PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UPDATED SOLUTION DOCS

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PSYCHOLOGY EXAM REAL EXAM QUESTIONS WITH ANSWERS UPDATED SOLUTION DOCS 1. Which of these describes how the intensity of a CR changes during the acquisition phase of classical conditioning? st... arts low, rises rapidly, then decreases sharply starts high, decreases sharply, then tapers off starts low, rises slowly, then decreases sharply starts low, rises rapidly, then tapers off 2. If the connections between the amygdala and midbrain regions are severed, a CS paired with shock will no longer elicit _____ in a rat: increases in heart rate and blood pressure. freezing. release of stress hormones. nonconscious cognitive expectancies. 3. When a child cries when her babysitter is around, the babysitter picks her up and talks to her. Because of the attention, the child becomes more likely to cry in the future. If the child cries when any adult is in the room, what process has occurred? negative reinforcement discrimination generalization negative punishment 4. Recent research has indicated that interjecting frequent short tests (e.g., pop quizzes) during @ Page: 239; Section: Testing Aids Attention a lecture is beneficial to learning because it: encourages massed practice. increases sympathetic nervous system activity. discourages mind wandering. fosters implicit learning. 5. Slot machines pay off on schedules that are determined by the random number generator that controls the play of the machine. For example, on average, the machine might pay off every 100 pulls, but sometimes two pulls are required and sometimes several hundred pulls are required. Slot machines are a real-world example of which schedule of reinforcement? fixed interval variable ratio fixed ratio variable interval 6. What principle describes why the taste and smell stimuli that produce food aversions in rats does NOT work with most species of birds? extinction operant conditioning biological preparedness law of effect 7. In second-order conditioning, the CS is paired with a: neutral stimulus such as a black square. biologically relevant stimulus such as food. previously established CS. stimulus that naturally elicits a response. 8. Which school of psychology is MOST associated with pioneering research on learning? cognitive psychology behaviorism evolutionary psychology functionalism 9. A general process in which the repeated presentation of a stimulus leads to a gradual decrease in responding is termed: sensitization. association. classical conditioning. habituation. 10. Thorndike found that, with continued experience in the puzzle box, effective responses _____ and ineffective responses ______. decreased; increased decreased; decreased increased; decreased increased; increased 11. Every time a rat presses a lever, it receives a small injection of cocaine. That rat begins pressing the lever more and more, indicating that cocaine is a: positive punisher. negative reinforcer. negative punisher. positive reinforcer. 12. In his experiment with Little Albert, one of John Watson's goals was to show that: conditioning can produce only behavioral responses, not emotional ones. one's environment is not responsible for behavior. fear can be learned by means of classical conditioning. humans, unlike other animals, are not susceptible to classic conditioning. 13. When your sister burned herself playing with matches, she cried for a long time. A by-product of this experience was that you also learned not to play with matches. This type of learning is called: intermittent reinforcement. observational learning. classical conditioning. operant conditioning. 14. Who conducted the “Little Albert” study on conditioned fear? John Watson B. F. Skinner Ivan Pavlov Edward Thorndike 15. Spontaneous recovery demonstrates that: CS–US pairings are not necessary for classical conditioning to occur. learning is greater the more CS–US trials are spaced in time. a stimulus paired with passage of time can come to elicit a response. extinction does not completely erase previous learning. 16. In Pavlov's experiments on second-order conditioning, dogs were conditioned to salivate at the sight of a black square by: pairing it with an unconditioned stimulus. presenting food first and then following it with the black square. rewarding the dog with food when it salivated in the presence of the black square. pairing it with a tone that previously had been associated with food. 17. An experienced user who takes heroin in a new setting has an increased risk of overdose because: the conditioned compensatory response becomes stronger. she may take more drug than intended. the CS that triggers the compensatory CR is degraded or absent altogether. changed settings result in added stress. 18. One of the strongest early advocates of a cognitive approach to operant learning was: Edward L. Thorndike. Edward Chace Tolman. B. F. Skinner. John B. Watson. 19. _____ in an experiment were reinforced if they selected paintings by the Cubist artist, Picasso, over paintings by the French Impressionist, Monet. Subsequently, they demonstrated _____, and selected paintings from another Cubist artist, Matisse, over other paintings by Monet. Pigeons; generalization Children; generalization Children; discrimination Pigeons; discrimination 20. Which reinforcement schedule has the highest rate of response? fixed ratio variable interval fixed interval variable ratio 21. The “positive” in positive reinforcement and positive punishment means that: the target behavior increases in frequency. the target behavior increases or decreases to adaptive levels. a stimulus is presented upon the occurrence of the target behavior. an unpleasant stimulus is removed upon the occurrence of the target behavior. 22. Tammy ate raw oysters for the first time and, four hours later, became extremely sick to her stomach. Now, the smell of oysters makes her stomach queasy. What is the US? the smell of the oysters a bacterium or other toxin that may or may not have been in the oysters stomach sickness a bacterium or other toxin that was definitely present in the oysters 23. A person tries to call her friend and there is no answer. She waits a little while and tries again but there is still no answer. She continues to try for the rest of the day but her friend never answers. Exasperated, she gives up. What is happening to the friend-calling behavior? It is being positively punished. It is being negatively reinforced. It is being negatively punished. 8c) It is being extinguished. 24. Nine-month-old Albert cried when a large steel bar was struck with a hammer while he viewed a white rat. In this acquisition phase, the white rat was the: conditioned response. unconditioned response. conditioned stimulus. unconditioned stimulus. 25. Which is the MOST effective technique to learn school-related material? visual imagery mnemonics marking important material while reading writing summaries of to-be-learned material practice testing [Show More]

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