Vander's Human Physiology (15th Edition) TestBank The Mechanisms of Body Function

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Vander's Human Physiology (15th Edition) TestBank The Mechanisms of Body Function Vander's Human Physiology (15th Edition) TestBank The Mechanisms of Body Function TABLE OF CONT... ENTS: Chapter 1 Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology Chapter 2 Chemical Composition of the Body Chapter 3 Cellular structure, proteins, and Metabolism Chapter 4 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes Chapter 5 Control of Cells by Chemical Messengers Chapter 6 Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Chapter 7 Sensory Physiology Chapter 8 Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior Chapter 9 Muscle Chapter 10 Control of Body Movement Chapter 11 The Endocrine System Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Physiology Chapter 13 Respiratory Physiology Chapter 14 The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions Chapter 15 The Digestion and Absorption of Food Chapter 16 Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance Chapter 17 Reproduction Chapter 18 Defense Mechanisms of the Body Chapter 19 Medical Physiology: Integration Using Clinical Cases Chapter 01 Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of these is NOT one of the four general categories of cells that make up the human body? A. epithelial cells B. collagen cells C. connective tissue cell D. neuron E. muscle cell Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 2. Physiology is the study of A. How two organisms interact B. How organisms function C. The spread of diseases D. The structure of the body Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A05.01 Define the terms anatomy and physiology. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: Scope of anatomy and physiology 3. The study of disease states in the body is called A. Pathophysiology B. Anatomy C. Homeostasis D. Biology E. Histology Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A05.01 Define the terms anatomy and physiology. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.01 Section: 01.01 Topic: Scope of anatomy and physiology 4. Which is NOT a connective tissue cell? A. bone cells B. skeletal muscle cells C. blood cells D. fat cells E. cartilage cells Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 5. What is the principal function performed by epithelial cells? A. fat storage B. anchoring body structures C. forming boundaries between body compartments D. generating movement E. transmitting electrical signals Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 6. The cell type that is specialized to communicate with other cells and control their activities is A. Epithelial cells B. Muscle cells C. Connective tissue cells D. Nerve cells Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 7. What is the term for the developmental process that leads to specialized cell types? A. genomics B. differentiation C. homeostasis D. positive feedback E. acclimatization Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 8. Which best describes the extracellular matrix? A. It is found just inside the cell membrane in all tissues, it sends branching collagen fibers between cells to connect them, and it transmits chemical information from the interior of one cell to the interior of adjacent cells. B. It is a tissue having more than the four general cell types, it transports proteins and polysaccharides between body compartments, and it is the route by which chemical signals like hormones reach all parts of the body. C. It covers the body's surface, it contains connective and muscle tissue, and it helps generate movement. D. It surrounds cells; it contains proteins, polysaccharides, and minerals; it provides a scaffold for cell attachment; and it transmits chemical messengers to cells. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 9. If a person begins to sweat upon entering a hot room but continued sweating is able to keep the body temperature constant, which of these best describes her condition? A. She is in an equilibrium state. B. She is not using energy to maintain a constant temperature. C. She is in a steady state D. She is using a positive feedback mechanism. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 10. Which concept is the defining feature of the discipline of physiology? A. descent with modification B. homeostasis C. evolution D. dimorphism E. differentiation Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis 11. Describing a physiological variable as "homeostatic" means that it A. has varied from the normal value, and will remain constant at the new value. B. never varies from an exact set point value. C. is in an equilibrium state that requires no energy input to stay at the normal value. D. is in a state of dynamic constancy that is regulated to remain near a stable set point value. E. has no normal range, but will just change to match the outside environmental conditions. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis 12. Which of the following situations best represents a homeostatic mechanism? A. A person who becomes very nervous begins to sweat profusely. B. After going outside on a hot day, the core body temperature increases. C. Increasing the size of fast-food restaurant portions causes body weight to increase. D. After eating a large batch of salty popcorn, levels of salt in the urine increase. E. As age increases, the amount of calcium in bones tends to decrease. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 13. What term is used to describe the steady-state value for any variable that the body attempts to maintain? A. Set point B. Equilibrium potential C. Error signal D. Reflex arc E. Median value Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 14. Which of components of a general reflex arc are listed in the order information typically flows through them following a stimulus? A. effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor B. effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor C. integrating center, receptor, afferent pathway, efferent pathway, effector D. receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector E. receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 15. Feedforward regulatory processes A. work in anticipation of changes in regulated variables. B. are identical to positive feedback processes C. lead to instability of the regulated variable D. maximize fluctuations in the regulated variable E. tend to force physiological variables away from their set point. Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 16. Which situation describes a feedforward mechanism? A. Blood glucose returns toward normal an hour after a meal. B. The smell of rotten food on a plate triggers the vomit reflex. C. A drop in core body temperature triggers shivering. D. An increase in core body temperature stimulates sweating. E. Food in the stomach triggers the production of stomach acid. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 17. What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms? A. to maintain a constant internal environment B. to anticipate changes in the environment C. to return a variable toward the set point D. to bring about a rapid change in the body E. to detect changes in the external environment Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 18. Shivering in response to a cold draft is an example of A. A homeostatic mechanism B. Negative feedback C. A physiological reflex D. Thermoregulation E. All of the choices are correct Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 19. If the amount of sodium in the blood decreases, what would a negative feedback control mechanism be expected to do? A. Decrease the amount of sodium in the blood. B. Increase the amount of sodium in the blood. C. Leave the amount of sodium unchanged. D. Change the set point for sodium. E. Inhibit the ingestion of more sodium. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.02 Compare and contrast positive and negative feedback in terms of the relationship between stimulus and response. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 20. What is the best description of the efferent pathway of a reflex arc? A. signals from the integrating center to receptors B. the route by which receptors send signals to effectors C. signaling pathway for receptors to influence the integrating center D. the route by which effector organs send signals to receptors E. the route by which signals from an integrating center reach effector organs Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 21. Which one of the following is the correct sequence for a regulatory reflex arc? A. Stimulus, effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor B. Stimulus, receptor, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, effector C. Stimulus, receptor, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, effector D. Stimulus, effector, afferent pathway, integrating center, efferent pathway, receptor E. Effector, efferent pathway, integrating center, afferent pathway, receptor, stimulus Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B02 General types of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 22. Identify the effectors in this homeostatic reflex: Eating a salt-rich meal increases blood volume and pressure, stretching blood vessel walls. Nerve signals sent to the brainstem stimulate changes in hormonal and neural signaling. The heart rate is slowed, blood vessel walls are relaxed, and the kidneys increase urinary salt. The blood pressure returns toward normal. A. brainstem and blood vessels B. blood vessels, hormones, and nerves C. heart, kidneys, and blood vessels D. brainstem, blood vessels, and kidneys E. hormones and nerves Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B02.01 List the components of a feedback loop and explain the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Section: 01.06 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 23. The hormone insulin enhances the transport of glucose into body cells. Its secretion is controlled by a negative feedback system between the concentration of glucose in the blood and the cells that secrete insulin. Which of the following statements is most likely to be correct? A. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration still further B. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn lower the blood glucose concentration C. A decrease in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration D. An increase in blood glucose concentration will stimulate insulin secretion, which will in turn increase the blood glucose concentration still further Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.05 Section: 01.05 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 24. How are endocrine glands and hormones involved in homeostatic reflexes? A. Endocrine glands can be receptors, and hormones can be effectors. B. Endocrine glands can be integrators and hormones can be efferent pathways. C. Endocrine glands can be efferent pathways and hormones can be effectors. D. Endocrine glands are not part of reflex mechanisms, but hormones can be afferent or efferent pathways. E. They are not involved; reflexes only involve actions of the nervous system. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.06 Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.06 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 25. What is a hormone? A. a chemical released from a nerve cell that affects nearby cells across a synapse B. a chemical released from an endocrine gland that affects target cells without entering the bloodstream C. a chemical found in the blood that catalyzes the destruction of ingested toxins and foreign substances D. a chemical excreted from sweat gland that signals other individuals about the physiological status of the body E. a chemical regulator secreted from an endocrine gland that travels through the bloodstream to affect target cells Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.02 Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 26. Some neurons in the vagus nerve have synaptic connections to sinoatrial (pacemaker) cells in the heart. These neurons secrete acetylcholine, which ultimately results in a decreased heart rate. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. hormonal control D. neural control E. paracrine control Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.01 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the nervous system to relay information. Describe the specific organs, structures, cells or molecules (receptors, neurons, CNS structures, effectors, neurotransmitters) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 27. Heart rate is increased by the release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla into the bloodstream. This is an example of A. endocrine control B. exocrine control C. paracrine control D. direct neural control E. positive feedback Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B03.02 Provide an example of a negative feedback loop that utilizes the endocrine system to relay information. Describe the specific cells or molecules (production cells, hormones, target cells) included in the feedback loop. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 28. How is autocrine regulation best described? A. Chemical regulators are released directly into blood vessels. B. Chemical regulators released by cells affect the functional status of different kinds of cells in the vicinity of the secretory cell. C. Chemical regulators affect the same cells that produce them. D. Chemical regulators reach their site of action through a duct. E. Chemical regulators are continuously released in constant amounts by the cell. Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.01 Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 29. The tall slender body shape that helps to dissipate heat in people native to equatorial regions is an example of A. an adaptation. B. acclimatization. C. set point resetting. D. homeostasis. E. phase shift. Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Human origins and adaptations 30. After spending several days at a high altitude, where oxygen pressure is low, a person will begin to produce more red blood cells, which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues. What term best describes this type of response? A. developmental acclimatization B. positive feedback C. physiological acclimatization D. feedforward regulation E. evolution Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 31. Circadian rhythms are biological rhythms with what main characteristic? A. They are cyclical, like the 28-day female menstrual cycle. B. They are cyclical, like the rhythmic beating of the heart. C. They are voluntary rhythms, like the time you decide to eat lunch each day. D. They cease to occur when a person is in a dark environment. E. They repeat approximately every 24 hours, like daily spikes in hormone secretion. Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 32. What is the location of the internal pacemaker that sets biological rhythms? A. suprachiasmatic nucleus of the brain B. ventricles of the heart C. endocrine gland in the gonads D. photoreceptors of the eye E. the adrenal glands Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 33. A protein is found in blood that is produced by the pancreas and acts on receptors of cells in the liver. What type of physiological regulator is it most likely to be? A. a hormone B. an autocrine signal C. a paracrine signal D. a neurotransmitter E. an enzyme Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.02 Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 34. Which best describes how the total body balance of any chemical substance is determined? A. the rate the body produces the substance B. the rate the substance is secreted from the body C. the rate the substance is metabolized by the body D. the difference between the amount of substance lost from the body and the amount gained the body E. the amount produced by the body minus the amount metabolized by the body Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B05 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 35. A burn patient ingests 100 grams of protein per day and loses 110 grams of protein per day due to the injury. What is the overall protein state of the patient? A. Positive protein balance B. Negative protein balance C. Stable protein balance D. A state that can't be determined Bloom's: Level: 3. Apply HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 36. Eating a bag of salty potato chips without increasing sodium excretion would result in what state? A. positive sodium balance B. negative sodium balance C. stable sodium balance D. It can't be determined without knowing the size of the sodium pool Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms True / False Questions 37. Differentiation is necessary before a cell can exchange material with its environment. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 38. The number of distinct cell types in the human body is about twenty. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 39. One function of epithelial cells is to form selective barriers regulating exchange of materials across them. TRUE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.02 Give an example of each level of organization. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 40. Organs are generally composed of only one kind of tissue. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A06.01 Describe, in order from simplest to most complex, the major levels of organization in the human organism. HAPS Topic: Module A06 Levels of organization. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Levels of organization 41. The respiratory system is primarily responsible for transporting blood to the body's tissues. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.02 Section: 01.02 Topic: Survey of body systems 42. Homeostasis refers to the relative constancy of the external environment. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B01.01 Define homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B01 Definition. Learning Outcome: 01.04 Section: 01.04 Topic: Definition of homeostasis 43. The composition of the fluid bathing the cells of the body is the same as that within the cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular f luids. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems 44. The extracellular fluid compartment includes the interstitial fluid and blood plasma. TRUE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Survey of body systems 45. Homeostatic control systems and acclimatization are examples of biological adaptations. TRUE Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 46. A person who is acclimated to a hot environment will begin to react physiologically to a decreased environmental temperature faster than a person who is not. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 2. Understand HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 47. When loss of a substance from the body exceeds gain, the body is said to be in positive balance for that substance. FALSE Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B05.01 Predict factors or situations affecting various organ systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms Fill in the Blank Questions 48. ___ _ is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into a synaptic cleft. Neurotransmitter Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: A07.02 Describe the major functions of each organ system. HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems 49. ___ is the general term for a chemical released by axon terminals into the bloodstream. Neurohormone Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module A07 Survey of body systems. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Survey of body systems 50. ___ regulation describes regulation of cellular activity by messengers from nearby cells. Paracrine Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.01 Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms 51. ___ _ is term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell. Autocrine Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.01 Define the terms paracrine and autocrine. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 01.07 Section: 01.07 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms Multiple Choice Questions 52. An experimental subject is isolated in an underground room with no windows, no clocks, and no contact with the outside world. Researchers monitoring his behavior observe that he eats breakfast a little bit later each day. What term best describes the subject's biological activity? A. circadian rhythm B. free-running rhythm C. jet lag D. phase shift E. entrainment Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: B04.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how organ systems respond to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module B03 Examples of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 01.08 Section: 01.08 Topic: Types of homeostatic mechanisms 53. Which equation is most accurate? A. extracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = whole body fluid volume B. intracellular fluid volume + interstitial fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume C. extracellular fluid volume - interstitial fluid volume = plasma volume D. plasma volume + intracellular fluid volume = extracellular fluid volume E. total body fluid volume - intracellular fluid volume = interstitial fluid volume Bloom's: Level: 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 01.03 Section: 01.03 Topic: Examples of homeostatic mechanisms Chapter 02 Chemical Composition of the Body and Its Relation to Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which correctly describes the structure of an atom? A. There are always the same number of protons and neutrons. B. There are always the same number of protons and electrons. C. There are always the same number of neutrons and electrons. D. The number of protons, neutrons, and electrons is always the same E. There are never the same number of neutrons and protons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 2. What directly determines an atom's identity? A. the number of electrons B. the number of neutrons C. the number of protons D. the number of bonds it can form E. the ratio of protons to electrons Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 3. Carbon-12 and carbon-14 are isotopes. How are they different from each other? A. different numbers of protons B. different numbers of neutrons C. different numbers of electrons D. they can form different numbers of chemical bonds E. different number of energy shells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 4. Which is a covalent bond? A. two atoms share inner-orbit electrons with each other B. a bond between water molecules C. a bond between two oppositely charged ions D. a bond between two free radicals E. two atoms share outer orbit electrons with each other Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 5. Ions are A. electrically neutral. B. electrically charged. C. formed by the gain or loss of protons from the nucleus. D. insoluble in water. E. nonpolar atoms. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 6. When magnesium loses electrons to become an ion, what does it become? A. a covalent molecule B. a cation C. an anion D. a new element E. a free radical Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 7. If a sports beverage advertises that it replaces the body's electrolytes, what does the drink contain? A. sugars that were broken down for energy B. ionic forms of mineral elements C. lipids that form the membranes of cells D. oxygen and gases used by metabolism E. vitamins Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Objective: Q03.01 Define electrolyte. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 8. Of these major ions found in the body, which one carries a negative charge? A. Chloride B. Sodium C. Potassium D. Hydrogen E. Calcium Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01c Explain how ions and isotopes are produced by changing the relative number of specific subatomic particles with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 9. Which describes a characteristic of free radicals? A. They rapidly oxidize other atoms by removing an electron. B. They are inert molecules that don't interact readily with other molecules. C. They contain two electrons in the outermost orbital. D. They have extra neutrons in their nuclei. E. They are found in high quantities in most sports drinks. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Atoms and molecules 10. Which is true about electrolytes? A. They are neutral atoms. B. They conduct electricity when dissolved in water. C. They are found in pure water. D. They have equal numbers of protons and electrons. E. They are insoluble in water. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.02 Compare and contrast the terms ions, electrolytes, free radicals, isotopes and radioisotopes. HAPS Objective: Q03.01 Define electrolyte. