Patho NR283-Exam 1 Study Guide Chapter 1 Atrophy: Decrease in the size of cells Results in reduced tissue mass Common causes: reduced use of the tissue (in cast), insufficient nutriti... on, decrease neurologic or hormonal stimulation, aging Hypertrophy: Increase in cell size Results in enlarged tissue mass; ex) enlarged heart w/ heart failure Causes: additional work by the tissue( lifting weights), excessive hormonal stimulation Hyperplasia: Increased number of cells Results in enlarged tissue mass ex) uterus in pregnancy Causes: compensatory mechanism to meet increased demand, or pathologic when there is a hormonal imbalance Metaplasia: Mature cell type is replaced by a different mature cell type Adaptive mechanism that provided more resistance tissue Dysplasia: Cells vary in size and shape within a tissue Chronic irritation infection, or it may be a precancerous change Anaplasia: Undifferentiated cells with variable nuclear and cell structures Characteristic of cancer Neoplasia: New growth Commonly called tumor Causes of cell death: 1. Ischemia: Most common cause of cell death; Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a tissue or organ due to circulation obstruction 2. Hypoxia: Reduced oxygen in tissues/blood; Result insufficient oxygen and reduced cellular metabolism 3. Physical damage: extreme heat/ cold 4. Mechanical damage: pressure, tumor, obstruction 5. Chemical toxins: exogenous-pollution endogenous-free radicals 6. Microorganisms/pathogens -bacteria/viruses Stages 1. Initial: start; loss of function; reversible [Show More]
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