CCE Practice Exam 3 - Questions, Answers and Rationales

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CCE Practice Exam 3 - Questions, Answers and Rationales Research on characteristics associated with successful smoking cessation suggests that which of the following individuals is most likely to re... lapse following an attempt to stop smoking cigarettes? A. a 51 year old married man who started smoking at age 32 B. a 25 year old single man who started smoking at age 16 C. a 34 year old married woman who started smoking at age 25 D. a 42 year old divorced woman who started smoking at age 20 Successful quitters are more likely to be male, age 35 or older, married or living with a partner, and have started smoking at a later age. Therefore, of the individuals described in the answers to this question, a 25-year-old man who is single and started smoking at age 16 is least likely to be a successful quitter. Following the death of her pet cat, Puff, six-year-old Jane constantly follows and clings to her mother and becomes extremely upset whenever her mother leaves the house. Jane says she can't go to school because she has a stomachache or other physical ailment. The most likely diagnosis for Jane is: A. Adjustment Disorder. B. Reactive Attachment Disorder. C. Separation Anxiety Disorder. D. Acute Stress Disorder. The girl's anxiety is tied to separation from an attachment figure (her mother), which is the primary characteristic of Separation Anxiety Disorder. This disorder is often triggered by a stressor such as the death of a relative or pet and is manifested as somatic symptoms and school phobia. Major Depressive Disorder has been linked to all of the following sleep disturbances except: A. reduced Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep. B. increased slow-wave (non-REM) sleep. C. decreased REM latency. D. decreased sleep continuity. a. Incorrect Reduced Stage 3 and Stage 4 sleep is characteristic of depression. b. CORRECT Depression is associated with decreased (not increased) slow-wave sleep. c. Incorrect Decreased REM latency (earlier onset of REM sleep) is characteristic of depression. d. Incorrect Decreased sleep continuity is common in individuals with Major Depressive Disorder. For a DSM-5 diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder, the onset of symptoms must be prior to ___ years of age. A. 6 B. 10 C. 12 D. 18 Answer B is correct: The diagnosis of Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder cannot be assigned for the first time before an individual is six years old or after he/she is 18 years old, and the age of onset must be before age 10. For a DSM-5 diagnosis of Binge-Eating Disorder, an individual must have engaged in binge-eating, on average: A. once a week for at least one month. B. once a week for at least three months. C. twice a week for at least one month. D. twice a week for at least three months. Studies on effective treatments for Bulimia Nervosa have found that: A. cognitive behavioral therapy alone and treatment with an SSRI alone are about equally effective but, in most cases, combining the two treatments does not improve outcomes. B. cognitive behavioral therapy alone and treatment with an SSRI alone are about equally effective and, in many cases, combining the two treatments improves outcomes. C. treatment with an SSRI alone is superior to cognitive behavior therapy alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes. D. cognitive behavioral therapy alone is superior to treatment with an SSRI alone but, for some patients, combining the two treatments improves outcomes. The studies have found that an SSRI alone is not as effective as CBT alone. However, an SSRI may be useful when administered in conjunction with CBT when CBT alone has not been sufficiently effective. See, e.g., A. J. Zhu and B. T. Walsh, Pharmacologic treatment for eating disorders, Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 47, 227-234, 2002. A DSM-5 diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder requires a duration of symptoms of: A. two days to four weeks with an onset immediately after exposure to the trauma. B. three days to one month with an onset within four weeks after exposure to the trauma. C. two days to two months. D. three days to one month. For a diagnosis of Acute Stress Disorder, the DSM-5 requires that symptoms have a duration of three days to one month. It notes that symptoms typically begin immediately after exposure to the trauma but does not require that they do so. When the symptoms of Bipolar Disorder have not responded to lithium or valproate/divalproex, the next drug to try would most likely be: A. resperidone. B. carbamazepine. C. phenelzine. D. alprazolam. The drug treatment of choice for Bipolar Disorder is currently lithium and/or anti-seizure medication. Carbamazepine (Tegretol) is an anti-seizure drug that has been found to be a useful treatment for patients with Bipolar Disorder who have not responded satisfactorily to other treatments or who cannot tolerate those treatments. Left-right confusion is most likely to be caused by a lesion in the: A. corpus callosum. B. basal forebrain. C. left parietal region. D. right occipital region. Left-right confusion is ordinarily caused by lesions in the