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 11. Which of the following is not true of a polar chemical bond? A. It is covalent. B. It is ionized. C. It has opposite electrical charge at each end. D. It has no net electrical charge. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 12. Which best describes a hydrolysis reaction? A. Molecules are broken down into smaller ones by breaking covalent bonds within water molecules and transferring hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups to the smaller ones. B. Electrically charged molecules separate into ions when they dissolve in water, and then hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups covalently attach themselves to the oppositely charged ions. C. Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones by breaking water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions. D. Dissolving a large molecule in water reduces it to its individual atoms. E. The breaking of hydrogen bonds between any two molecules. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.03 Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Chemical bonding 13. Oil spilled into the ocean does not easily disperse, but rather clumps into an oil slick. Which of the following explains why this occurs? A. Oil is composed mainly of hydrophilic molecules. B. Oil is composed mainly of nonpolar molecules. C. Oil has no hydrogen in its molecular structure, so it can't form hydrogen bonds with water. D. Water is hydrophobic. E. Electrons are shared unequally between carbon and hydrogen atoms. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 14. Molecules that have properties of both polar and nonpolar molecules are called A. hydrophobic. B. hydrophilic. C. amphipathic. D. unipolar. E. bipolar. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Chemical bonding Topic: Membrane structure and function 15. Compounds A, B, and C have molecular weights of 10, 50, and 100, respectively. If 5 grams of each compound were put into 1 liter of water, which compound will have the greatest molar concentration? A. Compound A B. Compound B C. Compound C D. All will have the same molar concentration. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 16. The pH of a solution A. is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen atoms in the solution. B. is a measure of the concentration of hydrogen ions bound to other molecules in the solution. C. is a measure of the concentration of free hydrogen ions in the solution. D. increases as the acidity of the solution increases. E. increases as the free hydrogen ion concentration in the solution increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.04 Define the terms pH, acid, base, and buffer and give examples of physiological significance. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 17. Most of the body weight of an average young adult male is what substance? A. Water B. Protein C. Minerals D. Lipids E. Carbohydrates Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 18. Which is true about the composition of organic molecules? A. They always contain oxygen. B. They always contain carbon. C. They are always macromolecules. D. They never contain hydrogen. E. They never contain oxygen. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.01 Define the term organic molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 19. Carbohydrates: A. have carbon and oxygen atoms in equal proportions. B. are the major organic molecules of the body by mass. C. are nonpolar molecules. D. are defined by the inclusion of nitrogen in their structure. E. are composed of only carbon and hydrogen atoms. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 20. Which chemical group does glucose best fit into? A. monosaccharides B. disaccharides C. polysaccharides D. glycoproteins E. phospholipids Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 21. Carbohydrates are stored in the liver and muscles in the form of A. cellulose. B. starch. C. triacylglycerol. D. glycogen. E. protein. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 22. What are the two main atoms in lipids, and what type of bonds connect them? A. carbon and oxygen, connected by covalent bonds. B. carbon and hydrogen, connected by covalent bonds C. carbon and hydrogen, connected by ionic bonds D. carbon and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds E. oxygen and hydrogen, connected by hydrogen bonds Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 23. Eicosanoids are an important class of regulatory molecules; what chemical class do they belong to? A. steroids B. proteins C. carbohydrates D. fatty acids E. amino acids Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 24. Which statement is FALSE with regard to proteins? A. Their roles in the body include acting as enzymes, providing structural support, and signaling between cells. B. They make up a greater percentage of body mass than carbohydrates do. C. They are composed of nucleic acids. D. They are macromolecules with subunits linked by polypeptide bonds. E. They are polymers made up of amino acids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 25. What best describes the main determinant of the secondary structure of a protein? A. the sequence of the various amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain B. the total number of amino acids that make up a polypeptide chain, and its overall resulting length C. the total number of polypeptide chains that combine to determine the overall size of the protein D. molecular interactions between widely separated regions of a polypeptide, such as disulfide bonds, that stabilize the folded conformation E. molecular interactions along a polypeptide chain that fold various regions into alpha helices or beta sheets Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 26. Which of the following is NOT a type of molecular interaction that determines the tertiary structure of a protein? A. covalent bonds between purines and pyrimidine bases B. ionic bonds C. Van der Waals forces D. covalent bonds between two cysteine amino acids E. hydrogen bonds Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 27. What is the term describing the covalent bond formed between two amino acids? A. Glycosidic bond B. Peptide bond C. Phosphodiester bond D. Ester bond E. Hydrolytic bond Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids . HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 28. Which is a correct description of nucleic acids? A. They are polymers of subunits containing glucose an an amino acids. B. They are polymers of subunits containing glucose, a phosphate group, and an amino acid. C. They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and a purine or pyrimidine base. D. They are polymers of subunits containing a phosphate group, a sugar, and an amino acid. E. They are long polymers of amino acids, folded into an alpha helix. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids . HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA 29. Which best describes the main role of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)? A. It is an amino acid that is part of polypeptide chains that serve structural functions within cells. B. It is a nucleotide that makes up the backbone of DNA and RNA molecules, that harbor the genetic code. C. It is a carbohydrate molecule that can be stored in large quantities in the liver to energize cellular processes. D. It is a purine derivative created from the breakdown of fuel molecules, that transfers energy for cellular processes. E. It is a waste product of aerobic metabolism that is excreted from the body by the kidneys. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP True / False Questions 30. An atom is electrically neutral. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 31. The mass of an atom is the sum of its protons and electrons. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 32. The atomic number of an element is given by the number of electrons in the atom. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 33. An atomic nucleus is electrically neutral. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 34. Protons and neutrons have roughly the same mass. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 35. The atomic number of an element refers to the number of particles in its atomic nucleus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 36. Twelve grams of C contain the same number of atoms as one gram of H. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C01.01a Describe the charge, mass, and relative location of electrons, protons and neutrons with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Objective: C01.01d Distinguish among the terms atomic number, mass number and atomic weight with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 37. The four most common elements in the body are hydrogen, carbon, calcium, and oxygen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 38. Important mineral elements in the body include Na, Ca, and K. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 39. Trace elements such as zinc and manganese are found in minute quantities in the body but do not serve any known function. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 40. The number of covalent bonds that can be formed by a given atom depends upon the number of electrons present in the outermost orbit. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C01.01b Relate the number of electrons in an electron shell to an atoms chemical stability and its ability to form chemical bonds with respect to the structure of an atom. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.01 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 41. Nitrogen atoms can form a maximum of four covalent bonds with other atoms. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.01 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 42. The shape of a molecule may change as atoms rotate about their covalent bonds. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 43. All of the physiologically important atoms of the body readily form ions. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C01 Atoms and molecules. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Section: 02.01 Topic: Atoms and molecules 44. Water molecules can form covalent bonds with other water molecules. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 45. In a molecule of water, an oxygen atom forms a double bond with each of two hydrogen atoms. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 46. The carboxyl ion is an anion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.01 Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.01 Section: 02.02 Topic: Organic compounds 47. NaCl is a molecule formed by the covalent bonding of a sodium atom to a chlorine atom. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 48. All covalent bonds are polar. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01b Explain the mechanism of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.02 Section: 02.02 Topic: Chemical bonding 49. During hydrolysis, hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups are formed. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.03 Define and give examples of dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis reactions. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Organic compounds 50. In general, polar molecules will dissolve in polar solvents, while nonpolar molecules cannot. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.01 Discuss the physiologically important properties of water. HAPS Topic: Module C02 Chemical bonding. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Chemical bonding 51. Solutes that do not dissolve in water are called hydrophilic. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 52. Molecules with both polar and nonpolar regions are called ambidextrous. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C02.01c Provide biologically significant examples of each type of non-polar covalent, polar covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 53. The molarity of a solution is a measure of the concentration of the solute. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.02 Distinguish among the terms solution, solute, solvent, colloid suspension, and emulsion. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 54. A solution with a pH of 8 is more acidic than one with a pH of 3. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C03.05 State acidic, neutral, and alkaline pH values. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 02.03 Section: 02.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 55. Organic chemistry is the study of oxygen-containing compounds. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.01 Define the term organic molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 56. When multiple repeating simple sugar molecules combine to form a larger molecule, it is called a polysaccharide. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 57. Sucrose is called "blood sugar" because it is the most abundant carbohydrate in the blood. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 58. Triacylglycerol is one subclass of lipid molecules. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 59. Saturated fats contain carbon atoms linked by double bonds. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04b Compare and contrast general molecular structure of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 60. Cholesterol is a phospholipid. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 61. Glycoproteins are protein molecules with molecules of glycogen attached to the amino acid side chains. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 62. The sequence of amino acids in a protein is known as the secondary structure. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 63. A protein may consist of more than one polypeptide chain. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 64. Substitution of one amino acid for a different one in a given protein always significantly alters the conformation of that protein. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.05 Describe the four levels of protein structure and discuss the importance of protein shape for protein function. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Organic compounds 65. In DNA, thymine binds with adenine and cytosine binds with uracil. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04a Identify the monomers and polymers of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds. Learning Outcome: 02.04 Section: 02.04 Topic: Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA Chapter 03 Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is a major function of the plasma membrane? A. storing calcium ions B. storing organic chemicals for metabolism C. providing genetic information D. generating ATP E. regulating the passage of molecules into and out of the cell Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 2. Which is NOT a feature of the fluid-mosaic model of plasma membranes. A. Integral membrane proteins are embedded in the membrane. B. Phospholipids form a bilayer. C. Cholesterol associates with phospholipid molecules. D. Carbohydrates are linked to lipids and proteins on the interior surface, forming a glycocalyx layer. E. Peripheral membrane proteins associate with polar regions of integral membrane proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 3. The cell membrane is composed mainly of: A. cytosol. B. phospholipids and proteins. C. phospholipids and nucleic acids. D. water. E. proteins and glycocalyx. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 4. What feature of phospholipids allows them to interact with aqueous cytosol and extracellular fluid, while still presenting a barrier to hydrophilic substances? A. They are polar molecules. B. They are nonpolar molecules. C. They are lipids. D. They are extremely rigid molecules. E. They are amphipathic molecules. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 5. What is the main function of cellular tight junctions? A. They resist forces that tend to pull cells apart. B. They form barriers that restrict the passage of materials through the extracellular space between cells. C. They are protein channels that allow the movement of ions between the cytosol of adjacent cells. D. They are spaces that allow movement of substances between the interior of the nucleus and the cytosol. E. They hold the genetic material in a tightly coiled conformation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 6. What are desmosomes? A. low-resistance channel-like passages that let ions travel between the interiors of adjacent cells B. cell organelles that contain enzymes for digesting cellular debris and foreign microbes C. cellular organelles that transcribe RNA into DNA D. membrane-bound vesicles that pinch off from the plasma membrane and enter the cell E. dense plaques of proteins that maintain firm attachments between adjacent cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 7. Protein channels that link the cytosol of adjacent cells are called ____ _ junctions. A. cadherin B. tight C. gap D. conjunction E. nexus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 8. What cellular structures are most closely associated with vaults? A. nuclear pores B. peroxisomes C. lysosomes D. mitochondria E. gap junctions Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02b Describe the structure of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 9. Which best describes functions of the agranular (smooth) endoplasmic reticulum? A. transcription of DNA into RNA B. generation of ATP C. digestion of engulfed bacteria and cellular debris D. synthesis and packaging of proteins for secretion from the cell or export to other organelles E. synthesis of lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 10. The organelles that digest engulfed bacteria and cell debris are the: A. peroxisomes. B. endosomes. C. lysosomes. D. ribosomes. E. mitochondria. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 11. Which organelles would you expect to be especially numerous in cells that utilize oxygen to generate a great deal of energy in the form of ATP? A. peroxisomes B. endosomes C. lysosomes D. ribosomes E. mitochondria Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 12. Which of these are functions of the Golgi apparatus? A. modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and storing calcium ions B. digestion of engulfed bacteria and using oxygen to generate ATP C. synthesizing lipids and intracellular storage of calcium ions D. modifying proteins synthesized on free ribosomes and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles E. modifying proteins synthesized on ribosomes associated with granular endoplasmic reticulum and allowing the distribution of modified proteins throughout the cell in vesicles Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 13. Which of the following is not true of the cytoskeleton? A. It refers to the cellular components of bone. B. It refers to a network of cytoplasmic filaments. C. It is important for cellular movement. D. It helps to determine a cell's shape. E. It includes actin filaments. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 14. Cell A is a gland cell that makes and secretes proteins. Cell B is another type of cell that synthesizes and secretes steroids. If you were to look at electron micrographs of the two cells, what differences would you expect to see? A. Cell A would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B. B. Cell A would have fewer secretion granules than cell B. C. Cell A would have more agranular endoplasmic reticulum than cell B. D. Cell B would have more granular endoplasmic reticulum than cell A. E. The two cells would most likely look identical. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 15. Neurons have a very prominent nucleolus, which indicates that they are actively performing what function? A. making ATP B. synthesizing lipids C. manufacturing ribosomes D. breaking down carbohydrates E. dividing by mitosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 16. In which organelle are carbohydrate chains added to glycoproteins? A. Golgi apparatus B. smooth endoplasmic reticulum C. nucleus D. lysosome E. mitochondrion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 17. Which is true about the structure and function of a gene? A. It is an uncoiled protein that contains information necessary for the synthesis of other proteins. B. It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that acts as an enzyme to digest proteins. C. It is composed of many molecules of DNA and contains information needed to make RNA. D. It is a sequence of nucleotides in DNA that contains information necessary for the synthesis of proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.04 Section: 03.04 Topic: Genes and their action 18. What is a genome? A. a cluster of genes that are all regulated in the same manner B. a measure of the genetic variability in a population C. a region of DNA that codes for a single protein D. all of the protein in a cell at a given point in time E. the total genetic information in a typical cell of an organism Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.04 Section: 03.04 Topic: Genes and their action 19. What is a codon? A. a triplet of deoxyribonucleotides B. a triplet of ribonucleotides C. a sequence of ribonucleotides on tRNA D. a very small gene E. a very small genome Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 20. What codon corresponds to the DNA sequence G-T-A? A. G-T-A B. A-T-G C. C-A-T D. C-A-U E. T-A-C Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 21. RNA synthesis from a DNA template: A. is called translation of the message. B. requires DNA polymerase. C. is called transcription. D. occurs in the nucleolus. E. occurs in the cytoplasm. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.01 Define the terms genetic code, transcription and translation. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 22. What is the term for the segments of primary RNA that are cleaved and discarded by spliceosomes? A. codons B. introns C. exons D. anticodons E. genes Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 23. Which is a function of transfer RNA (tRNA)? A. transport mRNA out of the nucleus B. binding specifically to mRNA and nonspecifically to amino acids C. binding specifically to amino acids and nonspecifically to mRNA D. binding specifically to both mRNA and to amino acids Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 24. How does the synthesis of proteins that are destined to be secreted differ from that of proteins with functions inside the cell? A. Proteins destined to be secreted have a signal sequence. B. Proteins destined to be secreted are synthesized on free ribosomes. C. Proteins destined to be secreted are packaged into secretory vesicles in the granular endoplasmic reticulum. D. Only proteins destined for secretion need transfer RNA to be synthesized. E. Genes for proteins with functions inside the cell are located in the cytoplasm. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.07 Section: 03.07 Topic: Organelles 25. Which is NOT a function of the Golgi apparatus? A. sorting of proteins destined for various locations in the cell B. modifying proteins destined for secretion C. packaging enzymes destined for lysosomes D. addition of carbohydrate groups to proteins E. transcribing a signal sequence onto proteins destined for secretion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Learning Outcome: 03.07 Section: 03.03 Section: 03.07 Topic: Organelles 26. Which is the best definition of the term ligand? A. a receptor composed of protein B. a molecule or ion that binds to a protein C. any molecule found in the intracellular fluid D. any molecule found in the extracellular fluid E. a carbohydrate molecule that binds weakly to membrane phospholipids Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 27. Which is NOT true about a binding site on a protein? A. It is an area of the protein with a shape complementary to that of a ligand. B. It is determined by the amino acid sequence of the protein. C. The binding of a ligand to a binding site typically changes the conformation of the protein. D. There can only be one binding site on a given protein. E. Binding of a ligand to the binding site typically activates or inactivates a protein's specific function. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 28. A certain protein receptor is capable of binding the neurotransmitter epinephrine but does not bind to the neurotransmitters dopamine, glutamate, or serotonin. This is because the receptor displays what characteristic? A. saturation B. inhibition C. specificity D. acclimatization E. accommodation Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 29. A solution containing proteins of a particular type is exposed to the same concentrations of ligands X and Y, but the percent saturation of molecule X is greater than the percent saturation of molecule Y. Which is most likely to be a true statement? A. The binding sites for ligand X are 100% saturated. B. The binding sites for ligand X have greater specificity than the binding site for ligand Y. C. Ligand X must be a competitive inhibitor of ligand Y. D. Both ligands must bind to the same binding site on the protein. E. The protein has a higher affinity for ligand X than for ligand Y. