Chamberlain College of Nursing - NR 507/NR 507 week 4 notes-Alterations in renal and urinary function.

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Alterations in renal and urinary function  Structures of the renal system o kidneys  paired organs located in the posterior region of the abdominal cavity behind the peritoneum  right ki... dney slightly lower than the left and displace towered by the overlying liver  the renal capsule surrounds each kidney and the kidney is embedded in a mass of fat  the capsule and fatty layer are covered with a double layer of renal fascia compose the fibrous tissues that attach the kidney to the posterior abdominal wall  the cushion of fat and the position of the kidney between the abdominal organs and muscles of the back protected from trauma  hilum-medial indentation in the kidney and is the location of entry and exit for the renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter.  Structures of kidney:  Cortex-outer layer; contains glomeruli, most proximal tubules, and some segments of the distal tubule  renal columns-extension of the cortex; lie between the pyramids an extend to the renal pelvis  Medulla-inner part of the kidney; consists of the pyramids  minor calyces (Cup shaped cavities)-apexes of the pyramids project into these  major calyces-minor calyces unite to form these  Join to form the renal pelvis  renal pelvis-connects with the proximal end of the ureter  lobe-the structural unit of the kidney  each lobe is composed of a pyramid and overlying cortex  about 14 lobes in each kidney  nephron-functional unit of the kidney  each kidney contains about 1.2 million nephrons  the renal corpuscle  bowman capsule  glomerulus  proximal convoluted tubule   loop of Henle (nephron ansa)  distal convoluted tubule  collecting duct  all of these contribute to the formation of urine  the different epithelial cells lining various segments of the tubule facilitate the special functions of reabsorption and secretion  three kinds of nephrons:  superficial cortical nephrons (85%)-extend partially into the medulla  midcortical nephrons with short or long loops  juxtamedullary nephrons-like close to an extend deep into the medulla; important for the concentration of urine  glomerulus-Tuft of capillaries that loop into the circular Bowman capsule Like fingers pushed into bread dough  Bowman capsule-comprised of a visceral epithelium (visceral layer) forming podocytes  Parietal epithelium (parietal layer)  Mesangial cells (shaped like smooth muscle cells)- Contract like smooth muscle cells to regulate glomerular capillary blood flow; have phagocytic properties similar to monocytes and release inflammatory cytokines and growth factors  Mesangial matrix (type of connective tissue)-secreted by mesangial cells; lie between and support the glomerular capillaries  Renal Corpuscule-glomerulus, Bowman Capsule, and mesangial cells [Show More]

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