NUR 2063:Essentials of Pathophysiology - Exam 1 review[studyguide latest 2021graded A+

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Essentials of Pathophysiology – Exam #1 Review Sheet Covers Modules 1, 2, and 3 – Chapters 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, 9, 10, 24, 51, 52, 53 1. Define pathophysiology. What does the study of pathophysiology ... include?  PATHOPHYSIOLOGY: The study of all the abnormalities in physiologic function of living beings. o Derives from 2 disciplines:  Patho meaning Dx of diseases through exam of organs, tissues, and cells.  Physiology meaning Mechanical, physical, and biochemical functions. o There are FOUR parts of pathophysiology: 1- Etiology: causes/reasons of disease. This ID’s causal factors for Dz 2- Pathogenesis: Evolution of Dz from the initial stimulus to ultimate manifestations of the Dz. (GENESIS = CREATE) 2. Review terms such as signs, symptoms, acute, chronic, exacerbation, remission, convalescence, and sequela  Signs: objective/observed manifestations o Ex: rash, change in temperature  Symptoms: Subjective o Ex: pain, nausea  Acute: short-lived.  Chronic: lasts for months/years  Exacerbation: increase in severity  Remission: decrease in severity  Remission: decrease in severity  Convalescence: Stage of recovery  Sequela: subsequent pathological condition resulting from an illness o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN o 3. What is epidemiology? Review the different levels of disease prevention such as primary, secondary, and tertiary as well as examples for each.  Epidemiology is the study of study and analysis of the distribution, patterns and determinants of health and conditions in defined populations. o Primary level: altering susceptibility a. Ex: Immunizations o Secondary level” early detections/screenings a. Ex: Pap smears, breast exams, cancer screenings o Tertiary level: Rehabilitation (reduce disabilities) a. Ex: PT/OT after a stroke  Florence Nightingale was the first practicing epidemiologist. 4. Review the difference between homeostasis and allostasis.  Homeostasis: The process by which a state of internal, physiological equilibrium is maintained. o Ex: pH, concentration of ions in ECF, glucose levels, osmolality of ECF  Allostasis: Steps the body takes to re-establish homeostasis. Adaptation to a changing internal and external environment o Ex: HR, body core temperature, BP 5. Review the three different stages of the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) including the alarm stage, adaptation/resistance, and exhaustion stage. What hormones are released during the alarm stage and what effects do they have on the body?  Three stages of GAS: 1: Alarm Stage: Fight/Flight response. 2: Resistance/Adaptation: Activity of nervous/endocrine systems to return to homeostasis 3: Exhaustion: If stressor is not removed the body cannot return to homeostasis. The body will go into allostatic overload and organs tissues give out. o Ex: renal failure 2/2 HTN 6. Review the differences between the sympathetic vs the parasympathetic nervous systems. What happens to the body during “fight-or-flight” response? Stressor Excites receptors Hypothalamus relases CRH + ACH This activates the SNS Providing a surge of energy Adrenal Medulla releases catecholamines (epinepherine and Norepinepherine) Increased cardiac output, increased respirations, enhanced blood coag. increased BP, dialated pupils, increadd BG (energy), GI/GU supressed. Adrenal Medulla releases cortisol due to ACTH. Corticosteroids stabilize vascular reactivitiy, inhibit glucose uptake, suppress protein sysnthesis *inhibit release of CRH+ACH fron the hypothalamus 7. Review the functions of the various organelles of the cell such as the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosome, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, peroxisome, golgi apparatus  Nucleus  Control center or “brain” of the cell  DNA and genes stored here  Production of messenger RNA  Contains the instructions needed to build nearly all the body’s proteins  Most cells contain only one nucleus  Some cells like liver and skeletal muscle cells contain more  Red blood cells contain no nucleus  Mitochondria - “Power house” of the cell  Provide energy to the cell in the form of ATP  More metabolically active cells have more mitochondria  Mitochondria are enclosed by two membranes  Outer membrane  Inner membrane has folds called cristae  Mitochondria are a unique organelle because they contain their own set of DNA  Ribosomes  Site of protein production - RNA produced in nucleus sent to ribosomes  RNA  Protein = Translation  Found either floating in the cytoplasm (free) or attached to the endoplasmic reticulum (bound)  Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)  Series of folded membranes that move proteins around the cell  Continuous with nuclear membrane of nucleus  Rough ER – ribosomes attached to ER  Site of protein synthesis  Production of integral proteins and phospholipids found in cellular membranes  Smooth ER – ribosomes not attached to smooth ER  Functions include:  Detoxification  Lipid metabolism  Synthesis of hormones  Calcium storage  Golgi Bodies (Golgi Apparatus)  Organelle made up of stacked, flattened membranes  Sorts and packages proteins produced in ER  Protein “packaging plant” – cell post office  Move materials within cell and out of the cell  Lysosomes  Lysosomes are spherical membranous organelles containing digestive enzymes  Lysis = breakdown  Digests particles taken in by endocytosis  Including bacteria, viruses, and toxins  Degrades worn-out or nonfunctional organelles and tissues  Peroxisomes  membranous sacs containing a variety of powerful enzymes such as oxidase and catalase  Oxidases use molecular oxygen (O2) to detoxify harmful substances such as alcohol and f formaldehyde  Neutralize dangerous free radicals into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)  Free radicals - highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons that can damage biological molecules  Catalase breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into H2O and O2  Numerous peroxisomes found in liver and kidney cells [Show More]

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