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 30. Two receptors, A and B, can bind the same chemical signaling molecules but the concentration of those molecules required to reach 50% saturation is twice as great for receptor B. Therefore, the receptors have the same __ , but different ____ . A. specificity, affinity B. specificity, saturation C. affinity, specificity D. affinity, competition E. competition, affinity Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 31. Which describes the action of a ligand's competitive antagonist? A. It decreases the amount of ligand required to activate the protein. B. It blocks the binding of the ligand to its binding site and prevents activation of the protein. C. It binds to a different binding site on the protein, altering the protein shape so that a ligand cannot bind. D. When present, it increases the binding of a ligand to its receptor. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 32. What is the defining characteristic of an allosteric protein? A. They contain two polypeptide chains, with each being an exact mirror image of the other. B. They contain only one ligand-binding site, but because the specificity is low, many different ligands can bind to it. C. They contain two ligand-binding sites, one that activates the protein when a ligand binds, and the other that inactivates the protein when the same ligand binds. D. They contain more than one ligand-binding site, and noncovalent binding of a ligand to one site alters the shape of other ligand-binding sites. E. They contain no binding sites of their own, but act by modulating the activity of other proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 33. What is "allosteric modulation"? A. regulation of physiological functions by the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system B. modification of the functional state of a protein by temperature or pH C. the change in the shape and functional state of a protein that occurs when a ligand binds to a regulatory site D. the fact that all binding sites on a protein must be occupied to have a biological effect E. the ability of a single ligand-binding site to bind to molecularly similar ligands Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 34. Which of these covalently modifies proteins by phosphorylation? A. enzymes called protein phosphatases B. other proteins called allosteric proteins C. any ligand that can bind to specific binding sites D. enzymes called protein kinases E. metal ions, such as Fe2+ Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 35. In skeletal muscle, when calcium binds to the regulatory protein troponin, it increases the affinity of neighboring troponin molecules for calcium. This is an example of A. allosteric modulation. B. cooperativity. C. covalent modulation. D. phosphorylation. E. saturation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 36. Which is NOT true about protein kinases? A. They add phosphate groups to proteins. B. They produce effects similar to allosteric modulation. C. They perform the opposite function as phosphatases. D. They use ATP to carry out their reactions. E. They remove phosphate groups from proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 37. The term "metabolism": A. is synonymous with the term "catabolism." B. is synonymous with the term "anabolism." C. refers to any chemical reaction that involves the production of energy. D. is defined as the covalent modification and activation of a protein with binding sites for organic molecules. E. refers to the synthesis and breakdown of organic molecules involved in cell structure and function. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 38. The probability of a reaction occurring is increased A. by decreasing reactant concentrations. B. by increasing the activation energy. C. by increasing the concentration of any of the products. D. if the reaction uses a great deal of energy. E. if the concentration of one of the reactants increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 39. How does a chemical catalyst increase the rate of a reaction? A. by acting as one of the reactant molecules B. by decreasing the energy of activation C. by increasing the energy content of the product molecules D. by increasing the temperature of a solution E. by phosphorylating a reactant Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 40. With regard to reversible chemical reaction rates, which of the following statements is true? A. Decreasing the concentration of the reactants will increase the forward reaction rate. B. Increasing the temperature will increase the forward and reverse reaction rate. C. Increasing the activation energy will increase the forward reaction rate. D. Increasing the concentration of the products will increase the forward reaction rate. E. As a reaction progresses, the rate of the forward reaction increases as the concentration of reactants decreases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 41. When a reversible chemical reaction is at equilibrium, A. the rate of the reaction in one direction is equal to the rate in the reverse direction. B. the concentration of the reactants is equal to the concentration of the products. C. both the forward and reverse reactions stop occurring. D. the supply of reactants has become exhausted, so the forward reaction ceases and the rate of the reverse reaction increases. E. catalysts no longer influence either the forward or reverse reaction rates. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 42. Which would be true about the following reaction? M + N Y + Z A. Adding a catalyst would alter the final concentrations of products and reactants at equilibrium. B. Starting at chemical equilibrium, increasing the concentration of M will transiently increase the rate of formation of Y and Z. C. Starting at chemical equilibrium, decreasing the concentration of M will increase the concentration of Y and Z. D. Both the reaction is reversible and at chemical equilibrium and increasing the concentration of M will drive the reaction to the left are correct. E. Because the reactants and products are different molecules, this is not a reversible reaction. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 43. Consider the reaction: H2CO3 CO2 + H2O + 4 kcal/mol. Which of the following is TRUE? A. The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products. B. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the reactant is greater than that of the products. C. The reaction is anabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant. D. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products is greater than that of the reactant. E. The reaction is catabolic and the energy content of the products are equal to that of the reactant. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.02 Provide examples of anabolic and catabolic reactions. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 44. At equilibrium, in an irreversible reaction: A. almost all of the reactants will have been converted to products. B. there will be an equal number of products and reactants. C. there will be very few molecules of product. D. small amounts of energy will have been released. E. large amounts of energy must have been input to reach that state. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 45. What is the function of a catalyst in a chemical reaction? A. It lowers the activation energy of the reaction. B. It is split into individual molecules that are products of the reaction. C. It changes the energy content of the reactants. D. It generates heat that makes the reaction proceed. E. It ensures that the reaction can proceed only in one direction, from reactants to products. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.10 Section: 03.10 46. Enzymes A. are catalysts in chemical reactions. B. can be carbohydrate molecules. C. are broken down during chemical reactions they catalyze. D. have names generally ending in the suffix "-ose." E. are polymers of ATP that store large amounts of energy. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 47. Which is NOT true about cofactors involved in enzymatic reactions? A. They may alter the conformation of the enzyme. B. They may be a metal such as iron. C. They may be a substrate in a catalyzed reaction. D. There must be equal quantities of enzyme and cofactor molecules for a reaction to proceed. E. Only a small number of cofactor molecules may be needed to maintain enzyme activity. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 48. What is a coenzyme? A. an organic cofactor that directly participates as one of the substrates in an enzymatic reaction B. a metal, such as zinc, that participates in enzymatic reactions C. a term regarding enzymatic reactions that is synonymous with "cofactor" D. any ligand that binds to a specific site on a protein receptor E. an inorganic molecule that catalyzes enzymatic reactions Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 49. Which of the following is true concerning the rate-limiting step in a metabolic pathway? A. It is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway, and it is always the last step in a metabolic pathway. B. It is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway, and it is always the last step in a metabolic pathway. C. It is always the first step in the pathway, and may be subject to end-product inhibition. D. It is likely to be the slowest reaction in the pathway and it may be subject to end-product inhibition. E. It is likely to be the fastest reaction in the pathway and it may be subject to end-product inhibition. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13 50. In order to increase the overall rate of a metabolic pathway consisting of five reactions catalyzed by five different enzymes, which must occur? A. increasing the reaction rate of all five enzymes B. increasing the reaction rate of the fastest enzyme C. increasing the reaction rate of the slowest enzyme D. increasing the reaction rate of the first enzyme in the pathway E. increasing the reaction rate of the last enzyme in the pathway Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13 51. ATP is A. formed during the hydrolysis of ADP. B. used by cells for the storage of energy. C. used to transfer energy within a cell. D. a protein. E. a molecule with less total energy content than ADP. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C05.01 Describe the generalized reversible reaction for release of energy from ATP and explain the role of ATP in the cell. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP 52. The site where most of the ATP is generated in a cell is the A. nucleus. B. plasma membrane. C. endoplasmic reticulum. D. Golgi apparatus. E. mitochondria. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 53. ATP is A. a nucleotide. B. a lipid. C. an amino acid. D. a carbohydrate. E. a steroid. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04c Provide specific examples of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module C05 Energy transfer using ATP. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Energy transfer using ATP 54. Which is TRUE about glycolysis? A. It does not occur in the absence of O2. B. It does not occur in the presence of O2. C. It may result in the formation of two molecules of lactate for each molecule of glucose. D. It is a series of metabolic reactions that occur mainly inside the inner membrane of a mitochondrion. E. It is a metabolic reaction in which glucose is manufactured from large carbohydrates like glycogen. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 55. Which of the following metabolic pathways can proceed in the absence of oxygen? A. glycolysis B. oxidative phosphorylation C. Krebs cycle D. the breakdown of fatty acids to CO2 and H2O E. None of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 56. What are the products of glycolysis under anaerobic conditions? A. 2 molecules of NADH and 2 molecules of water B. 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of lactate, and 2 ATP C. 2 molecules of pyruvate and 36 molecules of ATP D. 2 molecules of ATP, 2 molecules of water, and 2 molecules of lactate E. 2 molecules of pyruvate, 2 molecules of water, and 2 NADH Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 57. Which of the following is NOT a product of glycolysis? A. carbon dioxide B. ATP C. pyruvate D. NADH Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 58. The reactions of the Krebs cycle: A. take place in the cytosol of human cells. B. generate ATP directly by substrate-level phosphorylation. C. are important for the metabolism of carbohydrates but not other molecules. D. take place only when no oxygen is present. E. produce pyruvate and lactate as end products. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 59. Which is a series of reactions by which fatty acid catabolism occurs? A. glycolysis B. lipogenesis C. beta-oxidation D. glycogenolysis E. phosphorylation Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 60. Which is NOT true about fatty acid synthesis? A. takes place in the cytosol of cells B. results in molecules with an even number of carbon atoms only C. requires more energy than is produced by the catabolism of the same fatty acid D. begins with a molecule of acetyl coenzyme A E. The enzymes that catalyze it are in the same location as those that mediate fatty acid catabolism. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 61. Most energy in the body is stored in what form? A. ATP B. glucose C. fat D. protein E. DNA Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 62. Ammonia is A. a waste product of fatty acid metabolism. B. exhaled by the lungs into the air. C. processed by the liver to form urea, a less toxic compound. D. a waste product of fatty acid metabolism and is excreted by the kidneys into urine. E. a polypeptide containing many amino acids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02e With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the effect of protein metabolism on ammonia and urea production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 63. Before an amino acid can be broken down for energy: A. the side chain must be removed. B. the carboxyl group must be removed. C. it must be converted to NAD+. D. the amino group must be removed. E. it must be phosphorylated. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02c With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of transamination in the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02d With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 64. Electrons transferred along the electron transport chain can be used to form: A. water. B. glucose. C. ATP. D. NADH. E. acetyl coenzyme A. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration True / False Questions 65. A light microscope can be used to view very large proteins in a cell. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01 66. Living cells cannot be viewed under an electron microscope. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01 67. One striking feature of plasma membrane structure is its symmetry, with the extracellular and cytoplasmic surfaces virtual mirror images of each other. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.02 Describe how carbohydrates are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 68. Intracellular fluid is defined as the fluid in the cytoplasm. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C06 Intracellular organization of nucleus and cytoplasm. Learning Outcome: 03.01 Section: 03.01 Topic: Intracellular organization 69. The major lipids in cellular membranes are phospholipids. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 70. The special functions of plasma and organelle membranes depend primarily on the specific composition of the phospholipids of those membranes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.02 Describe how carbohydrates are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 71. One function of integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of cells is to form channels to allow passage of nonpolar solutes into the cell. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 72. Peripheral membrane proteins are involved in regulating cell shape and motility. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 73. Desmosomes are structures that permit direct communication between cells by allowing the cells to exchange small molecules in their cytoplasms. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 03.02 Section: 03.02 Topic: Membrane structure and function 74. Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02b Describe the structure of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Objective: C12.04 Analyze the interrelationships among chromatin, chromosomes and chromatids. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 75. Free ribosomes differ from membrane-bound ribosomes in that free ribosomes specialize in synthesizing proteins for export (secretion) from the cell. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 76. Lysosomes are organelles specialized for breaking down intracellular debris or malfunctioning parts of cells. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 77. The promoter sequence of nucleotides in a gene is present on both strands of the DNA molecule, allowing transcription of both strands. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.02 Explain how and why RNA is synthesized. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 78. Ribosomes transcribe DNA into RNA. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.01 Define the terms genetic code, transcription and translation. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.03 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 79. A ribosome is composed of one molecule of RNA and several proteins. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C09.02b Describe the structure of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 03.03 Section: 03.03 Topic: Organelles 80. The nucleotide triplet in tRNA that base-pairs with a complementary triplet in mRNA is called the codon. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 81. There are twenty different molecules of tRNA. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C10.03 Explain the roles of tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA in protein synthesis. HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 82. Once protein synthesis is completed, the protein that was synthesized may undergo further changes prior to its secretion or use within the cell. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 83. Transcription factors activate or repress the transcription of specific genes by binding to regions of DNA that interact with the promoter region of a gene. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C10.02 Explain how and why RNA is synthesized. HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 84. Proteins destined to become integral membrane proteins have a signal sequence. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.07 Section: 03.07 85. The consequences of mutations are invariably harmful. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 86. The deletion of a single base in a gene would alter the structure of the gene's protein more than the substitution of one base for another. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.02a With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the basic process of protein synthesis. HAPS Topic: Module C10 Protein synthesis. Learning Outcome: 03.05 Section: 03.05 Topic: Protein synthesis 87. In general, the larger the number of different ligands that can bind to a particular binding site on a protein, the less the specificity of that binding site. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 88. The shape of a ligand and the shape of its binding site influence both the specificity and the affinity of binding. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 89. Any given protein contains binding sites for only one kind of ligand. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 90. The greater the ligand concentration needed to achieve 50% saturation of a particular binding site, the higher the affinity of the binding site for that ligand. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acid s. Learning Outcome: 03.08 Section: 03.08 91. Allosteric modulation of a protein involves noncovalent binding of a ligand to a regulatory binding site. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 92. The only role of modulator molecules is to enhance the binding affinity of the functional site of an allosteric protein. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 93. Proteins that mediate or catalyze reactions in which the covalent bonding of the reactant molecules changes are called substrates. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 94. Coenzymes are organic cofactors. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 95. An important function of coenzymes is to act as carriers to transport hydrogen atoms. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O02.04 Explain the roles of coenzyme A, NAD, and FAD in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 96. The active site of an enzyme is a functional binding site. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Section: 03.09 97. The enzyme carbonic anhydrase catalyzes the catabolism of H2CO3 to H2O and CO2. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Objective: O02.03 Compare and contrast the roles of enzymes and coenzymes in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 98. In a metabolic pathway, the same enzyme ordinarily catalyzes several different reactions. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.11 Section: 03.11 99. The rate-limiting reaction in a metabolic pathway is one that occurs at a faster rate than the other steps in the pathway. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.13 100. Allosteric inhibition of rate-limiting enzymes is a common means of regulating anabolic pathways. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme- catalyzed reactions. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. Learning Outcome: 03.09 Learning Outcome: 03.13 Section: 03.09 Section: 03.13 101. During oxidative phosphorylation, hydrogen atoms are passed serially from a coenzyme down a chain of molecules called cytochromes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 102. In the absence of oxygen, cells can derive energy to form ATP from the metabolism of fatty acids. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 103. The first step in glycogen synthesis is the phosphorylation of glucose. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 104. Glucose cannot be synthesized from fatty acids because the reaction converting pyruvic acid to acetyl coenzyme A is not reversible. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 105. Substrate-level phosphorylation takes place in the ribosomes of cells, whereas oxidative phosphorylation takes place in mitochondria. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 106. During anaerobic glycolysis, a net of two molecules of ATP are generated for each molecule of glucose broken down. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 107. In the Krebs cycle, an acetyl fragment is broken down to CO2 and H ions. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl CoA, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 108. The major waste product of metabolism is H2O. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C11.02 With respect to glycolysis, the Krebs (citric acid or TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain: compare and contrast energy input, efficiency of energy production, oxygen use, by-products and cellular location. HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Topic: Module C11 Cellular respiration. Learning Outcome: 03.14 Section: 03.14 Topic: Cellular respiration 109. Most of the energy stored in the body is in the form of glycogen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.04e Discuss physiological and structural roles in the human body of carbohydrates, proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 110. Proteins are broken down to amino acids by enzymes called transaminases. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02d With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 111. Removal of the amino group from an amino acid is necessary before the amino acid can be metabolized for energy. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02d With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, explain how protein catabolism leads to ATP production. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 03.15 Section: 03.15 112. Human beings can synthesize all twenty amino acids the body must have. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01b With respect to nutrients, list the six main classes of nutrients. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16 113. An essential nutrient is one necessary for good health that may or may not be synthesized by the body. