FNDH 620 Exam 1 (2022) COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (224 Questions with 100% Correct Answers)

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FNDH 620 Exam 1 (2022) COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (224 Questions with 100% Correct Answers) What 4 major elements make up the human body? - ✔✔- Oxygen 63% - Carbon 18% - Hydrogen 9% - Nitrogen 3% O... f the major 4 elements that make up the human body, __________ makes up the largest portion. - ✔✔Oxygen - 63% The human body is made up of oxygen, carbon, hydrogen, & nitrogen. But what do these elements compose? - ✔✔Water Proteins Lipids Carbohydrates Nucleic acids Approximately how much water makes up the human body? - ✔✔55 - 65% of body mass Combined, how much does protein & lipids makes up of the human body? - ✔✔30 - 45% Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for _____% of the human body. - ✔✔Nucleic acids, carbs, & others things account for *1%* of the human body. Minerals account for what percentage of the human body? - ✔✔5% How many different types of cells are in the human body? - ✔✔Over 200 different types Organelles are __________ structures within a cell with __________ function. - ✔✔Organelles are *specialized* structures within a cell with *specific* function. When one or more organelle has problems, they do what to nutrient metabolism? - ✔✔If one or more organelle has problems with in a cell, it can impede the flow of nutrient metabolism. Cells are surrounded by what and is how many thick? - ✔✔Cell membrane 2 cells thick What composes the plasma membrane? - ✔✔- Proteins 55% mass - Lipids outnumber 50:1 __________ proteins are transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier; active transporters; receptors; & enzymes. - ✔✔*Integral* proteins are transmembrane. Their function is to act as an ion channel; carrier; active transporters; receptors; & enzymes. __________ proteins can only be found on one side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge) and normally act as enzymes. - ✔✔*Peripheral* proteins can only be found on one side of the bilayer (typically on the inside edge) and normally act as enzymes. This carbohydrate coat on the extracellular face of the plasma membrane helps with receptor activities and cell to cell adhesion. - ✔✔Glycocalyx Carbs + Protein = ? - ✔✔Glycoprotein Carbs + Lipids = ? - ✔✔Glycolipids Proteins + Glycosaminoglycans = ? - ✔✔Proteoglycans Cells can be divided into what 2 major parts? - ✔✔- Cytoplasm - Nucleus What is cytosol? - ✔✔Clear intracellular fluid containing dissolved, suspended, or anchored substances. - electrolytes, proteins, glucose, glycogen, amino acids, and lipids - A tubular network (adjacent to nucleus) - Major site of molecule formation & metabolism w/in cell - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum Granular; site for protein synthesis, contains ribosomes - ✔✔Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Agranular; site for phospholipid & cholesterol synthesis - ✔✔Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum This is a site of detoxification of drugs and alcohol; contains glucose-6-phosphatase (important in metabolism) - ✔✔Endoplasmic Reticulum Layers of thin, flat, enclosed vesicles; builds some carbohydrates; molecule processing; vesicle-forming activities; packaging site for exocytosis - ✔✔Golgi Apparatus The site of ATP production; Self-replicating; vary in size; population density depends on oxidation energy demands of that cells; double membraned; Krebs cycle & Fatty Acid oxidation occur here - ✔✔Mitochondria Storage & Processing area for DNA; Enclosed within a Porous Nuclear envelope; Most DNA within human cells is in the nucleus; all cells (except RBCs) contain this. - ✔✔Nucleus Made of nucleotides (Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine) Double-stranded chains - ✔✔DNA - Produces a strand of mRNA complementary to the DNA gene - Double-stranded DNA is opened, ribonucleotides are based-paired to DNA template - Uracil - Catalyzed by RNA polymerase - ✔✔Transcription - Synthesis of proteins from nucleotide language - Sequence of mRNA dictates which amino acids are linked together - every set of 3 bases on mRNA is called a codon - Codons code for a specific amino acid - Occurs on ribosomal complexes - tRNA attaches to amino acids & delivers them to ribosome - ✔✔Translation What is one of the most, if not the most, critical processes performed by the cell? - ✔✔The production of ATP What two major pathways are used for ATP formation? - ✔✔- Substrate level phosphorylation - Oxidative Phosphorylation - A reaction forming ATP by the direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP - Does NOT require oxygen - ✔✔Substrate Level Phosphorylation - ATP formed as a result of the transfer of electrons from NADH or FADH2 to O2 by a series of electron carries - Oxidative phosphorylation is carried out by a series of protein complexes in the mitochondrion called the electron transport chain - takes place in the Mitochondria - ✔✔Oxidative Phosphorylation Where does glycolysis occur? - ✔✔Glycolysis occurs in the cytosol. How much ATP is produced from glycolysis? - ✔✔2 ATP Which cycle is the primary producer of metabolic waste (ie: carbon dioxide)? - ✔✔The Krebs Cycle In the process of the Krebs cycle, what cofactors are produced and what do they carry? - ✔✔- NADH & FADH2 - these cofactors carry electrons via the electron transport chain What is produced during the Krebs cycle? - ✔✔2 ATP,6 NADH, FADH2, 4 CO2 Most ATP generation takes place via __________ __________ by the ETC (electron transport chain). - ✔✔Most ATP generation takes place via *oxidative phosphorylation* by the ETC (electron transport chain). In the phsopholipid bilayer, proteins can be found as what? - ✔✔- ion channels - transport proteins True or False Transport proteins can bind to substrate & bring into or out of cells. - ✔✔True In our bodies, what are all enzymes composed of? - ✔✔Proteins Where does the substrate of an enzyme bind with? - ✔✔active site Where are hormones synthesized? - ✔✔Endocrine glands What 2 methods of communication does our body use? - ✔✔- hormones - nerve impulses What is the function of a hormone? - ✔✔relay information and instructions between cells What are the GI systems main 2 jobs? - ✔✔- breakdown complex food components into substance appropriate for absorption - provide a means of waste removal Name the layers of the GI wall from most interior to the outer exterior. - ✔✔- lumen - mucosa - muscularis mucosae - submucosa - circular smooth muscle - longitudinal smooth muscle - serosa What layer of the GI wall secrets mucus and contains folds of the villi & microvilli? - ✔✔Mucosa This provides an entry to the GI tract. - [Show More]

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