Advanced Pathophysiology NGR 6141-002 Module 7 Quiz. Score for this attempt: 99.84 out of 99.84.

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Module 7 Quiz Due Sep 27 at 11:59pm Points 99.84 Questions 26 Available Aug 10 at 12am - Sep 28 at 11:59pm about 2 months Time Limit 100 Minutes Allowed Attempts 3 Instructions Attempt History A... ttempt Time Score KEPT Attempt 2 8 minutes 99.84 out of 99.84 LATEST Attempt 2 8 minutes 99.84 out of 99.84 Attempt 1 12 minutes 98.88 out of 99.84  Correct answers are hidden. Score for this attempt: 99.84 out of 99.84 Submitted Sep 26 at 8:01pm This attempt took 8 minutes. You have 3 attempts Take the Quiz Again Question 1 3.84 / 3.84 pts Considering factors that influence a pathogen’s ability to cause disease, what is the impact of virulence? Affecting the production of endotoxins Producing a disease process Determining the severity of the diseaseVirulence is the the capacity of a pathogen to cause severe disease. Affecting an effective immune response Question 2 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which molecule is incapable of inducing a fever during an infection? Prostaglandin E2 IL-1 Leukotriene Leukotriene is not involved in the fever response. Endotoxin Question 3 3.84 / 3.84 pts Vaccines have been developed to protect against pathogens. For which types of organisms have vaccines been developed? Select all that apply. Gram-positive bacteria Most vaccines have been developed to protect against viruses. There are also vaccines for both both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections. VirusesAlthough most vaccines have been developed to protect against viruses, there are also vaccines for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections. Gram-negative bacteria Although most vaccines have been developed to protect against viruses, there are also vaccines for both gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial infections. Parasites Fungi Question 4 3.84 / 3.84 pts When considering infection, what is the identifying characteristic of colonization by a bacterial pathogen? Gaining entrance into the body Colonization means that the bacterial microorganisms have entered the body or attached to the body's surface but have not caused damage to the body's tissues. Attaching to the cells in the tissue Inserting DNA or RNA into the host cell Releasing exotoxin Question 5 3.84 / 3.84 ptsWhich feature contributes to a bacterium's infectivity? Select all that apply. The ability of a bacterium to proliferate rapidly Many bacteria have proliferation rates that allow the pathogen to surpass the development of a protective inflammatory and immune response. Some bacteria protect themselves from phagocytosis by producing a capsule and by producing toxins. The ability of a bacterium to produce toxins Toxins produced by bacteria cause tissue injury in the body. Some bacteria protect themselves from phagocytosis by producing a capsule and by reproducing rapidly. The ability of a bacterium to produce a capsule Some bacteria protect themselves from phagocytosis by producing a capsule, producing toxins, and reproducing rapidly. The ability of aerobic bacteria to switch to anaerobic metabolism The ability of a bacterium to enter the body via the respiratory system Question 6 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which microorganism is a form of bacteria? Select all that apply. Bacilli Forms of bacteria include bacilli, spirochetes, vibrios, and cocci. Yeasts are fungi. CocciForms of bacteria include bacilli, spirochetes, vibrios, and cocci. Yeasts are fungi. Vibrios Forms of bacteria include bacilli, spirochetes, vibrios, and cocci. Yeasts are fungi. Yeasts Spirochetes Forms of bacteria include bacilli, spirochetes, vibrios, and cocci. Yeasts are fungi. Question 7 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which of the following infections can be treated with penicillin? Fungal Parasitic Viral Bacterial Only bacteria can be treated with antibiotics such as penicillin or tetracycline. Question 8 3.84 / 3.84 pts Why are fungal infections resistant to most antibiotic therapies?Fungi release toxins that neutralize most antibiotics. Fungi have thick polysaccharide walls that resist antibiotics. Fungi have thick polysaccharide walls that make them relatively impervious to most antibiotics. Fungi can mutate quickly to avoid the effects of antibiotics. All fungi are anaerobes. Question 9 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which method can a virus use to cause host cell injury? Select all that apply. Stimulating apoptosis Some viruses cause alterations in the host cell DNA that lead to premature programmed cell death. Host cell damage can be triggered by the initiation of cell lysis, altered immune effectiveness, and cell mutations. Triggering cancerous mutations Viruses can cause mutations that lead to cancer, such as the human papillomavirus, which causes cervical cancer. Host cell damage can be triggered by the initiation of programed cell death, altered immune effectiveness, and cell lysis. Distrupting immunity Viruses can alter the host cell’s antigenic properties, resulting in decreased immune effectiveness. Host cell damage can be triggered by the initiation of programed