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01a With respect to nutrients, define nutrient, essential nutrient and non-essential nutrient. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16 114. Glucose is not considered an essential nutrient because it is not essential for good health. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01a With respect to nutrients, define nutrient, essential nutrient and non-essential nutrient. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16 115. Fat-soluble vitamins are required for health because they act as coenzymes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01b With respect to nutrients, list the six main classes of nutrients. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 03.16 Section: 03.16 Chapter 04 Movement of Molecules Across Cell Membranes Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements regarding the structure and function of cell membranes is correct? A. The phospholipid bilayer is arranged so that the hydrophilic heads of the phospholipid molecule face the extra- and intracellular fluids. B. Some proteins integrated into the membrane serve as channels for the passage of nonpolar molecules through the membrane. C. Peripheral membrane proteins function as channels associated with transport of ions through the membrane. D. Cholesterol molecules function to transport ions from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. E. The plasma membrane is a layer of phospholipid molecules with their hyrophilic head groups in contact with the extracellular solution and the hydrophobic tail groups in contact with the intracellular solution. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C06.01 Identify the three main parts of a cell, and list the general functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Membrane structure and function 2. Which is TRUE regarding diffusion? A. It depends upon the random motion of molecules. B. It results in net movement of molecules from regions of low concentration to regions of high concentration. C. It is the principal mechanism by which molecules are moved over large distances in the body. D. It requires energy in the form of ATP. E. It requires integral membrane proteins to occur. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 3. A solute, X, is placed in compartment A of a two compartment container and allowed to diffuse to compartment B and attain diffusion equilibrium. At that point in time, A. there will be no further movement of any solute molecules between compartments. B. solutes will be moving in both directions equally. C. solutes will only continue to move from A to B. D. solutes will only continue to move from B to A. E. the concentration in compartment B will be much higher than that in compartment A. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 4. Which of the following statements regarding the diffusion of a nonpolar solute X across a cell membrane is correct? A. At equilibrium the net flux of X across the cell membrane is zero. B. At equilibrium, X will cease moving across the cell membrane. C. Solute X will be unable to reach equilibrium because it is nonpolar. D. Solute X will reach equilibrium, but the concentration will be much higher on the inside of the cell because of the smaller volume. E. At equilibrium, movement of X across the membrane will be much faster in one direction than in the other. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 5. Which of the following would decrease the net flux of a penetrating solute into a cell? A. increasing the permeability constant for that solute B. decreasing the temperature C. increasing the concentration of the solute in the extracellular fluid D. increasing the area of the cell membrane E. decreasing the thickness of the membrane Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 6. Equal amounts of two solutes, A and B, are placed into the same beaker of water at the same time. Solute A reaches diffusion equilibrium faster than solute B. What is the most likely explanation for this observation? A. The temperature was greater for solute A than solute B. B. The concentration gradient for A was greater than B. C. Solute A is smaller than solute B. D. Solute A traveled a shorter distance than solute B. E. Solute B is more soluble in water than solute A. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 7. In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly through the lipid bilayer part of cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules. This statement is: A. true. B. false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is polar throughout its width. C. false, because polar molecules diffuse through less rapidly because the bilayer is nonpolar throughout its width. D. false, because nonpolar molecules diffuse through more rapidly because much of the bilayer is nonpolar. E. false, because the rate of diffusion of nonpolar and polar molecules through the bilayer is essentially the same as long as the molecules are the same size. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 8. The permeability of the plasma membrane to mineral ions: A. is not influenced by channels formed by proteins. B. is the same in all cell types. C. is affected by differences in electrical charge on the two sides of the membrane. D. is zero in all living cells. E. is only possible because of the hydrophobic interior of the lipid bilayer. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 9. Ion channels in cell membranes: A. are nonspecific. B. are not affected by differences in electrical potential across the membrane. C. may open in response to binding a ligand. D. only allow ions to move from the extracellular fluid into the cell. E. only allow ions to move from the intracellular fluid out of the cell. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and fil tration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 10. Which is true about mediated transport across cell membranes? A. It refers to the movement of ions through protein channels. B. It refers both to simple diffusion and to the active transport of molecules. C. It is characterized by saturable carriers and a maximum velocity of transport. D. As the concentration gradient across a membrane increases, the transport rate always increases. E. It is nonspecific; any transporter can transport any molecule across the cell membrane. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 11. Which is true about mediated transport of substances across cell membranes? A. It involves a specific membrane protein that functions as a carrier molecule. B. It always involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient. C. It is always directly coupled to the splitting of ATP molecules. D. There is no limit to how fast it can occur as the concentration gradient becomes larger. E. It is the main mechanism for transporting hydrophobic molecules across membranes. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 12. Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes active transport from facilitated diffusion? A. saturation of transport rate B. requirement for a carrier molecule C. carrier molecules have specificity D. presence of a transport maximum E. requirement for metabolic energy Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 13. Which is true regarding the mediated transport of a substance across a plasma membrane? A. It depends upon the binding of that substance to a specific site on the membrane protein. B. It depends upon movement of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other. C. It always increases in direct proportion to the increasing concentration of the substance on one side of the membrane. D. Both "depends upon the binding of that substance to a specific site on the membrane protein" and "depends upon movement of proteins from one side of the membrane to the other" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 14. Which is a form of cellular transport that involves the movement of molecules into cells without passing through the plasma membrane's structural matrix? A. diffusion B. osmosis C. facilitated diffusion D. endocytosis E. apoptosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 15. By what transport mechanism does glucose enter most cells? A. diffusion through the lipid bilayer B. primary active transport C. secondary active transport D. diffusion through a protein channel E. facilitated diffusion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 16. What is the best description of a secondary active transport process that cotransports an amino acid with Na+? A. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind on the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is lowest, and undergo net movement to the other side of the membrane. B. Na+ and the amino acid bind to opposite sides of the membrane, and Na+ undergoes net transport from the side of the membrane with higher Na+ concentration toward the side with lower concentration, while the amino acid moves in the opposite direction. C. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind on the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is higher, and both are transported to the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is lower. D. Both Na+ and the amino acid bind to the side of the membrane where the amino acid concentration is highest and are transported toward the side of the membrane where the amino acid concentration is lower. E. Na+ and the amino acid bind to opposite sides of the membrane, and the amino acid undergoes net transport from the side of the membrane with lower Na+ concentration to the side of the membrane where the Na+ concentration is higher. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 17. Which of the following statements about the Na+-K+ ATPase pump is false? A. It transports Na+ out of cells and K+ into cells. B. It binds to, and hydrolyzes, ATP. C. It is constantly active in all cells. D. Its activity requires the expenditure of metabolic energy. E. It transports Na+ and K+ in a 1:1 ratio. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 18. A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar. What is the best explanation for this observation? A. X is moving into the cell by simple diffusion. B. X is moving into the cell by diffusion through a protein channel. C. X is moving into the cell by facilitated diffusion. D. X is moving into the cell by primary active transport. E. Water is leaving the cell by osmosis. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 19. If the ATP-generating mechanisms in a cell are poisoned and the cell depletes its ATP reserves, which would occur first? A. Primary active transport of molecules would cease. B. Secondary active transport of molecules would cease. C. Facilitated diffusion of molecules would cease. D. Ion concentration gradients would reach equilibrium across the cell membrane. E. All transport processes would cease immediately when the ATP was depleted. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 20. "Osmosis" refers to the movement of what substance across semipermeable membranes? A. glucose B. charged particles C. lipid molecules D. water E. solutes Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 21. If pure water and a solution containing a nonpenetrating solute are separated by a membrane that is permeable only to water, what would occur? A. Water will diffuse by osmosis until the water concentrations in the two compartments become equal. B. Water will diffuse by osmosis until all of the water is on the same side as the solute. C. Water will diffuse by osmosis toward the side with the solute, until stopped by opposing hydrostatic pressure. D. No movement will occur between the compartments. E. Water will diffuse by osmosis away from the side with the solute, until stopped by hydrostatic pressure. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 22. If all other conditions remain the same and the concentration of a nonpenetrating solute increases inside a cell, which is most likely to occur? A. Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity. B. Water will tend to leave the cell because the interior has an increased osmolarity. C. Water will tend to enter the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity. D. Water will tend to leave the cell because the interior has a decreased osmolarity. E. The solute will diffuse across the membrane until its concentration is equal on both sides of the membrane. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 23. What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution? A. It will swell in size. B. It will shrink in size. C. It will stay the same size. D. The result can't be predicted. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 24. What will happen if a normal cell is placed in a hyperosmotic solution? A. It will swell in size. B. It will shrink in size. C. It will stay the same size. D. It may swell, shrink, or stay the same size, depending upon the concentration of penetrating and nonpenetrating solutes in the solution. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 25. If a normal cell is placed into an unknown solution and it shrinks, what can be concluded about the unknown solution? A. Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normal cell. B. Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normal cell. C. Its nonpenetrating solute concentration is equal to that of a normal cell. D. Its penetrating solute concentration is less than that of a normal cell. E. Its penetrating solute concentration is greater than that of a normal cell. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 26. Why do solutions for injection or infusion into people with low blood volume normally contain 150 mM NaCl? A. This is a hypotonic solution, which will cause water movement into dehydrated blood cells. B. This is an isotonic solution, and the water in it will follow Na and Cl into the intracellular fluid compartment. C. This is a hypertonic solution, which will raise the blood volume and pressure more rapidly than an isotonic solution would. D. This is an isotonic solution, and NaCl will keep the added volume in the extracellular fluid compartment. E. NaCl are penetrating solutes, which will get them more quickly into blood cells to increase their volume. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 27. Which of these is an example of a hypertonic solution? A. 200 mM NaCl B. 300 mM glucose C. 100 mM MgCl2 D. 400 mM urea E. 100 mM NaCl Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 28. Which of the following solutions is not isotonic to human cells? A. 150 mM NaCl B. 300 mM urea C. 100 mM MgCl2 D. 300 mOsm NaCl Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 29. Regarding the tonicity and osmolarity of solutions, which of the following statements is not true? A. The term "tonicity" refers to the effect that a solution has on the degree of stretch or shrinking of the cell membrane. B. The term "osmolarity" refers to the osmotic properties of a solution, regardless of its tonicity. C. Isotonic solutions are always isoosmotic. D. Hypoosmotic solutions are always hypotonic. E. Hypertonic solutions are always hyperosmotic. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.02 Describe the effects of hypertonic, isotonic, and hypotonic conditions on cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 30. Which of the following statements regarding endocytosis and exocytosis is correct? A. Endocytosis is a method by which large molecules may be secreted from a cell. B. Exocytosis is a method by which large molecules may be secreted from a cell. C. Pinocytosis is a form of endocytosis; phagocytosis is a type of exocytosis. D. Pinocytosis is a form of exocytosis; phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis. E. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are both types of exocytosis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 31. Which form of endocytosis is nonspecific, in that it occurs by the formation of an invagination of the plasma membrane, which then fills with interstitial fluid of the immediate area? A. active transport B. hyperosmotic vesicular entrapment C. phagocytosis D. pinocytosis E. hydrosmosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 32. What type of cellular transport involves the cytosolic protein clathrin? A. exocytosis B. receptor-mediated endocytosis C. primary active transport D. secondary active transport E. pinocytosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 33. What process lowers blood plasma levels of cholesterol-containing lipoproteins? A. second messenger-activated, sterol transgenesis B. hydrophobic phagocytosis C. simple, transcellular membrane diffusion D. Na+ gradient-dependent, secondary active transport E. clathrin-dependent, receptor-mediated endocytosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 34. Once formed inside of the cell, most endocytic vesicles will fuse with which organelle for sorting? A. endoplasmic reticulum B. Golgi apparatus C. endosome D. nucleus E. mitochondria Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 35. At any given time it is possible to see endocytotic vesicles docked to intracellular organelles such as those that may receive their contents for modification, synthesis, packaging, and then release. Which organelle would be most likely to be involved in this process as a destination for a transport vesicle formed for this purpose along the plasma membrane? A. Golgi apparatus B. peroxisome C. lysosome D. mitochondrion E. ribosome Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Organelles 36. Which of the following statements about epithelial cells and epithelial transport is NOT correct? A. Epithelial cell membranes express different transport proteins on different cell surfaces. B. Epithelial cells lining the small intestine have Na, K-ATPase pumps only in their basolateral membranes. C. The plasma membrane of epithelial cells that face the inside of a hollow or fluid-filled chamber in the body is called the basolateral membrane. D. The pathway taken by substances that flow between epithelial cells is called the paracellular pathway. E. When substances cross epithelial barriers by going through the cell membranes and cytosol, it is called the transcellular pathway. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 37. Which lists the epithelial cell barrier compartments in the order of the typical Na+ concentrations, from highest to lowest? A. intracellular, lumen side, blood side B. blood side, lumen side, intracellular C. blood side, intracellular, lumen side D. lumen side, intracellular, blood side E. lumen side, blood side, intracellular Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 38. What is the most common transport mechanism by which glucose and other organic solutes cross the luminal membrane of an epithelial cell layer? A. secondary active cotransport with Na+ B. glucose ATPase pump C. facilitated diffusion D. simple diffusion through the paracellular pathway E. through an ion channel Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes True / False Questions 39. The greater the concentration difference of a substance between two volumes separated by a permeable membrane, the lesser the magnitude of the net flux of the substance. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 40. All other factors being equal, the rate of diffusion across a permeable surface will be greater for small molecules than for larger ones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 41. Molecules increase their rate of diffusion as temperature increases. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 42. In general, polar molecules diffuse more rapidly across cell membranes than do nonpolar molecules. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 43. The component of the plasma membrane that acts as a selective barrier to diffusion of polar molecules is the integral proteins. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 44. Although permeability to mineral ions does not vary much from one cell to another, different cells vary considerably in their permeability to nonpolar molecules. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 45. Specific proteins in the membranes mediate movement of lipid-soluble molecules into cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 46. Integral membrane proteins can form channels through which ions such as Na+ and K+ can diffuse. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration . HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 47. Mediated transport is required in order for glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids to pass into cells because none of these substances can diffuse through plasma membranes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.01 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 48. In active transport, the affinity of any given binding site for the molecule to be transported changes as the site goes from facing one side of the membrane to facing the other side. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 49. The final equilibrium state reached by a molecule that enters a cell by facilitated diffusion is the same as that for a molecule that enters the cell by diffusion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.01 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 50. The Na/K ATPase pump is an enzyme that phosphorylates itself. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 51. In most of the cells in the body there is an electrical difference such that the inside of cells is positive with respect to the outside. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 04.01 Section: 04.01 52. The concentration of calcium in the cytosol of most resting cells is very much lower than the concentration of extracellular calcium. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 53. Because of the active transport of Na+ and K+, the intracellular concentration of Na+ is lower than the extracellular concentration, whereas the reverse is true for K+. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 54. The Na+/K+-ATPase carrier transports sodium ions out of cells and potassium ions into cells on a one-to-one basis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 55. Active transport, facilitated diffusion, and osmosis all directly require the expenditure of metabolic energy. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.02 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 56. Both primary and secondary active transport require the expenditure of metabolic energy. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Section: 04.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 57. Adding one mole of NaCl to one liter of water will lower the water concentration twice as much as adding one mole of glucose. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 58. Adding one gram of NaCl to one liter of water will lower the water concentration twice as much as adding one gram of glucose. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions 59. The higher the osmolarity of a solution, the higher the concentration of water in it. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C03 Inorganic compounds and solutions. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Inorganic compounds and solutions Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 60. The intracellular concentration of water in the cells of the body is normally the same as the extracellular concentration of water. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 61. If a cell were placed in a solution of 0.15 M NaCl, it would shrink. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 62. In the body, Na+ ions behave as if they are nonpenetrating solutes because they are actively transported out of cells. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.02 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 63. In the body, K+ ions behave as if they are penetrating solutes because they are actively transported into cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.02 Learning Outcome: 04.03 Section: 04.02 Section: 04.03 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 64. The fate of all endocytotic vesicles is digestion of their contents by lysosomal enzymes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Organelles 65. A portion of a cell's plasma membrane is removed during endocytosis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 66. Endocytosis of any kind requires metabolic energy. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01c Discuss the energy requirements and, if applicable, the sources of energy for each process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 67. Most cells can perform pinocytosis, but only a few kinds can perform phagocytosis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01d Give examples of each membrane transport process in the human body – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 68. Phagocytic leukocytes use phagocytosis to engulf foreign bacteria and destroy them within ribosomes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Objective: C09.02c Describe the function of each different type of organelle associated with human cells. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. HAPS Topic: Module C09 Organelles. