USMLE Step 1 Exam 2022/2023 Questions and Answers

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What areas do the cervical lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Head and neck What areas do the hilar lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Lungs What areas do the mediastinal lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Trachea a... nd esophagus What areas do the axillary lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Upper limbs breast skin above umbilicus What areas do the celiac lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Liver stomach spleen pancreas upper duodenum What areas do the superior mesenteric lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Lower duodenum jejunum ileum colon to splenic flexure What areas do the inferior mesenteric lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Colon from splenic flexure to upper rectum What areas do the internal iliac lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Lower rectum to anal canal (above pectinate line) bladder vagina (middle 3rd) prostate What areas do the para-aortic lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Testes ovaries kidneys uterus What areas do the superficial inguinal lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Anal canal (below pectinate line) Skin below umbilicus (x/ popliteal territory) scrotum What areas do the popliteal lymph nodes drain? - ANSWER Dorsal foot posterior calf Right lymphatic duct drains _________________. - ANSWER Right lymphatic duct drains right side of body above diaphragm. Thoracic duct drains everything else to left SCV and internal jugular veins. HLA-A3 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER Hemchromatosis HLA-B27 is associated with what diseases? - ANSWER Psoriatic arthritis Ankylosing spondylitis Inflammatory bowel disease Reactive arthritis (sero-negative arthropathies) HLA-DQ2/DQ8 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER Celiac disease HLA-DR2 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER Multiple Sclerosis Hay fever SLE Goodpastures syndrome HLA-DR3 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER DM Type 1 SLE Graves disease Hashimoto thyroiditis HLA-DR4 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER Rheumatoid arthritis DM Type 1 HLA-DR5 is associated with what disease? - ANSWER Pernicious anemia (Vit B12 deficiency) Hashimoto thyroiditis Th-1 cells ... are activated by: ________ secrete: ______ activate: _______ are inhibited by: ___________ - ANSWER Th-1 cells ... are activated by: IFN-gamma and IL-12 secrete: IFN-gamma activate: macrophages and cytotoxic Tcells are inhibited by: IL-4 and IL-10 (from Th-2 cells) Th-2 cells ... are activated by: ________ secrete: ______ activate: _______ are inhibited by: ___________ - ANSWER Th-2 cells ... are activated by: IL-4 secrete: IL-4, IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 activate: eosinophils (parasites), IgE by Bcells are inhibited by: IFN-gamma (from Th-1 cells) What microbes stain with Giemsa stain? - ANSWER Chlamydia Borrelia Rickettsia Trypansomes Plasmodium What microbes stain with PAS stain (Periodic acid Schiff)? - ANSWER Tropheryma whipplei (Whipple Disease) (stains glycogen, mucopolysaccharides) What microbes stain with Ziehl-Neelson (carbolfuchsin) - ANSWER Acid fast bacteria (Nocardia, Mycobacteria) Protozoa (Cryptosporidium oocysts) (alternative is the auramine-rhodamine stain for screening - inexpensive, more sensitive but less specific) What microbes stain with India Ink? - ANSWER Cryptococcus neoformans (encapsulated yeast that causes meningitis) (mucicarmine can also be used to stain thick polysaccharide capsule red) What microbes stain with Silver Stain? - ANSWER Fungi - pneumocystis (PCP in AIDS patients) Legionella (silver haired men at American Legion) H. pylori What media grows for H. influenzae? - ANSWER Chocolate agar (has Factor V [NAD+] and Factor X [hematin]) What media grows Neisseria (gonorrhea, meningitidis) - ANSWER Thayer-Martin agar has various antibiotics to inhibit growth of everything but Neisseria Vancomycin (inhib Gm +) Trimethoprim, Colistin (inhib Gm-) Nystatin (inhib fungi) What media grows Bordetella pertussis? - ANSWER Bordet-Gengon agar (has potato?) Regan-Lowe medium (has charcoal, blood, abx) What media grows Corynebacterium diphtheriae? - ANSWER Tellurite agar Loeffler medium What medium grows Mycobacterium tuberculosis? - ANSWER Lowenstein-Jensen agar What medium grows Mycoplasm pneumonia? - ANSWER Eaton agar (Mycoplasm requires cholesterol b/c the membrane is largely composed of cholesterol, this is also why Mycoplasm does NOT gram stain) What medium grows lactose-fermenting enterics ? - ANSWER MacConkey's agar (fermentation produces acid, causing colonies to turn pink) What medium grows E. coli? - ANSWER Eosin-methylene blue (EMB) agar "green sheen" What medium grows Legionella? - ANSWER Charcoal yeast extract agar buffered with cysteine and iron (high maintenance much??) What medium grows Fungi? (including cryptococcus, the meningitis causing yeast) - ANSWER Sabouraud agar "Sab's a fun guy" In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the ventromedial nucleus? - ANSWER Mediates satiety Destructions leads to hyperphagia In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the lateral nucleus? - ANSWER Mediates hunger Destruction leads to anorexia In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the anterior nucleus? - ANSWER Mediates heat dissipation Destruction leads to hyperthermia In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the posterior nucleus? - ANSWER Mediates heat conservation Destruction leads to hypothermia In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the arcuate nucleus? - ANSWER Secretion of dopamine (inhibits prolactin), growth hormone, and gonadotropin releasing hormone (DA, GH, GTRH) In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the paraventricular nucleus? - ANSWER Antidiuretic hormone, corticotropin releasing hormone, oxytocin and thyrotropin-releasing hormone secretion (ADH, CRH, OxyT, TRH) In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the supraoptic nucleus? - ANSWER Secretion of ADH and oxytocin suprAOptic (Adh and Oxytocin) In the hypothalamus, what are the functions of the suprachiasmati [Show More]

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