NR 293/ NR 293 FINAL EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE. LATEST UPDATE

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NR 293/ NR 293 FINAL EXAM 2 STUDY GUIDE. LATEST UPDATE.Analgesics: • Addiction vs. opioid tolerance o Addiction is a chronic, nerobiologic disease whose development is influenced by generic psycho... social, and environmental factors. o Opioid tolerance is a normal physiologic condition that results from long term opioid use, large doses of opioids are required to maintain the same level of analgesia and in which abrupt discontinuation of the drug results in withdrawal symptoms. • Types of pain, breakthrough pain, management of chronic pain o Acute Pain is sudden in onset, usually subsides when treated and typically occurs over less than a 6-week period. o Breakthrough Pain is when it occurs between doses of pain medication. o Cancer pain results from any of a variety of causes related to cancer and/or metastasis of cancer. o Central pain results from any disorder that causes central nervous system damage. o Chronic pain is persistent or reoccurring pain that is often difficult to treat. Includes any pain lasting longer than 3 to 6 months, pain lasting longer than a month after healing of an acute injury, or pain that accompanies a nonhealing tissue injury.  Management of chronic pain include specific treatment, simultaneous psychological treatment, and physical therapy. o Deep pain occurs in tissues below the skin levels, opposite of superficial pain. o Neuropathic pain results from a disturbance of function or pathologic change in a nerve. o Phantom pain is experienced in an area of the body that has been surgically or traumatically removed. o Referred pain occurs in an area away from the organ or origin. o Somatic pain originates from skeletal muscles, ligaments, or joints. o Superficial pain originates from the skin or mucous membranes, opposite of deep pain. o Vascular pain that results from pathology of the vascular or perivascular tissues. o Visceral pain originates from organs or smooth muscles. • Synergistic effects o Drug interactions in which the effect of a combination of two or more drugs with similar actions is greater than the sum of the individual effects of the same drugs given alone. • Effects of chewing or crushing extended-release opioid drugs o Chewing or crushing opioid drugs can cause rapid release and absorption which can be fatal. • Adverse effects/contraindications, overdose management o morphine sulfate  Adverse effects: • Coma • Seizures • Bradycardia • Pulmonary edema • Respiratory arrest • Bronchospasms • Cardiac arrest  Contraindications: • Hypersensitivity • Alcoholism • Depression • Substance abuse • Asthma • COPD • Emphysema • Hypoxemia  Overdose: addiction to morphine can be fatal. Rapid administration can also lead to overdose. o codeine sulfate  Adverse Effect: • GI tract upset • Hypersensitivity  Contraindication: • allergy to codeine, respiratory depression, bronchial asthma  Overdose: • Respiratory Depression (Cheyne-Stokes respiration, cyanosis) • Coma • Hypotension o Methadone  Adverse Effect: • Cardiac dysrhythmias  Contraindication: • Alcoholism • Drug abuse • Tachycardia • Seizures  Overdose: • tiny pupils • constipation • nausea/vomiting • low BP • weak pulse • confusion o Oxycodone  Adverse Effect: • Nausea/vomiting • Drowsiness • Loss of appetite • Edema • Seizures • Cardiac failure  Contraindication: • Constipation • Diarrhea • Pancreatitis • Children, • Pregnancy • Breast feeding • Angina  Overdose: • Breathing problems • Cyanotic • Slow pulse • Cold sweat • Muscle weakness • Loss of consciousness o naloxone and naltrexone  Adverse Effect: • opioid withdrawal syndrome  Contraindication: • Cardiac disease • Pregnancy • Breast-feeding • Paraben hypersensitivity  Overdose: • Respiratory depression • High or low BP • Cardiac dysrhythmias • Pulmonary edema • Seizures. - Overdose is reversible. o Acetaminophen  Adverse effect: • Nausea • Stomach pain • Loss of appetite • Headache • Dark urine  Contraindication: • alcoholism • hepatic disease  Overdose: liver damage o Tramadol  Adverse Effect: • Drowsiness • Dizziness • Headache • Nausea • Constipation [Show More]

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