cell death, cell lysis, and cell mutations. Releasing toxinsDamaging the cell’s lysosomal membranes Host cells also may be lysed as a result of viral disruption of lysosomes with autodigestion of the cell by lysosomal enzymes. Host cell damage can be triggered by the initiation of programed cell death, altered immune effectiveness, and cell mutations. Question 10 3.84 / 3.84 pts What is the most serious challenge to the effective control of infectious disease? The lack of antimicrobial agents for many bacterial infections Microbial drug resistance The overuse of antimicrobials to treat minor infections has caused many microorganisms to undergo gene mutations that render them resistant to available drugs. The fact that fungi are taking over as the major source of infection Creating antimicrobials that can penetrate bacterial capsules Question 11 3.84 / 3.84 pts What condition is considered a systemic manifestation of infection? Fever The hallmark systemic manifestation of infection is fever caused by endogenous and exogenous pyrogens. Pus, pain, and swelling are local reactions.Pain Swelling Purulent exudate Question 12 3.84 / 3.84 pts What organism is an example of a parasitic helminth? Select all that apply. Cytomegalovirus Lung fluke Helminths include flukes and tapeworms. Trichomonas Tapeworm Helminths are parasitic worms such as a tapeworm and flukes Candida Question 13 3.84 / 3.84 pts Endotoxin is formed from what source? Cell membranes from lysed gram-negative bacteria When gram-negative bacteria are lysed, lipopolysaccharide fragments from the cell membranes become inflammatory stimuli called endotoxins.Viral secretions Poisons released by gram-positive bacteria Lysosomal enzymes released by fungi Question 14 3.84 / 3.84 pts What statement accurately describes commensal bacteria? They are generally pathogenic. They are bacteria that behave like viruses. They are often consideral to be normal flora in the body. Commensal bacteria are considered the normal flora on the skin and in the gastrointestinal, respiratory, and genital tracts. They are usually resistant to antimicrobial agents. Question 15 3.84 / 3.84 pts What is the predisposing factor that increases an individual’s risk of developing a serious systemic fungal or parasitic infection? Being under the age of 10 Being immunocompromised Systemic fungal infections and parasitic infections usually only develop in individuals who are immunocompromised. In most cases these are opportunistic infections.Having a history of various allergies Having a preexisting viral infection Question 16 3.84 / 3.84 pts Normal gastrointestinal flora engage in what function? Select all that apply. Producing vitamin K Functions of the normal gastrointestinal flora include producing metabolites such as vitamins B and K, digesting dietary molecules, and keeping pathogenic organisms in check. Producing B vitamins Functions of the normal gastrointestinal flora include producing metabolites such as vitamins B and K, digesting dietary molecules, and keeping pathogenic organisms in check. Digesting dietary molecules Functions of the normal gastrointestinal flora include producing metabolites such as vitamins B and K, digesting dietary molecules, and keeping pathogenic organisms in check. Managing core body temperature Preventing harmful microorganisms from proliferating. Functions of the normal gastrointestinal flora include producing metabolites such as vitamins B and K, digesting dietary molecules, and keeping pathogenic organisms in check.Question 17 3.84 / 3.84 pts What is the outcome of antigenic drift in antigenic variation in pathogenic microorganisms? Two different strains of a pathogen combine and become a new pathogen. Switching genes on and off allows a pathogen to alter its production of surface molecules. The antigenicity of the pathogen changes to create a new strain of the microorganism. Antigenic drift is caused by mutations that result in a new strain of the pathogen and can even occur during the course of an illness. A pathogen that infects one species develops the ability to infect another species. Question 18 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which statement is a current public health concern about the H5N1 avian flu virus? Select all that apply. H5N1 may undergo antigenic shifts and can be spread among humans. All cases of H5N1 infection to date have been acquired from bird populations. There is, however, a concern that H5N1 will undergo antigenic shift with another strain of flu virus that can be spread easily between humans. H5N1, highly virulent in humans, may cause a pandemic in humans resulting from mutations to upper and lower respiratory tract cell mutations.H5N1 infection is a highly communicable disease between humans. H5N1 has undergone a mutation that now allows for changes to both upper and lower respiratory tact cell. All cases of H5N1 infection to date have been acquired from bird populations. There is, however, a concern that H5N1 will undergo antigenic shift with another strain of flu virus that can be spread easily between humans. H5N1, highly virulent in humans, may cause a pandemic in humans resulting from mutations to upper and lower respiratory tract cell mutations. H5N1 would be highly virulent