left angular gyrus, which is located near the boundary between the parietal and temporal lobes The beneficial effects of a phenothiazine would most likely be apparent first for which of the following symptoms? A. hallucinations B. social withdrawal C. anergia D. thought disorder To answer this question, you need to know that phenothiazines are "typical" antipsychotic drugs, which are better at alleviating the positive (versus the negative) symptoms of Schizophrenia. Which of the following neurotransmitters has been implicated in both long-term potentiation and the "excitotoxcity" that is believed to underlie several neurodegenerative disorders? A. serotonin B. acetylcholine C. norepinephrine D. glutamate Glutamate acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain and spinal cord. It's known to play a role in learning and memory, including long-term potentiation (LTP) which is a brain mechanism that's believed to be responsible for the formation of long-term memories. There's also evidence that excessive glutamate receptor activity ("excitotoxicity") contributes to stroke-related brain damage, Huntington's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and other neurodegenerative disorders. ___________ is a sexually transmitted disease that is caused by a virus and involves blisters on or near the genitals, painful urination, a burning or tingling sensation, and, in some cases, headache, fatigue, chills, fever, and other flu-like symptoms. A. Genital herpes B. Candidiasis C. Trichomoniasis D. Genital warts The neurotransmitter glutamate is believed to be responsible for: A. the effects of alcohol on cognitive abilities. B. the increased sociability that sometimes accompanies alcohol use. C. alcohol cravings in alcohol abusers. D. dietary changes associated with chronic alcohol use. Alcohol alters glutamate levels in the brain, which can cause memory impairment and may play a role in alcohol-related blackouts. Research on visual imagery has linked it to which of the following structures of the brain? A. putamen B. hippocampus C. reticular formation D. basal ganglia Research by G. Kreiman, C. Koch, and I. Fried (Imagery neurons in the human brain, Nature, 408, 357-361, 2000) has linked visual imagery to medial temporal lobe structures. The medial temporal lobe includes the hippocampus, amygdala, entorhinal cortex, and the parahippocampal gyrus. Our peripheral vision is mediated by the: A. anterior occipital lobe. B. posterior occipital lobe. C. anterior temporal lobe. D. posterior temporal lobe. Peripheral vision is mediated by the anterior occipital lobe, while central vision is mediated by the posterior occipital lobe. As reported by the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), the largest number of reported cases of chlamydia and gonorrhea is for: A. males ages 15 to 19. B. males ages 20 to 24. C. females ages 15 to 19. D. females ages 20 to 24. The largest number of reported cases of these two sexually transmitted diseases is for females ages 15 to 19, followed by females ages 20 to 24. The CDC notes that the higher rates for females (versus males) may be due to several factors, including biological differences that place females at greater risk for sexually transmitted diseases and the fact that females are more likely to seek medical testing. A researcher investigating implicit memory will most likely use which of the following tasks? A. free recall B. paired-associate C. word-stem completion D. verbal recognition Of the tasks listed, this one is the only one used to assess implicit memory (the others are used to evaluate explicit memory). A researcher using a word-stem completion task presents the subject with the first few letters of a word and (e.g., SCH- _ _ _) asks him/her to complete a word that begins with those letters. In terms of age at which it occurs, Erikson's autonomy versus shame and doubt stage is comparable to Freud's ______ stage. A. anal B. oral C. genital D. phallic Freud's anal stage of psychosexual development occurs between the ages of one and three. Albert Bandura's initial Bobo doll experiment found that: A. boys (but not girls) imitate an aggressive model. B. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model only when the model has been reinforced for acting aggressively. C. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model only when they are told they will receive a reward for doing so. D. boys and girls imitate an aggressive model even when there is no reinforcement for them or for the model for doing so. Although boys in Bandura's study performed more aggressive acts than did girls after viewing a model act aggressively toward the Bobo doll, boys and girls both imitated the model to some extent. In his initial studies, the participants and the model were not reinforced for acting aggressively. Which of the following is most useful for explaining the phenomenon known as the "serial position effect"? A. the levels of processing model of memory B. the multi-store (three-box) model of memory C. the distinction between implicit and explicit memory D. the concept of overlearning The most widely accepted explanation for the serial position effect is that words in the beginning of the list have been transferred to long-term