NURS 6630 MIDTERM EXAM STUDY GUIDE

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Non-compliant patients  Neurotransmitters- are chemical messengers that allow signals to cross synapses to transmit information from a nerve cell or neuron to a target cell. Nerve transmitters... coordinate behavor by stiulating an action or inhibiting an impulse. Example of neurotransmitters: dopamine. Used by the brain to help regulate breathing, heartbeat, and digestion. It can also affect concentration, sleep, and mood.  Neurons- have many sizes, lengths, and shapes that determine their function based on where they are in the brain; and are the cells of chemical communication in the brain. Human brains are comprised of tens of billions of neurons, and each is linked to thousands of other neurons. Thus, the brain has trillions of specialized connections known as synapses. * The anatomically addressed brain is thus a complex wiring diagram, ferrying electrical impulses to wherever the “wire” is plugged in (synapses). **When neurons malfunction behavioral symptoms may occur. When drugs alter neuronal function, behavioral symptoms may be relieved, worsened, or produced. Neurons are some of the longest-lived cells in your body; neurons are irreplaceable, and neurons have huge appetites (glucose and appetites). Neurons transit signals when stimulated by sensory input or triggered by neighboring neurons.  Gene Expression  Cytochrome P450 Enzyme System  Pharmacokinetics- the way the body does to the drug.  Mechanisms of receptors including:  G-Protein linked receptors- (see notes)  nicotine cholinergic  Serotonin- present in the brain and digestive tract; inhibitory neurotransmitter has been identified as an important factor in mood, depression, anxiety, sleep, emotions, and regulation in appetite and temperature. Serotonin imbalances are involved in depression, impulse behavior, sleep, and emotional disorders.  Dopamine- functions as both an inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitter; critical for memory and motor skills. (Behavior, learning, sleep, mood, focus, attention, immune health, and pleasurable rewards). Ex: excessive amounts are linked to schizophrenia- a long term psych disorder of a type involving a breakdown in the relation between thought, emotion, and behavior; also linked to addictive or impulsive behaviors.  Norepinephrine- widely distributed throughout the body, acts as a neuromodulatory optimizing brain performance; as part of the bodies flight or fight response, it quickly provides an accurate assessment of danger or stressful situations. Obsessive amounts of this chemical, especially when no actual danger exists can lead to anxious and hyperactive.  Epinephrine- widely known as adrenaline; is both a neurotransmitter and hormone that is essential to metabolism, attention, focus, stress, fear, anger, panic, and excitement. Abnormal levels of epinephrine are linked to sleep disorders, anxiety, hypertension, and lowered immunity.  Acetylcholine- this widely distributed excitatory neurotransmitter was the 1st to be identified, and triggers voluntary muscle contraction, controls heartbeat, and stimulates hormones; enables muscle action, learning, and memory; research [Show More]

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