Drug Therapy for DiabetesWorkman & LaCharity: Understanding Pharmacology: Essentials for MedicationSafety, 2nd Edition

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BASIC CONCEPTS 1. What is the main role of insulin in glucose (carbohydrate) metabolism? a. Conversion of complex carbohydrates into glucose b. Movement of glucose from blood into the cells c. Pre... vention of kidney excretion of glucose d. Prevention of the formation of fat cells ANS: B Many body cells have membranes that do not allow glucose to move into the cells to participate in metabolism. When insulin binds to membrane insulin receptors, the membranes become more open to glucose, allowing it to enter. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 220 2. By which action does insulin lower blood glucose levels? a. Enhancing the enzymes that break down glucose b. Helping glucose to move from the blood into cells c. Converting glucose into proteins in the liver and brain d. Converting glycogen into glucose in the liver and brain ANS: B When insulin binds to insulin receptors on cells, the cells’ membranes become more open (permeable) to glucose and glucose transport proteins in the cell membranes become more active. The overall result is movement of glucose into the cells, which lowers blood glucose levels. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 220 3. Which term means an elevated blood sugar (glucose) level? a. Glycogen b. Euglycemia c. Hypoglycemia d. Hyperglycemia ANS: D Glycogen is a stored form of human carbohydrate. Euglycemia means a blood sugar level within the normal range. Hypoglycemia is a lower than normal blood sugar level. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 210 4. Which hormone has an action opposite to the action of insulin? a. Glycogen b. Glucagon TEST BANK FOR UNDERSTANDING PHARMACOLOGY 2ND EDITION BY WORKMAN NURSINGKING.COM #1 U.S NURSING TEST BANKS STORE clause N U R S I N G K I N G . C O M c. Hemoglobin A1c d. Adenosine triphosphate ANS: B Glucagon, which is known as the hormone of starvation, is secreted from the alpha cells of the pancreas when blood glucose levels are lower than normal. Glucagon goes to the liver and triggers the breakdown of glycogen and release of glucose into the blood, raising the blood glucose level. These actions are exactly the opposite of insulin’s actions. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 212 5. What is the main reason that insulin is needed as drug therapy for people who have type 1 diabetes? a. The beta cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. b. The alpha cells of the pancreas no longer make insulin. c. The beta cells of the pancreas make too much glucagon. d. The alpha cells of the pancreas make too much glucagon. ANS: A With type 1 diabetes, the beta cells of the pancreas are destroyed and no longer produce any insulin. Insulin is necessary for life, so drug therapy for type 1 diabetes requires insulin. People who have type 2 diabetes often continue to secrete insulin from their beta cells, thus extra insulin may not be needed. Drugs for this condition often work by forcing the beta cells to release the patient’s own insulin. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 212 6. Which condition is the most dangerous adverse effect of insulin? a. Hypoglycemia b. Hyperglycemia c. Severe hypotension d. Development of insulin allergy ANS: A The main adverse effect of insulin is the lowering of blood glucose levels below normal (hypoglycemia). This response, also called insulin shock, is dangerous because brain cells are very sensitive to low blood glucose levels and the patient can become nonresponsive very quickly. If the problem is not corrected immediately, the patient can die or have irreversible brain damage. DIF: Cognitive Level: Remembering REF: p. 215 [Show More]

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