memory, while those at the end of the list are still in short-term memory. Therefore, the multi-store model, which proposes three distinct memory systems - sensory register, short-term memory, and long-term memory - is most useful for explaining the serial position effect. As described by Bandura (1968), inhibition and disinhibition are two of the possible effects of: A. vicarious learning. B. instrumental learning. C. insight learning. D. overlearning. Bandura proposed that vicarious learning (also known as modeling and observational learning) has several effects including the acquisition of a new response and the inhibition or disinhibition of an existing response. Children normally begin to talk somewhere around their first birthday. Studies investigating the nature of a child's language development have shown that a large proportion of a child's first words refer to: A. objects that the child wants. B. objects that the child can hold. C. objects that are static and invariable. D. objects that move or change. Studies have found that the child's first words e.g., shoe, car, ball most often represent objects that have a dynamic quality (Nelson, 1973). Research on maternal employment has found that it is associated with: A. lower school grades for both boys and girls. B. lower school grades for middle- and upper middle-class boys. C. lower school grades for lower-class boys. = D. lower school grades for middle-class boys and girls. Middle- and upper middle-class boys are most negatively affected by maternal employment, at least in terms of school grades and other measures of academic achievement. This is particularly true when mothers work full-time throughout the boy's life. Lawrence Kohlberg describes reasoning in his sixth (last) stage of moral development as involving consideration of universal ethical principles. In contrast, the last stage in Carol Gilligan's model of moral development emphasizes: A. avoiding harm to oneself and to others. B. sacrificing ones own desires to those of others. Incorrect C. a desire to uphold social contracts. D. the ability to take the perspective of others. Gilligan's model describes moral development as progressing from care for self, care for others, to care for everyone including self. Lewinsohn (1974) originally focused on which of the following as a treatment for depression? A. attribution re-training B. self-instructional training C. increasing activity levels D. improving problem-solving and coping skills Lewinsohn's behavioral model attributes depression to a low rate of response-contingent reinforcement. Therefore, the original focus of his therapy was on increasing opportunities for reinforcement by increasing activity levels. While treating a client for snake phobia, a therapist handles the snake and then guides the client through a series of steps until she is able to handle the snake herself. This technique is referred to as: A. symbolic modeling. B. participant modeling. C. in-vivo desensitization. D. overcorrection. Studies on observational learning (modeling) have shown that it is most effective when live modeling is combined with having the individual perform the behavior with assistance from the model. This is referred to as participant modeling. Surveys of heterosexual men and women have found that, with regard to sexual satisfaction in mid- to late-adulthood: A. men report being more physically and emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships than women do. B. women report being more physically and emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships than men do. C. men and women report nearly identical levels of physical and emotional satisfaction with their current sexual relationships. D. men report being more physically satisfied but women report being more emotionally satisfied with their current sexual relationships. This answer is consistent with the results of a number of studies, including a large-scale international study of the sexual attitudes and behaviors of men and women ages 40 through 80 conducted by Lauman et al. Their study found that, in all geographic regions, men reported higher levels of physical and emotional sexual satisfaction than did women. [E. O. Lauman et al., A cross-national study of subjective sexual well-being among older women and men According to Kohlberg, moral development is directly related to: A. changes in cognitive skills. B. changes in cognitive skills and social perspective-taking. C. changes in cognitive skills and socioemotional status. D. changes in identity status. Kohlberg focused on the relationship between cognitive development and moral development, and he viewed social perspective-taking as an aspect of cognitive development that influences moral judgments. Results of the National Survey of Family Growth (2002) indicate that 33% of all marriages end in separation or divorce within 10 years and that the rates of divorce are highest for women who: A. marry at a younger age and have a lower level of education. B. marry at an older age and have a lower level of education. C. marry at a younger age and have a higher level of education. Incorrect D. marry at an older age and have a higher level of education [Show More]

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