in humans. If H5N1 undergoes an antigenic shift with another strain of flu virus that can be spread easily between humans, there is a concern that it would be highly virulentand may cause a pandemic in humans resulting from mutations to upper and lower respiratory tract cell mutations. H5N1 may cause a pandemic in humans. If H5N1 undergoes an antigenic shift with another strain of flu virus that can be spread easily between humans, it could create a flu pandemic resulting from mutations to upper and lower respiratory tract cell mutations. Question 19 3.84 / 3.84 pts Interferon is produced by cells to defend against an infection by which microorganism? Parasites Bacteria FungiViruses Interferon is produced by virally infected cells to signal neighboring cells to increase their defenses against viral invasion. Question 20 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which method is used by bacterial pathogens to avoid immune or inflammatory destruction? Select all that apply. Production of antiphagocytosis toxins Certain organisms produce toxins that kill white blood cells. Other measures include rapid proliferation in cellular sytoplasm and by presenting with a self-protein coating. It does not involve a polysaccharide capsule. Rapid proliferation Some pathogens are able to proliferate faster than the developing immune response. Other measures include rapid proliferation in cellular sytoplasm, producing antiphagocytosis toxins, and presenting with a selfprotein coating. It does not involve a polysaccharide capsule. Production of a polysaccharide capsule Presenting with a self-protein coating Pathogens that coat themselves with human proteins may be disguised and “fool” the immune system by masking antigens. Multiplication occurs in cellular sytoplasm Many viruses bypass body defense mechanisms by developing intracellularly. Other measures include rapid proliferation, producing antiphagocytosis toxins, and presenting with a self-protein coating. It does not involve a polysaccharide capsule.Question 21 3.84 / 3.84 pts Considering the human body, what is considered a protective barrier against pathogens? Select all that apply. IgE antibody Antibiotic therapy Skin The skin, normal microbiome, and mucous membranes form a barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the body. Normal microbiome The skin, normal microbiome, and mucous membranes form a barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the body. The human body is a hospitable site for microorganisms to grow and flourish. These microorganisms make up the normal microbiome of the body. Mucous membranes The skin, normal microbiome, and mucous membranes form a barrier to prevent microorganisms from entering the body. Question 22 3.84 / 3.84 pts Considering the relationship between humans and microorganisms, which patient is at greatest risk of developing an opportunistic infection? A client diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)An opportunistic infection is the result of a benign microorganism becoming pathogenic because of decreased human host resistance such as in the case of HIV’s effect on the immune system. A client admitted for an open reduction of the left femur A client prescribed a narrow-spectrum antibiotic A client misdiagnosed with the flu Question 23 3.84 / 3.84 pts What characteristic allows the virus to often successfully resist phagocytosis but induce a strong antibody response that usually results in neutralization of the pathogen? Initiation of avoidance behavior by the phagocytes Their small size Viruses are often too small to be recognized by phagocytes. Production of a protective capsule Multiplication that overpowers the phagocytes Question 24 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which statement about viruses is true? Viruses do not contain their own DNA or RNA.Viruses take over the metabolic machinery of host cells. Viruses do not possess any of their own organelles and have no metabolism. Instead, they insert their DNA or RNA into a host cell and use the host cell's metabolic machinery to replicate. Viruses can be classified as gram positive or gram negative. Viruses are prokaryocytes. Question 25 3.84 / 3.84 pts Vaccine CANNOT be formed from what agent? Dead antigen Detoxified toxin Live, infectious antigen A live, infectious antigen given as a vaccine has the potential to cause disease. Attenuated antigen Question 26 3.84 / 3.84 pts Which individuals may have difficulty developing immunity from vaccines? Select all that apply. School-age children being homeschooled Individuals taking drugs that suppress the immune systemAcquired immunity from vaccines requires the induction of a primary immune response to the antigen in the vaccine. Individuals taking drugs that suppress the immune system are not capable of mounting that primary immune response and may not acquire immunity from the vaccine. A 2-month-old infant born with a celft palate Very young infants may not be able to develop immunity from vaccinations because of their underdeveloped immune system. A child with a genetic predisposition to allergies Teenagers who have had a wide variety of vaccinations Quiz Score: 99.84 out of 99.84 [Show More]

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