback: Centers in the brain stem can cause the heart rate to change. The hormone epinephrine (or adrenalin) causes the heart rate to increase. The sympathetic nervous system can cause the heart rate to increase; the parasympathetic nervous system can cause the heart rate to decrease. Numerous other molecules and/or medications can cause the heart rate to change. Question 40 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following statements about the internal structure of the heart is/are correct? • A. The mitral valve is a bicuspid valve. • B. The mitral valve is located between the left atrium and the left ventricle. • C. The aortic valve is one of the semilunar valves. • D. The tricuspid valve is located between the vena cavae and the right atrium. • E. A, B, and C are correct. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 41 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points A cardiac muscle cell is: • A. a voluntary muscle just like skeletal muscle. • B. contracts spontaneously. • C. is joined to other cardiac muscle cells by structures called intercalated discs. • D. has numerous nuclei. • E. Two of the statements above are correct. Feedback: Cardiac muscle cells are totally involuntary and contract only when depolarized by electrical signals travelling from another source. Each cell has one or possibly two or three nuclei. They are highly dependent on the atom calcium. Question 42 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points One of the most important ways of investigating the function of the heart is called the “cardiac output.” Which of the following facts is/are true? • A. Cardiac output, CO, is determined by multiplying the heart rate, HR, by the amount of blood that is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart contraction, called “stroke volume” and designated as SV. • B. Is almost impossible to measure. • C. It cannot be measured without using very dangerous and invasive methods. • D. The CO will never change in any one individual. • E. All of the above are true. Feedback: It is explained in your readings that the following equation can be used to measure cardiac output: CO = HR x SV Question 43 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points By careful placement of surface electrodes on the body, it is possible to record the complex, compound electrical signal of the heart. This tracing of the electrical signal is the electrocardiogram (ECG). Which of the following statements is/are true? • A. A resting ECG usually takes approximately 1-2 hours to be recorded. • B. These electrodes are placed using needles deeply in the skin of the chest. • C. To record an ECG, 12-electrodes are placed in a circular pattern around the person’s chest. • D. A normal ECG shows one single spike representing the contraction of the entire heart. • E. The ECG is useful for analyzing both normal and abnormal depolarizations of the heart. Feedback: An ECG is recorded very quickly using 10 electrodes which are taped to the skin, six on the chest and one on each extremity. It shows many different waves and complexes that can analyze both normal and abnormal depolarizations. Question 44 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points In case of damage to the SA node, there are other sites in the heart which can depolarize and establish a rate of contraction of the cardiac muscle cells. For example: • A. The Purkinje fibers can themselves depolarize at rates of about 5-10 times per minute. • B. The AV node itself can depolarize at rates of 40-60 times per minute. • C. Various other cells in either atrium can establish a heart rate of 100-140 beats per minute. • D. The cardiac muscle cells themselves can depolarize spontaneously at about 10 times per minute. • E. The bundle branches can each depolarize at rates of approximately 50-60 times per minute. Feedback: The SA node is the only site in either atria that can initially depolarize. Without any nervous or endocrine effects, it depolarizes at about 60-80 times per minute. The bundle branches can depolarize at about 20-30 times per minute; the Purkinje fibers can depolarize at rates of 15-20 times per minute. Question 45 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The spontaneous action potential established in cardiac contractile cells is highly dependent on which of the following? • A. The sodium ion, Na+ • B. The potassium ion, K+ • C. The calcium ion, Ca2+ • D. Various voltage-gated ion channels • E. All of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 8 of 10 - Part 8 6.0/ 15.0 Points From chapter 22 Question 46 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Which statement is correct regarding internal or external respiration? • A. Internal respiration occurs in the alveoli • B. Internal respiration occurs in the body’s tissues • C. External respiration occurs in the body’s tissues • D. External respiration involves the exchange of gases with the internal environment • E. None of the statements are correct Feedback: Internal respiration occurs in the body’s tissues and involves the exchange of gases with the internal environment. External respiration occurs in the alveoli and involves the exchange of gases with the external environment. Question 47 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points is the maximum amount of air one can exhale by force after a normal expiration. • A. Vital capacity • B. Expiratory reserve volume • C. Tidal volume • D. Residual volume • E. Inspiratory reserve volume Feedback: After a normal expiration, the maximum amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled is approximately 1000-1200ml. After which, the lungs still contain the residual volume. Question 48 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following are some of the functions of the respiratory system? • A. Helps to maintain acid-base balance • B. Provides oxygen to body tissues and removes waste such as CO2 • C. Helps in sensing odors • D. Helps in the production of speech • E. All of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 49 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The oropharynx is a passageway for which of the following? • A. Air only • B. Food only • C. Both air and food • D. Neither air nor food • E. None of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 50 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points What is the name of the muscular structure which borders the right and left lung inferiorly? • A. Stomach • B. Large intestine • C. Diaphragm • D. Pancreas • E. Small intestine Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 51 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points How many molecules of oxygen can one molecule of hemoglobin carry? • A. 2 • B. 1 • C. 3 • D. 5 • E. 4 Feedback: Each hemoglobin molecule can carry 4 molecules of oxygen. This is because each hemoglobin molecule has 4 heme groups which can each carry (bind) to 1 molecule of oxygen. Question 52 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Which of the following are ways CO2 is transported in the blood? • A. As bicarbonate (HCO3–) • B. As dissolved C02 in plasma • C. As carbaminohemoglobin • D. All of the above • E. None of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 53 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The act of moving the air in and out of the lungs is referred to as which of the following? • A. Pulmonary ventilation • B. Respiration • C. Intrapleural pressure • D. Atmospheric pressure • E. None of the above Feedback: The movement of air in and out of the lungs is called pulmonary ventilation while the exchange of gases such as oxygen and CO2 occurs by way of the process called respiration. Question 54 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points percent of CO2 is transported to the lungs bound by hemoglobin. • A. 10 • B. 5 • C. 70 • D. 20 • E. 30 Feedback: Hemoglobin carries (binds) 20% of CO2 transported to the lungs. A much larger 70% of CO2 is carried to the lungs as bicarbonate (HCO3–) and a smaller 7-10% is dissolved CO2 in the plasma. Question 55 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The exchange of gases in internal and external respiration occurs due to . • A. Simple diffusion • B. Facilitated diffusion • C. Osmosis • D. Active transport • E. None of the above Feedback: The exchange of oxygen and CO2 in internal and external respiration occurs due to simple diffusion. The gases follow the gradient of pressure (partial pressure) which requires no additional energy. Part 9 of 10 - Part 9 4.5/ 15.0 Points From chapter 23 Question 56 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The is where chemical digestion begins. • A. Pancreas • B. Mouth • C. Stomach • D. Large intestine • E. Small intestine Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 57 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The correctly sequenced sections of the small intestine are: , , . • A. Duodenum; jejunum; ileum • B. Ileum, jejunum; duodenum • C. Duodenum; ileum; jejunum • D. Jejunum; duodenum; ileum • E. None of the above is correct Feedback: Chyme leaving the stomach enters the first segment of the small intestine called the duodenum, then moves through the second segment called the jejunum, and lastly through the ileum before moving into the large intestine. Question 58 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Food makes its way from the esophagus into the stomach. Before passing into the stomach it must go through the . • A. Trachea • B. Duodenum • C. Upper esophageal sphincter • D. Lower esophageal sphincter • E. Oropharynx Feedback: The lower esophageal sphincter (also known as the gastroesophageal or cardiac sphincter) is a muscle that encircles the lower portion of the esophagus as it connects to the stomach. The muscle contracts and relaxes to allow food to pass through similar to how a valve functions. Question 59 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The secretes into the . • A. Liver; gastrin; pancreatic duct • B. Pancreas; pepsinogen; common hepatic duct • C. Gallbladder; bile; common bile duct • D. Pancreas; bile; pancreatic duct • E. None of the above Feedback: The gallbladder is a small muscular accessory digestive organ whose role it is to receive bile made in the liver, store it, concentrate it, and propel it into the duodenum by way of the common bile duct. Question 60 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points What helps to break down the fat we eat during digestion? • A. Lipases • B. Salivary amylase • C. Pepsin • D. Pepsinogen • E. None of the above Feedback: Fats, also known as lipids, are broken down by lipases during digestion. These include: lingual lipase, gastric lipase, and pancreatic lipase. Question 61 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points The is the thin layer of the mucosa responsible for pulling the mucosa into its many folds which increases the surface area of the alimentary canal. • A. Muscularis (externa) • B. Submucosa • C. Serosa • D. Muscularis mucosa • E. None of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 62 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The two regulatory