Respiratory System Homework – Pathophysiology Questions And Answers 2022

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Respiratory System Homework – Pathophysiology Questions And Answers 2022 What happens in the lungs when the diaphragm relaxes? - ANS-Air is forced out of the lungs. The respiratory mucosa is ... continuous through the: upper and lower respiratory tracts, nasal cavities, and the sinuses, nasopharynx and oropharynx, middle ear cavity and auditory tube - ANS-E, all of the above Which of the following activities does NOT require muscle contractions and energy? - ANS-quiet expiration The maximum volume of air a person can exhale after a maximum inspiration is termed the: - ANS-vital capacity Which of the following applies to the blood in the pulmonary artery? - ANS-PO2 is low. Which of the following causes bronchodilation? - ANS-epinephrine The central chemoreceptors are normally most sensitive to: - ANS-elevated carbon dioxide level Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli to the blood because: - ANS-PO2 is lower in the blood. Carbon dioxide is primarily transported in the blood: - ANS-as bicarbonate ion What would hypercapnia cause? - ANS-respiratory acidosis Which of the following would result from hyperventilation? - ANS-respiratory alkalosis Which of the following values is always decreased with respiratory alkalosis (compensated or decompensated)? - ANS-PaCO2 What would be the most effective compensation for respiratory acidosis? - ANS-the kidneys producing more bicarbonate ions What is the acid-base status of a patient with the following values for arterial blood gases? serum bicarbonate 36.5 mmol/L (normal range: 22-28), PCO2 75 mm Hg (normal range: 35-45), serum pH 7.0 - ANS-decompensated respiratory acidosis What does carbaminohemoglobin refer to? - ANS-carbon dioxide attached to an amino group on the hemoglobin molecule How is oxygen toxicity manifested? - ANS-increased pulmonary compliance with diffuse atelectasis How is respiratory failure defined? - ANS-PaO2 less than 50 mm Hg or PaCO2 greater than 50 mm Hg What does the term hemoptysis refer to? - ANS-bright red streaks of blood in frothy sputum Orthopnea is: - ANS-difficulty breathing in a recumbent position Choose the correct information applying to laryngotracheobronchitis: - ANS-viral infection in child, 3 months to 3 years Signs and symptoms of acute sinusitis usually include: - ANS-severe localized pain and tenderness in the face What are early signs and symptoms of infectious rhinitis? - ANS-serous nasal discharge, congestion, and sneezing Why does the influenza virus cause recurrent infection in individuals? - ANS-Viral mutation reduces immunity from prior infections. What are typical signs and symptoms of epiglottitis? - ANS-sudden fever, sore throat, and drooling saliva What is the most common cause of viral pneumonia? - ANS-influenza virus Which of the following describes lobar pneumonia? - ANS-sudden onset of fever and chills, with rales and rusty sputum How does severe hypoxia develop with pneumonia? - ANS-oxygen diffusion is impaired by the congestion Rust-colored sputum in a patient with pneumonia usually indicates: - ANSStreptococcus pneumoniae is the infecting agent What is the cause of Legionnaires' disease? - ANS-a gram-negative bacterium Select the statement related to tuberculosis: - ANS-The microbe is an acid-fast bacillus, resistant to many disinfectants. How is primary tuberculosis identified? - ANS-caseation necrosis and formation of a tubercle in the lungs When does active (secondary) infection by M. tuberculosis with tissue destruction occur? - ANS-Host resistance is decreased for any reason. Which of the following statements does NOT apply to M. tuberculosis? - ANSMicrobes can survive for a long time inside tubercles. Which of the following confirms the presence of active (reinfection) tuberculosis? - ANS-identification of acid-fast bacilli in a sputum sample Which of the following is a major factor contributing to the current increase in cases of tuberculosis? - ANS-the increase in immunodeficient individuals Histoplasmosis is caused by a: - ANS-fungus Cystic fibrosis is transmitted as a/an: - ANS-autosomal recessive gene The basic pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis is considered to be: - ANS-an abnormality of the exocrine glands Growth and development of a child with cystic fibrosis may be delayed because of: - ANS-mucus plugs obstructing the flow of pancreatic enzymes Persistent thick mucus in the bronchioles of a child with cystic fibrosis may cause: air trapping, atelectasis, repeated infections, irreversible damage to lung tissue. - ANSD, All of the above What is a common indicator of cystic fibrosis in the newborn? - ANS-failure to excrete meconium What is an early sign of bronchogenic carcinoma? - ANS-chronic cough Cigarette smoking predisposes to malignant neoplasms because smoking: - ANScauses metaplasia and dysplasia in the epithelium Why does hypercalcemia occur with bronchogenic carcinoma? - ANS-secretion of parathyroid or like hormone by the tumor What is a sign indicating total obstruction of the airway by aspirated material? - ANSrapid loss of consciousness Which of the following predisposes to postoperative aspiration? - ANS-depression of the cough and swallow reflexes by drugs What is the pathophysiology of an acute attack of extrinsic asthma? - ANS-type 1 hypersensitivity reaction During an acute asthma attack, how does respiratory obstruction occur? - ANSedema of the mucosa, increased secretion of thick, tenacious mucus. C, 2 and 3. What cause the expanded A-P thoracic diameter (barrel chest) in patients with emphysema? - ANS-air trapping and hyperinflation Which of the following is typical of progressive emphysema? - ANS-Residual lung volume increases. Destruction of alveolar walls and septae is a typical change in: - ANS-emphysema When patients with chronic hypercapnia are administered oxygen: - ANS-blood levels of oxygen should remain slightly below normal Which statement does NOT apply to emphysema? - ANS-The ventilation/perfusion ratio remains constant. What is the cause of chronic bronchitis? - ANS-chronic irritation, inflammation, and recurrent infection of the larger airways Which of the following are typical of chronic bronchitis? - ANS-fibrosis of the bronchial wall What are typical pathological changes with bronchiectasis? - ANS-airway obstructions are weak, dilated bronchial walls Which of the following are significant signs of bronchiectasis? - ANS-chronic cough producing large quantities of purulent sputum Why does cor pulmonale develop with chronic pulmonary disease? - ANSPulmonary fibrosis and vasoconstriction increase vascular resistance. What are common signs of cor pulmonale? - ANS-hepatomegaly and edema in the legs What is caused by frequent inhalation of irritating particles such as silica? - ANSfibrosis and loss of compliance Pulmonary edema causes severe hypoxia because of: - ANS-increasing difficulty expanding the lungs Which of the following is NOT a cause of pulmonary edema? - ANShyperproteinemia and increasing osmotic pressure of the blood Which of the following is a common source of a pulmonary embolus? - ANSthrombus forming in the femoral veins What is a large-sized pulmonary embolus likely to cause? - ANS-ral effusion and atelectasis Which manifestation(s) of atelectasis is/are associated with airway obstruction? - ANS-decreased breath sounds on the affected side How does total obstruction of a major bronchus lead to atelectasis? - ANS-Air is absorbed from the alveoli distal to the obstruction. How does a large pleural effusion cause atelectasis? - ANS-The cohesion between the pleural membranes is disrupted. CONTINUES... [Show More]

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