AQA AS LEVEL BIOLOGY, ALL Questions and answers. Latest 2022.

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what is RNA? - Ans-ribonucleic acid MRNA and TRNA single stranded shorter AU CG what are biological molecules? - Ans-molecules made and used by living organisms eg. lipids, carbs, DNA, AT, wate... r, inorganic ions what are the functions of carbohydrates? - Ans--energy source (respiration) -energy store (starch and glycogen) -structure (cellulose) ATP structure? - Ans-1 adenosine 3 phosphates ADP and energy= ATP condensation reaction using ATP synthase carries energy in bonds hydrolysis breaks down into ADP and energy using ATP hydrolase releases energy from phosphate group bonds what are the building blocks of carbohydrates called? - Ans-monosaccharides why is ATP a good source of energy? - Ans-immediate release, only need to break one bond releases small amounts of energy at a time, manageable examples of monosaccharides - Ans-glucose, fructose, galactose uses of ATP? - Ans-protein synthesis organelle synthesis dna replication mitosis active transport metabolic reactions movement homeostasis formula for monosaccharides? - Ans-c6h12o6 -same formula but arranged differently role of water in biology? - Ans-acts as a habitat for organisms make up cytoplasm, tissue fluid, blood, xylem and phloem water properties? - Ans-dipolar partially positive hydrogen partially negative oxygen so separate water molecules form hydrogen bonds with eachother difference between alpha and beta glucose? - Ans-on carbon 1, alpha glucose has an OH group on the bottom. beta glucose has it at the top. how are monosaccharides joined together? - Ans-condensation reaction between 2 OH groups roles of water? - Ans--habitat, high shc so a lot of heat needs to be applied before evaporation due to hydrogen bonds. ice is less dense than water so floats up -solvent, dipolar so separate solutes by charge depending on partial charge. solute dissolves in water, useful for cytoplasm, diffusion and active transport ect -hydrostatic pressure, when pressurised, water provides a strong pushing force particularly in mass flow. supports turgidity -homeostasis, sweat on skin uses blood heat to evaporate, cooling individual. sweat is made up of hydrogen bonds,stable structure, large amount of heat to evaporate. LATENT HEAT OF EVAPORATION. bond in carbohydrate? - Ans-glycosidic what are inorganic ions? - Ans-salts or minerals don't contain carbon eg sodium and chloride ions examples of disaccharides - Ans-sucrose, lactose (glucose + galactose), maltose (glucose + glucose) kingdoms of biology? - Ans-animal, plant, bacteria, fungi, protocista animal and plant multicellular others are microorganisms viruses aren't living all organisms made up of cells eukaryotic vs prokaryotic - Ans-eukaryotic - membrane bound organelles eg. nucleus prokaryotic - no membrane bound organelles, smaller ribosomes formula for disaccharides? - Ans-c12h22o11 what are the 2 forms of reproduction? - Ans-sexual- 2 parents each provide gamete which fuse to make zygote which develops into organism asexual- one parent to produce genetically identical offspring how are polymers separated? - Ans-hydrolysis (addition of water) how does a zygote develop into an organism? - Ans-stem cell, undifferentiated divides by mitosis to make more stem cells each cell differentiates into specialised each specialised divides by mitosis to make tissues different tissues for organ, and so on what is a polysaccharide? - Ans-many monosaccharides joined together by condensation reaction/glycosidic bonds. structure of nucleus? - Ans-contains DNA wrapped around histones to form chromatin double membrane called nuclear envelope with pores nucleolus produces ribosomes and mRNA nucleoplasm contains chromatin examples of polysaccharides - Ans--amylose, long chain of alpha glucose, makes starch/glycogen -cellulose, long chain of beta glucose properties of starch and glycogen as energy stores? - Ans--insoluble, doesn't affect water potential, cell won't shrink or burst -coiled, compact, fits inside cells better -branched/chained, easy to break down, glucose removed from the end endoplasmic reticulum? - Ans-rough- has ribosomes ,protein synthesis, process and package smooth- makes lipids and carbs golgi apparatus? - Ans-processes and packages proteins into vesicles digestive enzymes placed into lysozomes, vesicles with membranes structure of cellulose? - Ans--beta glucose arranged in straight chain (each alternative beta glucose rotated 180°) -many cellulose chains are cross linked by hydrogen bonds, form microfibrils -microfibrils crosslinked to make macrofibrils -hydrogen bonds are strong together, hard to break,makes cellulose strong -forms cell wall structure mitochondria? - Ans-site of respiration, produces ATP which releases energy cristae- inner membrane has large surface area so more metabolic enzymes can attach matrix- middle liquid test for starch? - Ans-iodine brown to blue/black chloroplast structure? - Ans-absorbs light energy for photosynthesis to produce glucose double membrane thylakoid disks stack into granum thylakoid surrounded by stroma fluid large surface area [Show More]

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