mechanisms (controls) of the digestive system are and . • A. Neural and hormonal • B. Hormonal and enzymatic • C. Neural and enzymatic • D. The digestive system only has enzymatic control and nothing else • E. None of the above Feedback: Digestion is regulated by neural (nervous system) control in the form of various sensors (receptors) throughout the digestive system and by hormonal (endocrine system) controls in the form of hormones secreted by various tissues and glands of the cells in the stomach and small intestine. Question 63 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Where are carbohydrates first digested? • A. Small intestine • B. Mouth • C. Stomach • D. Liver • E. Esophagus Feedback: Carbohydrates, which include starches, are first broken down in the mouth by salivary amylase which is released by the parotid gland when we chew (mastication). Question 64 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points In which organ below does the majority of digestion occur? • A. Pancreas • B. Liver • C. Small intestine • D. Stomach • E. Large intestine Feedback: The small intestine is considered the workhorse of the digestive system because it is the site of the majority of digestion and nutrient absorption. Question 65 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points How many lobes does the liver have? • A. 3 • B. 1 • C. 2 • D. 5 • E. 4 Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Part 10 of 10 - Part 10 4.5/ 15.0 Points From chapter 25 Question 66 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The arterial pathway for blood flowing into the kidney is as follows: • A. Segmental artery, interlobar artery, afferent artery, efferent artery • B. Efferent artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, afferent artery • C. Renal artery, segmental artery, interlobar artery, arcuate artery, cortical radiate artery, afferent artery • D. Renal artery, segmental artery, afferent artery, efferent artery • E. Afferent artery, segmental artery, renal artery, interlobar artery, efferent artery Feedback: The renal artery first divides into segmental arteries, followed by further branching to form interlobar arteries that pass through the renal columns to reach the cortex. The interlobar arteries, in turn, branch into arcuate arteries, cortical radiate arteries, and then into afferent arterioles. Question 67 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Which of these beverages does not contain diuretic compounds? • A. tea • B. milk • C. coffee • D. alcohol • E. Coca Cola Feedback: All the above listed beverages, except milk, can have a diuretic effect. A diuretic is a compound that increases urine volume. Three familiar drinks contain diuretic compounds: coffee, tea, and alcohol. The caffeine in coffee and tea works by promoting vasodilation in the nephron, which increases GFR. Alcohol increases GFR by inhibiting ADH release from the posterior pituitary, resulting in less water recovery by the collecting duct. Question 68 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Mechanisms by which substances move across membranes for reabsorption or secretion include . • A. Active transport • B. Diffusion • C. Facilitated diffusion • D. Osmosis • E. All of the above Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 69 of 75 1.5/ 1.5 Points The normal GFR in an adult (male or female) is ml/min. • A. 80 – 110 • B. 100 –180 • C. 80 – 140 • D. 20 – 40 • E. 5 – 10 Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 70 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The functional unit of the kidney is called the . • A. renal corpuscle • B. Loop of Henle • C. renal hilus • D. nephron • E. Bowman’s capsule Feedback: The millions of nephrons found in the kidneys are the functional units of the kidneys. Question 71 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Peristaltic contractions occur in the . • A. urethra • B. urinary bladder • C. ureters • D. renal pelvis • E. A, B, and C are correct Feedback: The peristaltic contractions that occur in the ureters help empty urine from each kidney pelvis into the urinary bladder. Question 72 of 75 1.5 / 1.5 Points Urine is produced by the kidneys because of fluid that flows through which of the following? • A. Bowman’s capsule • B. Proximal convoluted tubule • C. Loop of Henle • D. Distal convoluted tubule • E. All of the above are involved in sequence. Feedback: Good work; your answer is correct! Question 73 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points The following statement(s) is/are true of the act of micturition: • A. Most often occurs spontaneously in adults. • B. Is a very simple act not involving the nervous system. • C. Involves coordination of nerve input from several different nerves and areas of the nervous system. • D. B and C are true statements • E. None of the above are correct Feedback: The act of micturition is actually complex and involves several different nerves and muscles. Question 74 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points Renin is released in response to . • A. low red blood cell count • B. decreased blood pressure • C. increased blood pressure • D. ACE • E. diuretics Feedback: The renin – angiotensin system can help to increase blood pressure. Question 75 of 75 0.0 / 1.5 Points is a less-often used, but proper term for urination or voiding. • A. micturition • B. elimination • C. defecation • D. incontinence • E. None of the above Feedback: The term micturition is the proper physiologic term for urination. [Show More]

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