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Organelles 69. Pinocytosis is a method by which molecules can leave cells whose membranes are impermeable to the molecules. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 70. The clathrin protein involved in carrying out receptor-mediated transport remains with an endosome as it moves deep within the cell and is degraded entirely along with the ingested internal contents. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.01b Describe the mechanism by which movement of material occurs in each membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtrati on. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.04 Section: 04.04 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 71. The luminal side of an epithelial cell is also known as the basolateral side. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 72. The plasma membranes of epithelial cells facing the lumen of hollow organs or tubes have the same transport proteins as the plasma membranes that face the interstitial fluid. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C08.03 Demonstrate various cell transport processes and, given appropriate information, predict the outcomes of these demonstrations. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 73. Most organic solutes cross epithelial membranes by simple diffusion on the lumen side followed by active transport across the blood side of the membrane. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 74. Net movement of solute across an epithelium that is permeable to water is always accompanied by movement of water in the opposite direction. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C08.01a State the type of material moving in each of the membrane transport process – simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis, active transport, exocytosis, endocytosis, phagocytosis, pinocytosis, and filtration. HAPS Topic: Module C08 Mechanisms for movement of materials across cell membranes. Learning Outcome: 04.05 Section: 04.05 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Chapter 05 Cell Signaling in Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. What are the most common receptors for hydrophilic intercellular messenger molecules? A. peripheral membrane proteins B. integral membrane proteins C. specialized phospholipids within the membrane D. nucleic acids E. intracellular proteins Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Membrane structure and function 2. Specificity is an important characteristic of intercellular communication; which of these best explains how it occurs? A. The phospholipid composition of the plasma membrane differs among cells. B. Protein receptors are only located on the surface of target cells. C. All cells have the same DNA, so any cell can express protein receptors for a specific chemical. D. Chemical messengers are all proteins, so bind only to receptors that are proteins. E. Protein receptors for chemical messengers are only expressed in specific target cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: C07.03 Describe how proteins are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Membrane structure and function 3. Which of the following are ways in which binding of an intercellular chemical messenger with a cell's receptor can bring about a cellular response? A. opening or closing of specific ionic channels in the plasma membrane B. activation of an intracellular second-messenger system C. promoting or inhibiting the transcription of genes that code for the synthesis of cellular proteins D. activating or inhibiting intracellular enzymes E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Genes and their action Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes 4. Which of these is a lipid-soluble messenger? A. thyroid hormone B. protein kinase C. glucose D. sodium E. cyclic AMP Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Organic compounds 5. The process whereby repeated exposure to a hormone can cause a decrease in the number of receptors for that hormone is called A. competition. B. inhibition. C. down-regulation. D. antagonism. E. saturation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C14.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how individual cells respond to their environment (e.g., in terms of organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or regulation of cell cycle) in order to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Topic: Module C14 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 6. Cocaine lowers the levels of a chemical messenger in the brain called enkephalin. Researchers have found the number of enkephalin receptors to be higher in cocaine addicts than nonaddicted people. This is an example of A. saturation. B. up-regulation. C. antagonism. D. affinity. E. down-regulation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C14.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how individual cells respond to their environment (e.g., in terms of organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or regulation of cell cycle) in order to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module C14 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 7. Methadone is a drug given to treat heroin addicts. It works by binding to the same receptors as heroin but with greater affinity, thereby preventing heroin from binding. This is an example of A. competition. B. down-regulation. C. signal transduction. D. agonistic behavior. E. up-regulation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 8. Epinephrine activates the cyclic AMP pathway in liver cells. In this example, epinephrine is a and cAMP is a ___ . A. ligand, receptor B. first messenger, hydrophobic hormone C. second messenger, ion channel D. first messenger, second messenger E. enzyme, second messenger Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 9. At very low concentrations, epinephrine causes an artery to dilate. At higher concentrations epinephrine causes the same artery to constrict. How can these different effects be explained? A. There is one type of epinephrine receptor that uses two second-messenger systems. B. There are two types of epinephrine receptors with different affinities for epinephrine that use two different second-messenger systems. C. There are two types of receptors for epinephrine that use the same second-messenger system. D. At higher concentrations epinephrine can pass through the plasma membrane and directly stimulate contraction within the cell. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effe ct(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 10. With regard to the action of hormones and neurotransmitters on cellular receptors, which of these describes "amplification"? A. When the extracellular concentration of a chemical messenger reaches a very high level, it overwhelms transporter molecules and the chemical floods into the cell. B. Only hydrophilic first-messenger molecules can activate second-messenger molecules within the cell cytosol. C. A single first-messenger molecule activates multiple second-messenger molecules, each of which activate thousands of enzymes. D. Some cellular receptors have such low affinity for chemical ligands that it can require a million or more molecules to activate them. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 11. Cells can increase their responsiveness to an external chemical regulator by A. increasing the number of their transmembrane receptors by exocytosis. B. decreasing the number of their transmembrane receptors by endocytosis. C. uncoupling their receptors from the second message generator. D. increasing the number of their transmembrane receptors by endocytosis. E. mutating their extracellular receptors so that the affinity for the chemical regulator is reduced. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C14.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how individual cells respond to their environment (e.g., in terms of organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or regulation of cell cycle) in order to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C14 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 12. In which situation would an injected drug be the most effective agonist for an endogenous chemical messenger? A. The drug has a lower affinity for the messenger's receptors than the messenger does. B. The drug achieves 50% saturation of the messenger's receptors at a lower concentration than that required by the messenger. C. The drug does not couple to the binding site of the messenger's receptor. D. The drug binds to an alternate binding site on the protein receptor and reduces its affinity for the endogenous chemical messenger. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 13. A fat cell responds to the presence of the hormone epinephrine by increasing cytosolic cyclic AMP production, which leads to the catabolism of both glycogen and fat. What is the most likely explanation for this phenomenon? A. Epinephrine is binding to two types of receptors in the plasma membrane. B. The activated receptor complex stimulates production of two different second messengers. C. Cyclic AMP directly activates enzymes that catabolize glycogen and fat. D. Cyclic AMP-dependent protein kinase activates two kinds of enzymes. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 14. Which of the following is NOT typically true about G proteins? A. They act as second messengers. B. They can be stimulatory for second-messenger production. C. They can be inhibitory for second-messenger production. D. They can act as transducers for activated receptors by opening or closing ion channels. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 15. Which is NOT typically a step in the cAMP second-messenger system? A. A first messenger binds to a transmembrane receptor. B. There is dissociation of G-protein subunits. C. An activated G-protein subunit phosphorylates cAMP-dependent protein kinase. D. Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP. E. Active cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates cell proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 16. Second messengers: A. are necessary for all receptor signal transduction mechanisms. B. act in the cell cytoplasm. C. only function as intercellular messengers. D. always function to activate enzymes. E. are always proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 17. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. Phosphorylation by protein kinases can stimulate or inhibit the activity of effector proteins. B. Ca2+ is not a second messenger. C. Phosphodiesterase converts GMP into cGMP D. Conversion of ATP to cAMP is a phosphorylation reaction. E. Phospholipase C converts ATP to cAMP. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 18. Which of the following is known to be a second messenger? A. diacylglycerol B. phospholipase C C. ATP D. adenylyl cyclase E. epinephrine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 19. Amplification during a second-messenger cascade is beneficial because amplification: A. takes small molecules and makes polymers out of them. B. results in the production of more of the first messenger. C. allows a cell to respond to more different hormones. D. allows small amounts of hormones to produce large responses in target cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 20. Amplification of a second-messenger cascade can take place at which level of a signal cascade? A. One activated receptor can activate numerous G-proteins. B. One activated G-protein can activate numerous effector enzymes. C. One active effector enzyme can catalyze numerous reactions. D. One activated protein kinase can allosterically modulate numerous proteins. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 21. What is a role of calcium ions in the second-messenger cascade involving phospholipase C, diacylglycerol, and inositol triphosphate? A. It splits and activates G-protein subunits. B. It binds to the endoplasmic reticulum and causes the release of inositol trisphosphate. C. It phosphorylates cell proteins. D. It is the first messenger that binds to the integral membrane protein receptor. E. Along with diacylglycerol, it activates protein kinase C. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 22. What second messenger most directly causes calcium ions to be released from intracellular stores? A. diacylglycerol B. adenylyl cyclase C. inositol triphosphate D. phospholipase A E. phospholipase C Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell Topic: Organelles True / False Questions 23. First messengers may bind to a membrane receptor that is an ion channel, which promotes a change in membrane polarity. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Mechanisms for movement across cell membranes Topic: Membrane structure and function 24. Eicosanoids are a family of ubiquitous, fatty-acid-derived, local chemical messengers. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: J06.02 List two major types of eicosanoids and discuss their production and functions. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell Topic: Membrane structure and function 25. Aspirin and other nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are more specific in their effects on eicosanoid synthesis than are steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J06.02 List two major types of eicosanoids and discuss their production and functions. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 26. Two cell types having the same type of receptor for a chemical messenger will always respond to that messenger in the same way. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.13 Explain how a single neurotransmitter may be excitatory at one synapse and inhibitory at another. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 27. Competition for receptors is strictly a pharmacological phenomenon, since naturally occurring chemical messengers do not compete with each other for the same receptor site. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 28. An antagonist blocks the action of a chemical messenger by binding to its receptor. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C15.01 Predict factors or situations that could disrupt organelle function, transport processes, protein synthesis, or the cell cycle. HAPS Topic: Module C15 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 05.01 Section: 05.01 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 29. Phosphorylation is a necessary component of any enzyme activation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 30. The enzyme that catalyzes the production of cAMP from ATP is phosphodiesterase. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 31. Cyclic AMP activates allosteric proteins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell 32. Activated calmodulin functions to activate or inactivate cytosolic enzymes. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C04.06 Demonstrate factors that affect enzyme activity, including denaturation, and interpret graphs showing the effects of various factors on the rate of enzyme-catalyzed reactions. HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module C04 Organic compounds HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors Learning Outcome: 05.02 Section: 05.02 Topic: Clinical applications of homeostatic mechanisms of the cell Chapter 06 Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is/are functions of the human nervous system? A. receiving, storing, and processing information on the internal and external environments B. bringing about changes in physiology and/or behavior to ensure optimal functions of homeostatic mechanisms C. secretion of hormones D. coordination of movement E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H01.01 Describe the major functions of the nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H01 General functions of the nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.01 Section: 06.15 Topic: General functions of the nervous system Topic: Neural integration in the CNS 2. Which is NOT true of myelin? A. It is a fatty membranous sheath. B. It is formed by glial cells. C. It influences the velocity of conduction of an electrical signal down an axon. D. It covers all parts of the neuron, including the axon, cell body, and dendrites. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.03b Describe functions for each of the glial cells found in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H03.03c Explain how the anatomy of each CNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H03.04b Describe functions for each type of glial cell found in the PNS. HAPS Objective: H03.04c Explain how the anatomy of each PNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H04.13b Explain how axon diameter and myelination affect impulse conduction velocity. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.01 Section: 06.07 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of glial cells Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 3. Which of the following is NOT true about axon transport? A. It refers to the passage of materials from the cell body of a neuron to the axon terminals. B. It refers to the passage of materials from axon terminals to the cell body of a neuron. C. It refers to the transport of materials from the inside to the outside across the axonal membrane. D. It is especially important for maintaining the integrity of neurons with long axons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02b Identify soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites in each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar). HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Section: 06.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of neurons 4. Which is FALSE about neurons? A. A given neuron can be either a presynaptic neuron or a postsynaptic neuron. B. An individual neuron can receive information from multiple other neurons. C. An individual neuron can transmit information to multiple other neurons. D. A neuron can simultaneously release more than one type of neurotransmitter. E. A neuron receives information on its axons and delivers it to other neurons through its dendrites. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.01 Identify the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells at a synapse. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Learning Outcome: 06.02 Learning Outcome: 06.08 Section: 06.01 Section: 06.02 Section: 06.08 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 5. Which of the following is NOT true of glial cells? A. They form the myelin for axons. B. Neurons outnumber glial cells 10 to 1 in the nervous system. C. They deliver fuel molecules to neurons and remove the waste products of metabolism. D. They are important for the growth and development of the nervous system. E. They regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.03b Describe functions for each of the glial cells found in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H03.04b Describe functions for each type of glial cell found in the PNS. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. Learning Outcome: 06.03 Section: 06.03 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of glial cells 6. The difference in electrical charge between two points: A. is called the potential difference between those points. B. is called the diffusion potential between those points. C. is called the current, and is expressed in the units of millimoles. D. is the same for all ions. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.05 Section: 06.05 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 7. According to the equation expressed as Ohm's law, which of these would cause the greatest increase in current? A. doubling both voltage and resistance B. reducing both voltage and resistance by half C. doubling voltage and reducing resistance by half D. reducing voltage by half and doubling resistance E. quadrupling both voltage and resistance Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.05 Section: 06.05 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 8. Compartments A and B are separated by a membrane that is permeable to K+ but not to Na+ or Cl-. At time zero, a solution of KCl is poured into compartment A and an equally concentrated solution of NaCl is poured into compartment B. Which would be true once equilibrium is reached? A. The concentration of Na+ in A will be higher than it was at time zero. B. Diffusion of K+ from A to B will be greater than the diffusion of K+ from B to A. C. There will be a potential difference across the membrane, with side B negative relative to side A. D. The electrical potential difference and diffusion potential due to the concentration gradient for K+ will be equal in magnitude and opposite in direction. E. The concentration of Cl- will be higher in B than it was at time zero. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 9. Which is TRUE about the resting membrane potential? A. It requires very few ions to be distributed unevenly. B. It has the same value in all cells. C. It is oriented so that the cell's interior is positive with respect to the extracellular fluid. D. Only nerve and muscle cells have a potential difference across the membrane at rest. E. It is not altered by changing concentration gradients of permeating ions. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 10. Which is TRUE about typical, resting neurons? A. The plasma membrane is most permeable to sodium ions. B. The concentration of sodium ion is greater inside the cell than outside. C. The permeability of the plasma membrane to potassium ions is much greater than its permeability to sodium ions. D. The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to sodium ions. E. The plasma membrane is completely impermeable to potassium ions. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.01 Define permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellu lar fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 11. The membrane potential of most neurons at rest is: A. equal to the equilibrium potential for potassium. B. equal to the equilibrium potential for sodium. C. slightly more negative than the equilibrium potential of potassium ion. D. more positive than the equilibrium potential for potassium. E. more positive than the equilibrium potential for sodium. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 12. The diffusion potential due to the concentration gradient for Na+ across a nerve cell membrane: A. favors its movement into the cell at the resting membrane potential. B. favors its movement out of the cell at the resting membrane potential. C. is equal and opposite to the electrical potential acting on Na+ at the resting membrane potential. D. Is in the same direction as the diffusion potential due to the concentration gradient for K+. E. favors movement of Na+ in the opposite direction as the electrical potential acting on Na+ at the resting membrane potential. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellu lar fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 13. Which would result from an increase in the extracellular concentration of K+ above normal? A. depolarization of resting nerve cells B. hyperpolarization of resting nerve cells C. The potassium equilibrium potential of nerve cells would become more negative. D. The sodium equilibrium potential would become less positive. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 14. Which is TRUE about the Na+, K+ ATPase pump in neurons? A. It generates a small electrical potential such that the inside is made negative with respect to the outside. B. It maintains a concentration gradient for K+ such that diffusion forces favor movement of K+ into the cell. C. It maintains an electrical gradient at the equilibrium potential of K+. D. It transports equal numbers of sodium and potassium ions with each pump cycle. E. It pumps 3 Na+ ions into the cell for every 2 K+ ions it pumps out. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellu lar fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 15. Which of these would occur if the concentration of ATP were depleted in a typical nerve cell? A. Resting membrane potential would become more negative. B. Resting membrane potential would become less negative. C. The concentration gradient for Na+ would remain the same. D. The resting membrane potential would eventually become positive inside with respect to outside. E. There would be no change in the resting membrane potential. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 16. Which is FALSE about the equilibrium potential of a given ion across a membrane? A. It is a function of the concentration of that ion on both sides of the membrane. B. It is the potential at which there is no net movement of that ion across the membrane. C. It is the potential difference across the membrane at which an electric force favoring movement of the ion in one direction is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the diffusion force provided by the concentration difference of the ion across the membrane. D. A permeable ion will move in the direction that will tend to bring the membrane potential toward that ion's equilibrium potential. E. An anion that is in higher concentration inside the cell than outside the cell will have a negative eqilibrium potential. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 17. The equilibrium potential of K+ ions in nerve cells is about -90 mV. The membrane potential of typical nerve cells at rest is -70 mV. Therefore A. Increasing the permeability of a resting neuronal membrane to K+ will make the membrane potential more negative inside with respect to outside. B. In resting neurons, there is a net diffusion of K+ into the cell. C. changing the resting membrane potential of a neuron to -80 mV would increase K+ diffusion rate out of the cell. D. potassium is the only permanent ion at rest. E. there must be another permanent ion with an equilibrium potential more negative than -90 mV. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 18. Which of the following statements concerning the permeability of a typical neuron membrane at rest is TRUE? A. The permeability to Na+ is much greater than the permeability to K+. B. All of the K+ channels in the membrane are open. C. The voltage-gated Na+ channels are in the inactivated state. D. Most of the voltage-gated Na+ channels are in the closed state. E. There is equal permeability to Na+ and K+. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.01 Define permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.02 Explain how ion channels affect neuron selective permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 19. Which is NOT an example of a graded potential? A. a receptor potential in a sensory receptor cell B. a depolarizing excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) C. a hyperpolarizing inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) D. a depolarizing pacemaker potential E. a depolarizing action potential Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 20. An action potential in a neuronal membrane differs from a graded potential in that: A. an action potential requires the opening of Ca2+ channels, whereas a graded potential does not. B. an action potential is propagated without decrement, whereas a graded potential decrements with distance. C. an action potential has a threshold, whereas a graded potential is an all-or-none phenomenon. D. movement of Na+ and K+ across cell membranes mediate action potentials, while graded potentials do not involve movement of Na+ and K+. E. action potentials vary in size with the size of a stimulus, while graded potentials do not. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.13a Describe how local circuit currents cause impulse conduction in an unmyelinated axon. HAPS Objective: H04.13c Describe saltatory conduction. HAPS Objective: H05.10 Explain how movement of sodium ions alone, or movement of both sodium and potassium ions, across the postsynaptic cell membrane can excite a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.11 Explain how movement of potassium or chloride ions across the postsynaptic cell membrane can inhibit a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 21. A threshold stimulus applied to an excitable membrane is one that is just sufficient to: A. trigger an excitatory postsynaptic potential. B. cause a change in membrane potential. C. trigger an action potential. D. be conducted to the axon hillock. E. depolarize a dendrite. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 22. Which must happen in order for an action potential to begin? A. The membrane potential must be at the Na+ equilibrium potential. B. Na+ influx must exceed K+ efflux. C. The membrane must be out of the relative refractory period. D. Na+ channels must all be inactivated. E. Multiple inhibitory postsynaptic potentials (IPSPs) must summate. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 23. Which describes the response of the voltage-gated channels when an axon is stimulated to threshold? A. K+ channels open before the Na+ channels. B. Na+ channels are activated and then inactivated. C. K+ channels open at the same time as the Na+ channels. D. K+ channels are opened when Na+ binds to the channel. E. K+ influx causes Na+ channels to inactivate. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 24. During the rising (depolarizing) phase of a neuronal action potential, A. PK+ becomes much greater than PNa+. B. PNa+ becomes much greater than PK+. C. PK+ is the same as PNa+. D. Na+ efflux (flow out of the cell) occurs. E. K+ flows rapidly into the cell. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.01 Define permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.11 Interpret a graph showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an action potential, and relate the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize to the events of an action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 25. Which is TRUE about neuronal membrane electrical and concentration gradients at the peak of the action potential? A. The electrical gradient is in a direction that would tend to move K+ out of the cell. B. The concentration gradient for K+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. C. The concentration gradient for K+ greatly increases compared to at rest. D. The concentration gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it out of the cell. E. The electrical gradient for Na+ is in a direction that would tend to move it into the cell. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.03 Contrast the relative concentrations of sodium, potassium and chloride ions inside and outside of a cell. HAPS Objective: H04.04 Differentiate between a concentration gradient and an electrical potential. HAPS Objective: H04.05 Define electrochemical gradient. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.11 Interpret a graph showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an action potential, and relate the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize to the events of an action potential. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 26. Which is most directly responsible for the falling (repolarizing) phase of the action potential? A. Voltage-gated Na+ channels are opened. B. The Na+, K+ pump restores the ions to their original locations inside and outside of the cell. C. The permeability to Na+ increases greatly. D. ATPase destroys the energy supply that was maintaining the action potential at its peak. E. The permeability to K+ increases greatly while that to Na+ decreases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.01 Define permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Objective: H04.11 Interpret a graph showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an action potential, and relate the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize to the events of an action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 27. Why are action potentials sometimes described as being "all-or-none" in character? A. The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength. B. They are associated with an absolute refractory period. C. A supra-threshold stimulus is required to stimulate an action potential during the relative refractory period. D. An action potential occurs whenever a suprathreshold stimulus occurs, and its amplitude does not vary with the size of a stimulus, as long as the membrane is not in the refractory period. E. Action potentials are always the same size, even when ion gradients vary in size. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H04.13b Explain how axon diameter and myelination affect impulse conduction velocity. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 28. Which of the following statements about the phases of a neuronal action potential is TRUE? A. During the after-hyperpolarization phase, the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions is greater than its permeability to potassium ions. B. During the after-hyperpolarization phase, the permeability of the membrane to potassium ions is greater than its permeability at rest. C. During the repolarizing phase, the permeability of the membrane to sodium ions is greater than its permeability to potassium ions. D. Potassium channels inactivate during the depolarization phase. E. Repolarizing to negative membrane potentials causes the sodium channels to inactivate. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.01 Define permeability. HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.11 Interpret a graph showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an action potential, and relate the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize to the events of an action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 29. Which of the following statements about the refractory period of a membrane is TRUE? A. The absolute refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential cannot be initiated in that part of the membrane that is undergoing an action potential, no matter how great the strength of the stimulus. B. The relative refractory period refers to the period of time during which another action potential can be initiated in that part of the membrane that has just undergone an action potential if a stronger than normal stimulus is applied. C. The refractory period prevents the action potential from spreading back over the part of the membrane that just underwent an action potential. D. The refractory period places an upper limit on the frequency with which a nerve cell can conduct action potentials. E. All of the above choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H04.12c Discuss the consequence of a neuron having an absolute refractory period. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 30. The relative refractory period of an axon coincides with the period of A. activation and inactivation of voltage-dependent Na+ channels. B. Na+ permeability that is greater than that during the depolarization phase. C. increased K+ flux into the cell. D. increased K+ permeability of the cell. E. Increased Na+ flux through K+ channels. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.12b Explain the physiological basis of the absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 31. Neuronal axons typically have abundant A. voltage-gated channels for Na+ that open in response to depolarization. B. voltage-gated channels for K+ that open in response to hyperpolarization. C. ligand-gated channels for Na+. D. ligand-gated channels for K+. E. voltage-gated channels for Ca2+. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H04.06c Differentiate between voltage-gated and chemically-gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 32. Which of the following statements regarding action potentials generated in a neuronal membrane is FALSE? A. Action potentials travel decrementally down the membrane. B. An action potential generates a new action potential in an adjacent area of membrane. C. An action potential generates a local current that depolarizes adjacent membrane to threshold potential. D. Action potentials are usually initiated at the initial segment of a neuron. E. An action potential generated by a threshold stimulus is the same size as one generated by a supra-threshold stimulus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.13a Describe how local circuit currents cause impulse conduction in an unmyelinated axon. HAPS Objective: H04.13c Describe saltatory conduction. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 33. Which of the following statements concerning the properties of action potentials is TRUE? A. The rate of propagation of an action potential down an axon is independent of stimulus strength. B. Action potentials can undergo summation. C. A supra-threshold stimulus can stimulate an action potential during the absolute refractory period. D. Action potentials generally propagate from the axon terminal toward the initial segment. E. Increasing the size of a stimulus will increase the amplitude of an action potential. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H04.12c Discuss the consequence of a neuron having an absolute refractory period. HAPS Objective: H04.13b Explain how axon diameter and myelination affect impulse conduction velocity. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 34. How is the strength of a stimulus encoded by neurons? A. by the size of action potentials B. by the frequency of action potentials C. by the duration of action potentials D. by whether the action potential peak is positive or negative Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.11 Interpret a graph showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an action potential, and relate the terms depolarize, repolarize, and hyperpolarize to the events of an action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.12c Discuss the consequence of a neuron having an absolute refractory period. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 35. Which of the following statements concerning the rate of action potential propagation is TRUE? A. It is faster in small-diameter axons than in large-diameter axons. B. It is faster for a strong stimulus than for a weak one. C. It is faster in myelinated axons than in nonmyelinated axons. D. It is faster in the dendrites than in the axon. E. It occurs at the same rate in all axons, regardless of their diameter. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.13b Explain how axon diameter and myelination affect impulse conduction velocity. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 36. An action potential does not re-stimulate the adjacent membrane that was previously depolarized because A. stimulation is inhibited by the myelin sheath. B. it is impossible for an action potential to be propagated along an axon toward the nerve cell body. C. the resting membrane potential of the axon is too positive. D. the resting membrane potential of the axon is too negative. E. that area of the membrane is in the absolutely refractory period. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H04.12b Explain the physiological basis of the absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: H04.12c Discuss the consequence of a neuron having an absolute refractory period. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 37. The regions of axon membrane that lie between regions of myelin are the A. ganglia. B. nodes of Ranvier. C. synaptic membranes. D. glial cells. E. pia mater. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.03c Explain how the anatomy of each CNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H03.04c Explain how the anatomy of each PNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H04.13c Describe saltatory conduction. HAPS Objective: H05.02 List the structures that comprise a chemical synapse. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.01 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 38. Which is FALSE about interneurons? A. They receive synaptic input from other neurons in the CNS. B. They sum excitatory and inhibitory synaptic inputs. C. They deliver synaptic input on other neurons. D. They make synapses on effector organs in the PNS. E. They can transmit information between afferent neurons and efferent neurons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. Learning Outcome: 06.02 Section: 06.02 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system 39. Exocytosis of neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft is triggered by an influx of __ in response to the arrival of an action potential in the axon terminal. A. K+ B. Na+ C. Ca2+ D. ATP E. Cl- Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.04 Restate the steps that lead from the action potential arriving in the synaptic terminal to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.09 Section: 06.09 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 40. The main role of calcium ions at chemical synapses is to A. depolarize the axon terminal of the presynaptic cell. B. bind to neurotransmitter receptors on the postsynaptic cell. C. cause fusion of synaptic vesicles with the plasma membrane of the axon terminal. D. interfere with IPSPs in the postsynaptic cell. E. diffuse across the synaptic space and enter the postsynaptic cell. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.04 Restate the steps that lead from the action potential arriving in the synaptic terminal to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. HAPS Objective: H05.07 Describe the events of synaptic transmission in proper chronological order. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.09 Section: 06.09 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 41. At an excitatory chemical synapse between two neurons, A. there is increased permeability of the postsynaptic cell to both Na+ and K+. B. a small hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic membrane occurs when the synapse is activated. C. an action potential in the presynaptic neuron always causes an action potential in the postsynaptic neuron. D. excitation occurs because K+ enters the postsynaptic cell. E. action potentials spread through gap junctions between cells. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.07 Describe the events of synaptic transmission in proper chronological order. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H05.10 Explain how movement of sodium ions alone, or movement of both sodium and potassium ions, across the postsynaptic cell membrane can excite a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.11 Explain how movement of potassium or chloride ions across the postsynaptic cell membrane can inhibit a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.17 Compare and contrast chemical and electrical synapses. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.10 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.10 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 42. An inhibitory postsynaptic potential: A. is produced by simultaneous increases in permeability to both Na+ and K+. B. occurs when a ligand-gated ion channel increases its permeability to K+. C. is a small depolarization in a postsynaptic cell. D. can be summed with other IPSPs to trigger an action potential in the postsynaptic cell. E. is produced by an increase in permeability to only Na+. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H05.10 Explain how movement of sodium ions alone, or movement of both sodium and potassium ions, across the postsynaptic cell membrane can excite a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.11 Explain how movement of potassium or chloride ions across the postsynaptic cell membrane can inhibit a neuron. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.10 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.10 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 43. Which of the following statements about EPSPs is FALSE? A. They are produced by the opening of ligand-gated sodium channels. B. They transmit signals over relatively short distances. C. They depolarize postsynaptic cell membranes. D. They are able to summate. E. They are always the same amplitude. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H05.10 Explain how movement of sodium ions alone, or movement of both sodium and potassium ions, across the postsynaptic cell membrane can excite a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.10 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.10 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 44. An EPSP: A. is a direct result of the opening of ligand-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. B. is a direct result of the opening of voltage-gated channels permeable to both Na+ and K+ ions. C. stabilizes the membrane to remain at its resting potential. D. opens voltage-gated Ca2+ channels in the presynaptic membrane. E. occurs when voltage-gated Cl- channels open in a postsynaptic cell membrane. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.04 Restate the steps that lead from the action potential arriving in the synaptic terminal to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. HAPS Objective: H05.06 Explain how the receptors for neurotransmitters are related to chemically- gated ion channels. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.10 Explain how movement of sodium ions alone, or movement of both sodium and potassium ions, across the postsynaptic cell membrane can excite a neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.11 Explain how movement of potassium or chloride ions across the postsynaptic cell membrane can inhibit a neuron. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.10 Section: 06.10 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 45. Which best describes temporal summation? A. A synapse is stimulated a second time before the effect of a first stimulus at the synapse has terminated. B. It only refers to addition of EPSPs. C. Two synapses on different regions of a cell are stimulated at the same time. D. It always brings a postsynaptic cell to threshold. E. The size of an EPSP depends on the size of the stimulus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 46. A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs - from neurons X, Y, and Z. Stimulation of neuron X causes the postsynaptic neuron to depolarize by 0.5 mV. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously, the postsynaptic neuron depolarizes by 1 mV. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. What is most likely true about presynaptic neurons Y and Z? A. They are both excitatory. B. They are both inhibitory. C. Y is excitatory and Z is inhibitory. D. Z is excitatory and Y is inhibitory. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 47. A postsynaptic neuron has three presynaptic inputs - from neurons X, Y, and Z. When X and Y are stimulated simultaneously and repeatedly, the postsynaptic neuron reaches threshold and undergoes an action potential. When X and Z are stimulated simultaneously, however, there is no change in the membrane potential of the postsynaptic neuron. The simultaneous stimulation of X and Y is an example of A. temporal summation. B. presynaptic inhibition. C. spatial summation. D. neuronal divergence. E. presynaptic facilitation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.08 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Learning Outcome: 06.12 Section: 06.08 Section: 06.11 Section: 06.12 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 48. Which is TRUE about the initial segment of an axon? A. Its membrane potential at threshold is more positive than that of the cell body and dendrites. B. Its membrane potential at threshold is more negative than that of the cell body and dendrites. C. Synapses far from the initial segment are more effective in influencing whether an action potential will be generated in the axon than are synapses close to the initial segment. D. It is the region where neurotransmitter vesicles are docked and ready to be released by exocytosis. E. It can only conduct graded potentials because it lacks voltage-gated Na+ channels. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02b Identify soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites in each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar). HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H05.03 Describe the synaptic (axon) terminal. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Learning Outcome: 06.08 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.07 Section: 06.08 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 49. A presynaptic synapse: A. is a synapse between an axon terminal and a dendrite that can be either excitatory or inhibitory. B. is a synapse between an axon terminal and another axon's terminal that can be either excitatory or inhibitory. C. is any synapse onto a cell body, and they can be either stimulatory or inhibitory. D. is a synapse between an axon terminal and a dendrite of the same cell, which is always inhibitory. E. is a synapse between an axon terminal and another axon's terminal that is always inhibitory. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.01 Identify the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells at a synapse. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.12 Section: 06.12 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 50. Neuron X makes inhibitory axon-axon synaptic contact with neuron Y at the synapse of Y and neuron Z. Which will occur when action potentials are stimulated in neuron X? A. Neuron Y will be inhibited from reaching the threshold to fire an action potential. B. The release of neurotransmitter by neuron Y will be inhibited. C. The synapse between neurons Y and Z will be changed from an excitatory synapse to an inhibitory one. D. Neurons Y and Z will both be more likely to reach threshold and fire an action potential. E. Neurons Y and Z will both be less likely to reach threshold and fire an action potential. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.01 Identify the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells at a synapse. HAPS Objective: H05.04 Restate the steps that lead from the action potential arriving in the synaptic terminal to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. HAPS Objective: H05.07 Describe the events of synaptic transmission in proper chronological order. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.12 Section: 06.12 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 51. Which of the following is NOT known to be an important neurotransmitter in the CNS? A. Dopamine B. Acetylcholine C. Morphine D. Glutamate E. Substance P Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 52. Which of the following statements about acetylcholine is correct? A. Acetylcholine binds to nicotinic and muscarinic receptors. B. Acetylcholine binds to adrenergic receptors. C. Acetylcholine synthesis is catalyzed by acetylcholinesterase D. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released by most sympathetic postganglionic neurons. E. Acetylcholine is generally transported back into presynaptic nerve terminals without being enzymatically degraded. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 53. Which of the following statements regarding neurotransmitters is TRUE? A. Acetylcholine is broken down by enzymes present on postsynaptic cell membranes. B. Acetylcholine that is released at synapses binds to adrenergic receptors in the postsynaptic cell membrane. C. Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the central nervous system. D. Opiate drugs, such as morphine, are antagonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins. E. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a major excitatory transmitter in the central nervous system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 54. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter released by: A. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla. B. cells of the adrenal medulla and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. C. motor neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. E. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and motor neurons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.13 Section: 06.18 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 55. Which of the following statements about norepinephrine is FALSE? A. Norepinephrine is a neurotransmitter. B. Norepinephrine binds to adrenergic receptors. C. Norepinephrine is a catecholamine. D. Dopamine is a precursor to norepinephrine. E. Epinephrine is a precursor to norepinephrine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 56. Which of the following enzymes is important for the metabolism of catecholamines? A. Tyrosine hydroxylase B. Acetylcholinesterase C. Superoxide dismutase D. Trypsin E. Adenylyl cyclase Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 57. Nicotine is: A. a cholinergic antagonist. B. a beta-adrenergic agonist. C. a cholinergic agonist. D. an alpha-adrenergic antagonist. E. a neurotransmitter. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 58. Serotonin: A. acts as a neuromodulator. B. is a catecholamine neurotransmitter. C. is a neuropeptide. D. has an inhibitory effect on pathways that are involved in the control of muscles. E. has an excitatory effect on pathways that mediate sensations. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.14 Describe the mechanism by which neurotransmitters may have indirect (metabotropic) effects on postsynaptic cells. HAPS Objective: H05.16 Propose a possible CNS function for each biogenic amine neurotransmitter. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 59. Alzheimer's disease is thought to involve primarily: A. loss of neurons that secrete or respond to catecholamines. B. loss of adrenergic neurons. C. loss of cholinergic neurons. D. loss of neurons that secrete or respond to dopamine. E. tumors that produce excess serotonin. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 60. Which is one of the major inhibitory neurotransmittors in the CNS? A. Glutamate B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) E. Beta-endorphin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 61. Which is one of the most abundant excitatory neurotransmittors in the CNS? A. Glutamate B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) E. Endorphin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 62. The central nervous system includes the: A. afferent nerves and spinal cord. B. efferent nerves and spinal cord. C. autonomic nervous system and the brain. D. brain stem and the autonomic nervous system. E. brain and spinal cord. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.01 List the parts of the nervous system that constitute the central nervous system (CNS) and those that constitute the peripheral nervous system (PNS). HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system 63. The portion of the peripheral nervous system that is composed of nerve fibers that innervate skeletal muscle is called the: A. afferent nervous system. B. sympathetic nervous system. C. parasympathetic nervous system. D. somatic motor nervous system. E. autonomic nervous system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H02.02 Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system. HAPS Objective: H14.01 Distinguish between the effectors of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.17 Section: 06.17 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems 64. The region of the brain that is the most important control area for homeostatic regulation of the internal environment is: A. the thalamus. B. the hippocampus. C. the cerebrum. D. the cerebellum. E. the hypothalamus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 65. Which of the following kinds of neurons is NOT generally cholinergic? A. somatic motor neurons B. postganglionic sympathetic neurons C. postganglionic parasympathetic neurons D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons E. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 66. Which of the following does NOT result from the binding of nicotine with nicotinic acetylcholine receptors? A. a mild form of skeletal muscle paralysis that creates a more relaxed state B. signal transmission at neuromuscular junctions C. generation of excitatory signals within autonomic ganglia D. the release of norepinephrine, dopamine, and epinephrine E. facilitation of the release of multiple neurotransmitters within the brain, including the "reward pathway" involving dopamine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 67. Drug X interferes with the action of norepinephrine at synapses. Which of the following mechanisms would NOT explain the effects of X? A. X inhibits synthesis of norepinephrine at the axon terminal. B. X inhibits norepinephrine release from the terminal. C. X blocks reuptake of norepinephrine by the terminal. D. X is an adrenergic receptor antagonist. E. X stimulates the catabolism of norepinephrine. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.07 Describe the events of synaptic transmission in proper chronological order. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 68. Synthesis of neuropeptides differs from that of other neurotransmitters because it: A. takes place in the axon terminals of neurons. B. takes place in the cell bodies of neurons. C. takes place on ribosomes in the postsynaptic cell's membrane. D. uses amino acids as precursor molecules. E. only takes place at synapses outside the central nervous system. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H03.02b Identify soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites in each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar). HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H05.03 Describe the synaptic (axon) terminal. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of neurons Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 69. Which best describes the reticular formation of the brain? A. It is mainly involved in motor coordination and balance. B. It is the master endocrine gland of the brain. C. It is primarily responsible for visual perception. D. It integrates information from all regions of the CNS, and incorporates the mechanisms that regulate sleep and wakefulness. E. It is the primary synaptic relay station for sensory information entering the CNS. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.09 Describe the location and functions of the reticular activating system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 70. The cerebellum: A. is important for coordinating body movement. B. is the gray matter covering the entire surface of the brain. C. is the same thing as the brain stem. D. is in the anterior portion of the brain, just above the eyes. E. is one of the basal nuclei that is found deep inside the cerebrum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Gross anatomy of the components of the brain 71. The ___ _ is best described as "an interconnected group of brain structures including parts of the frontal lobe-cortex, temporal lobe, thalamus, and hypothalamus, that is associated with learning, emotional experience, and behavior?" A. diencephalon B. cerebrum C. limbic system D. reticular formation E. cerebellum Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 72. Which is a FALSE statement about the cerebrospinal fluid? A. It has the same composition as blood plasma. B. It acts as a cushion for the brain and spinal cord. C. It is secreted by cells lining the ventricles of the brain. D. It circulates within and between brain ventricles and surrounds the spinal cord. E. It is in diffusion equilibrium with the extracellular fluid of the central nervous system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H08.03 Describe the functions of cerebrospinal fluid, as well as the details of its production, its circulation within the central nervous system, and its ultimate reabsorption into the bloodstream. HAPS Topic: Module H08 Protective roles of the cranial bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. Learning Outcome: 06.19 Section: 06.19 Topic: Protective roles of cranial bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid 73. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of the sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system? A. Preganglionic neurons tend to be long, with the ganglion located in or near the effector target tissue(s). B. Preganglionic neurons are short and synapse in ganglia located near the spinal cord. C. Preganglionic neurons release acetylcholine at synapses with postganglionic neurons. D. Postganglionic neurons release norepinephrine at their neuroeffector junctions. E. Postganglionic neuron cell bodies are located in the collateral chain ganglia (sympathetic trunk). Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Anatomy of the sympathetic division of the ANS Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 74. Postganglionic neuron cell bodies of the autonomic nervous system have which category of neurotransmitter receptor? A. Adrenergic receptors B. Serotonin receptors C. Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors D. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors E. Dopamine receptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system True / False Questions 75. A myelinated axon is shielded from direct contact with the extracellular fluid all along its length. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.03c Explain how the anatomy of each CNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H03.04c Explain how the anatomy of each PNS glial cell supports its function. HAPS Objective: H04.13c Describe saltatory conduction. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.01 Section: 06.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of neurons Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 76. The lipid portion of a cell's plasma membrane constitutes a barrier to current. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in the cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: H04.02 Explain how ion channels affect neuron selective permeability. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.05 Section: 06.05 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 77. Ions other than K+ play no role in generating the resting membrane potential of a cell. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06b Explain how passive ion channels cause development of the resting membrane potential in neurons. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 78. The maintenance of a resting potential in a neuron depends indirectly upon the functioning of the Na+, K+-ATPase pumps in the membrane. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.06 Section: 06.06 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 79. A graded potential in a membrane results in an electric current along an adjacent area of membrane and this current diminishes with distance from the site of the initial potential change. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.12 Compare and contrast synaptic potentials with action potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 80. During a hyperpolarizing graded potential, positively charged ions flow away from the site of the initial hyperpolarization on the outside of membrane and toward this site on the inside. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.08 Define excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) and inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) and interpret graphs showing the voltage vs. time relationship of an EPSP and an IPSP. HAPS Objective: H05.11 Explain how movement of potassium or chloride ions across the postsynaptic cell membrane can inhibit a neuron. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 81. Because so many Na+ ions move into a cell during an action potential and so many K+ ions move out, no further action potentials can be generated in a given membrane until the Na+, K+-ATPase pumps can restore the concentration gradient. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.08 Describe the role of the sodium-potassium exchange pump in maintaining the resting membrane potential and making continued action potentials possible. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 82. The Na+ and K+ channels that open during an action potential are voltage-regulated, both opening in response to depolarization of the membrane. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 83. SNARE receptor protein complexes in presynaptic neurons function as inhibitors of calcium transport to dampen or reduce the amount of neurotransmitter vesicles that participate in exocytosis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.03 Describe the synaptic (axon) terminal. HAPS Objective: H05.04 Restate the steps that lead from the action potential arriving in the synaptic terminal to the release of neurotransmitter from synaptic vesicles. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.09 Section: 06.09 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 84. The action potential elicited by a supra-threshold stimulus is larger than one elicited by a threshold stimulus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 85. The relative refractory period of an excitable membrane refers to the period of time during which no stimulus, however strong, will elicit a second action potential in the membrane. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.12a Define absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 86. The absolute refractory period of an excitable membrane roughly corresponds to the period when sodium channels are opening and inactivated. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.06d Describe the voltage-gated ion channels that are essential for development of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H04.12b Explain the physiological basis of the absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 87. Because all parts of a neuronal cell body have the same threshold, no one synapse on the cell is more important than any other. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Learning Outcome: 06.11 Section: 06.07 Section: 06.11 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 88. The frequency of action potentials in a postsynaptic cell is directly related to the degree of depolarization of the postsynaptic cell. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.07 Section: 06.07 Topic: Physiology of nerve impulse transmission 89. Catecholamines are the most abundant neurotransmitters in the CNS. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 90. Opioid drugs, such as morphine, are agonists of a class of neurotransmitters called endorphins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 06.13 Section: 06.13 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 91. The most common neurotransmitters for neuroeffector communication are dopamine and acetylcholine. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.14 Learning Outcome: 06.17 Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.14 Section: 06.17 Section: 06.18 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 92. Dorsal root ganglia contain the cell bodies of efferent neurons. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H10.04 Identify the dorsal root ganglia, dorsal and ventral roots, and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Learning Outcome: 06.16 Section: 06.16 Topic: Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves 93. Spinal nerves are composed of the axons of both afferent and efferent neurons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H10.01 Describe the gross anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves and specify their location relative to the anatomy of the skeletal system. HAPS Objective: H10.04 Identify the dorsal root ganglia, dorsal and ventral roots, and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Learning Outcome: 06.16 Section: 06.16 Topic: Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves 94. Although nerve cells in each cerebral hemisphere make connections with other cells in the same hemisphere, there is no crossover of information between the two hemispheres. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.06 Discuss the concept of cerebral hemispheric specialization and the role of the corpus callosum in connecting the two halves of the cerebrum. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Gross anatomy of the components of the brain 95. The cerebrum consists only of gray matter. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H10.03 Contrast the relative position of gray matter and white matter in the spinal cord with the corresponding arrangement of gray and white matter in the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Gross anatomy of the components of the brain 96. The basal nuclei are important subcortical nuclei in the cerebrum. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Gross anatomy of the components of the brain 97. The thalamus is the single most important control area for regulating the homeostasis of the internal environment. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 06.15 Section: 06.15 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 98. The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system consists of the somatic nervous system and the autonomic nervous system. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H02.02 Differentiate between the somatic and autonomic divisions of the nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. Learning Outcome: 06.17 Section: 06.17 Topic: Anatomical and functional organization of the nervous system 99. Preganglionic fibers of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system leave the CNS at the level of the brainstem and sacral portions of the spinal cord. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Anatomy of the parasympathetic division of the ANS 100. Most of the parasympathetic ganglia lie in chains along the spinal cord called sympathetic trunks. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Anatomy of the parasympathetic division of the ANS 101. Responses made possible by motor signals transmitted by the parasympathetic nervous system tend to be displayed throughout the body simultaneously because there is much divergence of nerve pathways and close anatomical association between presynaptic neurons and their ganglia as well as accessory activity with the adrenal glands. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.01 Discuss the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and the general physiological roles of each. HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Anatomy of the parasympathetic division of the ANS Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 102. The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit, whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discreet, independent components. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.01 Discuss the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and the general physiological roles of each. HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post- ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 103. "Dual innervation of effectors" refers to the innervation of the same effector organs by somatic and autonomic nerves. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.03 Describe examples of specific effectors dually innervated by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain how each branch influences function in a given effector. HAPS Objective: H14.01 Distinguish between the effectors of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 06.18 Section: 06.18 Topic: Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system Chapter 07 Sensory Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements regarding sensory systems is correct? A. All sensory information that reaches the brain can be experienced as a conscious sensation. B. Sensory information that leads to conscious awareness of the stimulus is called transduction. C. The term "sensory unit" refers to a group of receptors that receive a particular stimulus and the afferent neuron associated with those receptors. D. The term "adequate stimulus" means that a stimulus is strong enough to be detected. E. Some sensory receptors are modifications of the peripheral endings of efferent neurons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H06.04 Describe the relationship between unipolar neurons and receptors for general senses. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 2. Which is TRUE about receptor potentials? A. They are action potentials. B. They always trigger action potentials. C. They vary in magnitude with stimulus strength. D. They propagate without decrement. E. They generally occur at the axon hillock of afferent neurons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H03.02b Identify soma (cell body), axon, and dendrites in each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar). HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H06.05 Differentiate between the site of action potential generation in a unipolar neuron and a multipolar neuron. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Grossand microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 3. A sensory unit is defined as A. all of the sensory receptors in a given area of the body that respond to the same stimulus. B. a single receptor ending and its afferent nerve fiber. C. a single afferent neuron and all its receptor endings. D. an afferent neuron and its postsynaptic interneurons. E. a reflex composed of an afferent neuron, an interneuron, and an efferent neuron. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H06.04 Describe the relationship between unipolar neurons and receptors for general senses. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 4. What is the best definition of the "receptive field" of an afferent neuron? A. The number of interneurons with which the central process of the afferent neuron makes synaptic contact via divergence. B. The type of stimulus energy to which the afferent neuron is most sensitive. C. All of the interneuron cell bodies and dendrites onto which the afferent neuron synapses. D. The area of the cerebral cortex in which information from that afferent neuron is initially received. E. The area of the body that, when stimulated, leads to activity in that particular afferent neuron. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 5. Which best describes the process of "adaptation" in sensory receptors? A. Information from sensory receptors reaches the cerebral cortex and the person becomes aware of it. B. Conversion of the energy of a stimulus into a pattern of electrical activity. C. Persistence of the sensation of a limb even after it has been severed from the body. D. A decrease in receptor sensitivity despite continuation of a stimulus. E. A depolarization of receptive membrane that increase in magnitude as the stimulus intensity increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H06.06 Explain the phenomenon of adaptation. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 6. Which is TRUE regarding the ascending pathways in the sensory system? A. Specific pathways for auditory stimuli project primarily to the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. B. Specific pathways for all sensory information synapse in the somatosensory cortex. C. Specific pathways for olfaction synapse in the limbic system. D. Specific pathways for visual stimuli project primarily to the frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex. E. Specific pathways for pain project primarily to the occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I03.03 Describe the path of nerve impulses from the olfactory receptors to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.03 Section: 07.