Anatomy and Physiology

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Anatomy and Physiology Cell Structure  Ribosomes - Synthesize proteins.  Golgi Apparatus - Synthesizing material outside of cell.  Vacuoles - Storage, digesti... on, waste removal.  Cytoskeleton - Shape/support cell.  Microtubules - Part of cytoskeleton.  Cytosol - Liquid material in cell.  Cell Membrane - Defines cell as barrier and allows enter/exit of materials.  ER - Smooth or Rough - Transport system of cell.  Mitochondria - Generates ATP, powerhouse. Animal Cells  Centrosome - Pairs of centrioles, involved in mitosis.  Centriole - Cylinders involved in cellular division.  Lysosome - Digests proteins, lipids, and carbs and transports undigested substances to membrane for removal.  Cilia - Cause cell to move.  Flagella - whip tail to move cell. Mitosis  Interphase - Cell prepares for division by replicating genetic/cytoplasmic material -longest phase.  Prophase - Chromatin thickens into chromosomes and the nuclear membrane begins to disintegrate. Pairs of centrioles move to opposite sides of cell and spindle fibers form.  Metaphase - Spindle moves to center of cell and chromosome pairs align along center of spindle structure.  Anaphase - Chromosome pairs pull apart into daughter chromosomes.  Telophase - Spindle disintegrates, nuclear membrane reforms or is pinched.  Cytokinesis - Physical splitting of cell. Meiosis: Same as mitosis except happens twice, results in 4 daughter cells instead of 2. Respiratory System  Perfusion - The passage of fluid to an organ or tissue.  Pleura - A membrane around the lungs and inside the chest cavity.  Surfactant - Fluid secreted by alveoli and found in the lungs.  Tidal Volume - The amount of air breathed in a normal inhalation or exhalation.  Trachea - Windpipe which connects the larynx to the lungs.  Ventilation - Movement of air in and out of the body.  Medulla Oblongata - Controls respiration.  Right lung has 3 lobes; left lung has 2 lobes. Cardiovascular System  Arteries - Carry blood AWAY from heart, veins carry blood to heart.  Pulmonary Loop - Carries deoxygenated blood from right ventricle to the lungs and returns oxygenated blood to the left atrium (to lungs then body).  Systemic Loop - Carries oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the body, returning deoxygenated blood to the right atrium (to body).  Systole - 1. Ventricles contract 2. AV valves (mitral and tricuspid) close = “lub”.  Diastole - 1. Ventricles fill 2. Semilunar valves close = “dub”.  Sinoatrial Node - “pacemaker” of heart.  White blood cells divided into leukocytes and lymphocytes. [Show More]

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