OCR AS LEVEL 2022 PSYCHOLOGY MARK SCHEME -H167-02 PAPER 2-H167/02: Psychological themes through core studies

Document Content and Description Below

Mark Scheme June 2022 6 Question Answer Mark Guidance 1 (a) Describe one of the groups that made up the sample used in Baron-Cohen et al.’s study into the theory of mind. Details of groups: ... Group 1: 16 individuals with high-functioning autism or Asperger Syndrome (HFA = 4, AS = 12). The sex ratio was 13m:3f. All were of normal intelligence and were recruited through an advert in the National Autistic magazine and a variety of clinical sources. Group 2: 50 normal age-matched adults (25m:25f), drawn from the subject panel of the university department compromising of the general population of Cambridge (excluding members of the university). Group 3: 10 adults with Tourette Syndrome also agematched with groups 1 and 2. The sex ratio was 8m:2f. All were of normal intelligence and were recruited from a tertiary referral centre in London. 2 2 marks for a detailed and accurate description of the sample, including at least two features and the identification of a group. 1 mark identification of a group or identification of one feature. 0 marks – no creditworthy response. 1 (b) Describe the background to Freud’s study of Little Hans. Possible background: • According to Freud’s theory, sexuality isn’t confined to physically mature adults, but is evident from birth. However different parts of the body are particularly sensitive at different times during childhood. • The sequence of the psychosexual stages are determined by maturation (nature) and how the child is treated by others (nurture). 4 3-4 marks for a detailed and accurate description of the background to the study that demonstrates sound knowledge and understanding of the Little Hans study. 1-2 marks for a brief or vague description of the background to the study which may contain some inaccuracies or irrelevancies. 0 marks – no creditworthy response. H167/02 Mark Scheme June 2022 7 • Freud’s stages of psychosexual development are: (1) oral stage: 0 – 1 year, anal stage: 1 – 3 years, phallic stage: 3 – 5/6 years, latency stage: 5/6 years – puberty, genital stage: puberty – maturity. • The Oedipus complex for boys and the Electra complex for girls forms part of the phallic stage. • Hans was described as a cheerful and straightforward child, but when he became ‘ill’ (developed his phobia) it was obvious that there was a difference between what he said and what he thought. Freud thought this was because things were going on in Hans’ unconscious mind of which he was unaware. • Hans was referred to Freud by his father, a keen supporter of Freud’s work. Freud therefore decided to help Hans by interpreting his behaviour and telling him why he was thinking and behaving as he was. This is a process known as psychoanalysis. • Freud therefore documented the case of Little Hans to show how his fears, dreams and fantasies were symbolic of his unconscious passing through the phallic stage of psychosexual development. • Freud used this study to support his ideas about the origins of phobias, his theory of infantile sexuality and the Oedipus complex, and his belief in the effectiveness of psychoanalytic therapy. NB If the candidate merely refers to Freud’s study of Little Hans without reference to the background, only 1 mark can be awarded 2 (a) Give one of the materials used in Bocchiaro et al.’s study into obedience and whistleblowing. Possible materials: • Computer. • Mailbox. • Research Committee forms. • Personality inventories (i.e. HEXACO, SVO). • Pen/pencil. 1 1 mark for naming one of the materials used. 0 marks – no creditworthy response (e.g. authority figure, cover story, money, letter for research committee). H167/02 Mark Scheme June 2022 8 • Consent form. 2 (b) Outline the procedure used in Milgram’s study into obedience. • The study took place in a laboratory at Yale University. • The 40 participants in the experimental group were always given the role of teacher (through a fixed lottery) and saw the learner (a confederate) strapped into a chair with (non-active) electrodes attached to his arms. They were given a trial shock of 45-volts to simulate genuineness. • The ‘teacher’ then sat in front of an electric shock generator in an adjacent room. He had to conduct a paired word test on the learner and give him an electric shock of increasing intensity for every wrong answer. The machine had 30 switches ranging from 15-450 volts, in 15-volt increments. • The ‘learner’ (Mr Wallace, a 47-year-old, mildmannered and likeable accountant) produced (via a tape recording) a set of predetermined responses, giving approximately three wrong answers to every correct one. At 300 volts he pounded on the wall and thereafter made no further replies. • If the ‘teacher’ turned to the experimenter for advice on whether to proceed, the experimenter responded with a series of standardised prods e.g. “Please continue / Please go on.” • The study finished when either the ‘teacher’ refused to continue (was disobedient/defiant) or reached 450 volts (was obedient). • The participant was then fully debriefed. 5 5 marks for an accurate description which identifies at least five of the key features of the procedure. 3-4 marks for an accurate description which identifies most of the key features of the procedure. 1-2 marks for a description which identifies some key features of the procedure. There may be some inaccuracies. 0 marks – no creditworthy response. NB Referenc [Show More]

Last updated: 8 months ago

Preview 1 out of 21 pages