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 7. Polymodal neurons are: A. afferent neurons. B. interneurons that receive synaptic input from different kinds of sensory units. C. part of specific ascending sensory pathways. D. interneurons that receive synaptic input from only one type of sensory unit. E. efferent neurons. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.03 Section: 07.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 8. Which is an accurate description of the cortical association areas? A. They are all found in the parietal lobe of the cerebral cortex. B. They integrate multiple types of sensory information and are responsible for complex processing of sensory information. C. They are the cortical locations where primary sensory information first arrives from specific ascending pathways. D. They are found deep in the cerebrum, surrounding the thalamus. E. Their main input is sensory information arriving along neurons that project directly from the thalamus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.04 Section: 07.04 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 9. Which of the following is most important for the determination of stimulus type? A. the relative sensitivity of different receptors to different stimulus energies B. the presence of polymodal neurons in the sensory pathway C. the intensity of a stimulus D. the location on the body where a stimulus is applied E. propagation of a signal along a nonspecific ascending pathway Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 10. Which of these is one reason you can distinguish between a needle prick on the foot and an ice cube on the wrist? A. The ice cube stimulates a different class of receptors than the needle prick, even though both signals go to exactly the same location in the brain. B. The action potentials from the needle prick are inherently different from the impulse generated by the ice cube. C. The region of the brain to which one receptor pathway leads is different from the region to which the other pathway leads. D. The needle prick generates a stronger action potential in any one neuron than an ice cube does. E. The needle prick generates a higher frequency of action potentials than the ice cube does. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H07.05 Explain why the sensory and motor homunculi are relevant clinically. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.02 Section: 07.05 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 11. Which of the following statements regarding the determination of stimulus intensity is true? A. Stronger intensity stimuli cause rapid adaptation, while weaker stimuli cause slower adaptation. B. The amplitude of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. C. The duration of receptor potentials decreases with increasing stimulus intensity. D. The frequency of action potentials increases with increasing stimulus intensity. E. The only means of detecting intensity changes is through recruitment of greater numbers of sensory units. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H06.06 Explain the phenomenon of adaptation. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.01 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 12. Which of the following statements regarding the precision of locating a somatic stimulus is FALSE? A. The precision is greater in areas of the body that have small, overlapping receptive fields than in areas with large, nonoverlapping receptive fields. B. The precision is greater in the lips and fingers than on the back. C. The precision is greater for the skin than for the internal organs. D. Lateral inhibition of parallel afferent pathways increases the precision of locating a stimulus. E. Convergence of afferent neurons onto common ascending pathways increases acuity. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 13. Which best describes lateral inhibition in the somatic sensory system? A. The frequency of action potentials along pathways from the site of a stimulus is increased by lateral inhibition. B. The precision of locating a stimulus is increased by inhibiting signaling along nearby, parallel pathways. C. The precision of locating a stimulus is enhanced by increasing the frequency of action potentials in nearby, parallel pathways. D. Stimuli of one particular modality in a region of the body block transmission of action potentials coding for other modalities generated in the same region of the body. E. Lateral inhibition reduces the contrast between the frequency of action potentials generated at the center of a stimulus and the frequency of action potentials in surrounding pathways. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 14. A stimulus to which afferent neurons X, Y, and Z are sensitive is applied in the middle of Y's receptive field. The same stimulus simultaneously activates receptors on the periphery of the receptive fields of X and Z. Which of the following is likely to be true? A. The receptor potential in neurons X and Z will be more depolarized than in neuron Y. B. It won't be possible to discriminate which neuron's receptive field was stimulated at its center. C. The frequency of action potentials in the afferent pathway from neuron Y will be increased by excitatory interneurons projecting from the afferent pathways from neurons X and Z. D. The frequency of action potentials in neuron Y will be greater than that in neurons X and Z. E. The receptor potentials in all three neurons will achieve the same, average value. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 15. Which of the following would NOT be categorized as a "somatic" sensation? A. pressure B. cold and warmth C. sound D. proprioception E. kinesthesia Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: E04.01b With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and temperature receptors), describe the location of each structure in the body. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module E04 Anatomy and functional roles of accessory structures HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 16. Which of the following statements regarding sensory pathways is correct? A. All somatic sensory information that reaches the cerebral cortex is first processed in the thalamus. B. Somatic sensory information from the left side of the body projects to the left side of the somatosensory cortex. C. All somatic sensory information travels together in a single tract in the spinal cord. D. Ascending pathways in the anterolateral column of the spinal cord carry information about fine touch discrimination. E. Ascending pathways in the dorsal column of the spinal cord carry information about pain from the back muscles. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 17. Which of the following statements regarding pain pathways is FALSE? A. Substance P is an important neurotransmitter in specific pain pathways. B. Transmission of information in pain pathways may be inhibited by activation of neurons that synthesize opiate neurotransmitters. C. Synaptic activity in afferent neurons associated with pain receptors can be inhibited by axon-axon synapses with neurons from descending pathways. D. Afferents neurons that detect painful stimuli in the skin can converge onto common ascending pathways with neurons that detect painful stimuli in internal organs. E. Substance P is released by neurons descending from the brain, and it inhibits activation of ascending pain pathways. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 18. Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a lesion (injury) that destroyed the right side of the spinal cord in the region of the upper back be most likely to experience? A. loss of both pressure sense and pain in the right foot B. loss of both pressure sense and pain in the left foot C. loss of pressure sense in the right foot and pain in the left foot D. loss of pressure sense in the left foot and pain in the right foot Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 19. Accommodation for near vision requires: A. flattening of the lens. B. contraction of the ciliary muscles. C. activation of the sympathetic nervous system. D. increased rounding of the cornea. E. dilation of the pupil. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.03 Describe examples of specific effectors dually innervated by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain how each branch influences function in a given effector. HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the special sense organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 20. During normal viewing of a distant object, the: A. firing of parasympathetic nerves to ciliary muscles increases. B. zonular fibers are slackened. C. lens flattens. D. light rays striking the eyes are diverged by the cornea. E. ciliary muscles are contracted. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.03 Describe examples of specific effectors dually innervated by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain how each branch influences function in a given effector. HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the special sense organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 21. A person whose lens focuses light from distant objects in front of (rather than on) the retina has a condition called: A. presbyopia. B. hyperopia. C. myopia. D. cataract. E. glaucoma. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Physiology of vision 22. Which of the following statements regarding vision is FALSE? A. The cornea refracts light rays more strongly than the lens. B. Presbyopia is a condition in which the lens cannot accommodate adequately for near vision. C. Myopia is a condition in which the lens focuses light from distant objects behind the retina. D. Cataract is an increase in opacity (clouding) of the lens. E. The image of an object that is focused on the retina is upside down relative to the object's actual position in space. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Physiology of vision 23. A person struggling with a stressful exam question might experience difficulty focusing her eyes on the paper because: A. she suddenly develops presbyopia. B. activation of her parasympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. C. activation of her sympathetic nerves causes sudden contraction of her ciliary muscles. D. activation of her parasympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles. E. activation of her sympathetic nerves inhibits contraction of her ciliary muscles. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: H13.03 Describe examples of specific effectors dually innervated by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain how each branch influences function in a given effector. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 24. Which of the following statements with regard to vision is FALSE? A. Photoreceptors are neurons. B. There are two basic types of photoreceptors in the retina, rods, and cones. C. There are normally four different photopigments in the retina. D. There are four different chromophore molecules in the retina. E. There are four different opsins in the retina. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 25. Which of the following statements about rods and cones in the retina is TRUE? A. Cones enable us to see in dim light; rods provide color vision. B. Rods and cones all have the same kind of opsin. C. Cones are found in highest density in the fovea; rods are more prevalent near the edges of the retina. D. Rods require brighter light to activate them than do cones. E. Rods provide higher visual acuity than do cones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.06 Compare and contrast the function of rods and cones in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 26. Which of these occurs when light strikes photoreceptors? A. The chromophore retinal undergoes a change of shape. B. There is an increase in neurotransmitter release from photoreceptor cells. C. The photoreceptor cell membrane becomes depolarized. D. The concentration of cyclic GMP inside cells increases. E. The photoreceptor cells are stimulated and fire action potentials. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 27. The membrane potential of rod and cone cells is around: A. -70 mV in the dark, and the cells depolarize in the light. B. -70 mV in the dark, and the cells hyperpolarize in the light. C. -35 mV in the dark, and the cells hyperpolarize in the light. D. -35 mV in the dark, and the cells depolarize in the light. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 28. Each of the following statements regarding vision is true. Which statement best explains why we cannot see colors in dim light? A. The human eye has three kinds of cone photoreceptors. B. The lateral geniculate nucleus contains opponent color cells. C. The human eye has only one kind of rod photoreceptor. D. All photoreceptors contain the same chromophore. E. Cone photoreceptors are concentrated in the fovea. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.06 Compare and contrast the function of rods and cones in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 29. In ___ _ cells, infoldings of the external plasma membrane and proteins found there allow us to detect different colors of light. A. bipolar B. rod C. ganglion D. cone E. pigment epithelial Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.06 Compare and contrast the function of rods and cones in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 30. Vitamin A plays a critical role in night vision because: A. it is required for the synthesis of the retinal portion of rhodopsin. B. it is transformed into the opsins found in cone cells. C. it acts a coenzyme in the reaction that degrades cGMP within rod cells. D. it catalyzes the mitotic generation of light-reflecting epithelial cells, which support widely dispersed rod receptors. E. it is a key intermediate in the signal transduction pathway within cone cells that is activated by light. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.07 Explain the process of light and dark adaptation. HAPS Objective: O01.01d Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 31. Which of these is most responsible for "light adaptation"--the process by which we only gradually become able to see objects in a brightly lit place after being in the dark? A. Cone receptors are very hyperpolarized in the dark, and they must be exposed to bright light for awhile before they will depolarize. B. Rhodopsin is quickly inactivated in the presence of bright light so rods become unresponsive, and the higher-acuity cones then become the main detectors of vision. C. Because rods are more sensitive to light than cones, they gradually become extremely activated in bright light. D. Cones and rods are stimulated equally, leading to difficulties in interpreting the sensory inputs to the brain. E. Rhodopsin is not activated by colored light, and the lack of stimulation causes rods to gradually depolarize when we are exposed to bright light. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.07 Explain the process of light and dark adaptation. HAPS Objective: I09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the special sense organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 32. In the visual pathway providing sensory action potentials to the brain, the first cells that are capable of initiating action potentials are: A. cone cells. B. rod cells. C. lateral geniculate cells. D. ganglion cells. E. bipolar cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 33. Which of the following statements related to the "ON pathway" of the visual system is correct? A. Bipolar cells fire action potentials only when bright light strikes the photoreceptors linked to them. B. Bipolar cells spontaneously depolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells. C. Bipolar cells hyperpolarize in the absence of input from photoreceptor cells. D. Glutamate receptors on bipolar cells are excitatory. E. Only cones are associated with bipolar cells of the "ON pathway," rods are not. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 34. Which of the following statements regarding hearing is TRUE? A. The pitch of sounds is conveyed by the amplitude of the vibration of the oval window. B. Low-pitched tones selectively cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to the oval window than high-pitched tones do. C. Sound is amplified as it is conducted from the oval window to the tympanic membrane. D. The loudness of a sound is conveyed by the frequency of action potentials generated in the cochlear nerve. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 35. The incus, malleus, and stapes of the middle ear A. serve to keep the pressure on the two sides of the tympanic membrane equal. B. are part of the vestibular apparatus. C. are in direct contact with both the tympanic membrane and the round window. D. serve to amplify the pressure of sound vibrations from the air in the outer ear to the fluid in the inner ear. E. are found inside the cochlear duct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I07.02 Describe the role of the auditory tube in drainage and equalization of pressure in the middle ear. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I07 Roles of the accessory structures. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 36. The actual receptors for hearing are called: A. baroreceptors. B. nociceptors. C. hair cells. D. Pacinian corpuscles. E. somatic receptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: E04.01b With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and temperature receptors), describe the location of each structure in the body. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module E04 Anatomy and functional roles of accessory structures HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Physiology of hearing 37. The receptors for hearing are found on the: A. tympanic membrane. B. basilar membrane. C. stapes. D. oval window. E. scala vestibuli. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 38. Distinguishing the pitch of sounds is possible because: A. different frequencies of sounds make the eardrum vibrate with different amplitudes. B. different frequencies of sounds stimulate different regions of the basilar membrane in the cochlear duct. C. different frequencies of sounds cause different kinds of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve. D. different frequencies of sounds cause different frequencies of action potentials in neurons in the auditory nerve. E. there are many different types of receptors for sound, each of which responds to a single frequency. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Physiology of hearing 39. As the pitch of a sound gets higher, displacements of the basilar membrane: A. occur closer to the oval window. B. occur closer to the helicotrema. C. occur uniformly throughout the membrane. D. become greater in amplitude. E. become smaller in amplitude. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 40. Which of the following is NOT a function of the tensor tympani and stapedius muscles? A. protection of the inner ear against continuous loud sounds B. protection of the delicate inner ear from sudden intermittent loud sounds C. reflexive contraction when vocalizing to reduce the loudness of your own voice D. optimization of the state of the inner ear for hearing over certain frequency ranges Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Objective: I09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the special sense organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 41. Which of the following statements regarding the vestibular system is TRUE? A. Hair cells in the cochlea are involved in the detection of movement and position of the head. B. The utricle and saccule are mainly responsible for detecting angular rotation of the head. C. The vestibular apparatus is principally involved in our ability to detect and interpret sound. D. Deflection of the basilar membrane by fluid moving within the semicircular canals allows us to detect rotational movement of the head. E. Receptors in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the position of the head with respect to gravity. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I08.01 Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibriu m. HAPS Objective: I08.02 Describe the structure of the maculae and their function in static equilibrium. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of equilibrium 42. Shaking your head "no" mainly activates hair cells in the: A. cochlea. B. utricle. C. semicircular canals. D. olfactory mucosa. E. tectorial membrane. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I03.01 Identify the location of olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I03.02 Explain how odorants activate olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I08.01 Distinguish between static and dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of equilibrium 43. Which of the following are classified as "mechanoreceptors"? A. cone cells in the eye B. taste buds on the tongue C. hair cells in the olfactory mucosa D. hair cells in the cochlea Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I03.02 Explain how odorants activate olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I04.02 Explain how dissolved chemicals activate gustatory receptors. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. HAPS Topic: Module I04 Gustatory receptors and their role in taste. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Learning Outcome: 07.06 Learning Outcome: 07.07 Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.01 Section: 07.06 Section: 07.07 Section: 07.09 Topic: Gustatory receptors and their role in taste Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors Topic: Olfactory receptors and their role in smell Topic: Physiology of hearing Topic: Physiology of vision 44. Where are receptors for the chemical senses located? A. in the organ of Corti and saccule B. in the cochlea and lateral geniculate nucleus C. in the skin and tendons D. in the tongue and nose E. in the fovea and semicircular canals Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: E04.01b With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and temperature receptors), describe the location of each structure in the body. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I03.01 Identify the location of olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I03.02 Explain how odorants activate olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I04.01 Identify the location and structure of taste buds. HAPS Objective: I04.02 Explain how dissolved chemicals activate gustatory receptors. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I08.02 Describe the structure of the maculae and their function in static equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module E04 Anatomy and functional roles of accessory structures HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. HAPS Topic: Module I04 Gustatory receptors and their role in taste. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.09 Topic: Gustatory receptors and their role in taste Topic: Olfactory receptors and their role in smell 45. Which is TRUE about olfactory receptors? A. They can discriminate only four primary chemicals - sweet, sour, salty, and bitter. B. When stimulated, their signaling pathway sends action potentials directly to the limbic system. C. They are unable to detect odorants without activation of taste buds. D. Only four different types of odorant receptor proteins are found in the plasma membrane of olfactory receptors. E. They are found in the floor of the nasal cavity and on the upper surface of the hard palate, which separates the mouth from the nose. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I03.01 Identify the location of olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I03.02 Explain how odorants activate olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I03.03 Describe the path of nerve impulses from the olfactory receptors to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.09 Topic: Olfactory receptors and their role in smell Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 46. Which is TRUE about information from the vestibular system? A. It is conveyed in the form of action potentials in the optic nerve. B. It is conveyed to nerves that control eye movements. C. It does not reach the level of conscious perception. D. It is primarily conveyed to the cortex of the occipital lobe of the brain. E. It is interpreted as sound in the temporal lobes of the brain. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H09.02 Describe the specific functions of each of the cranial nerves and classify each as sensory, motor or mixed. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I08.02 Describe the structure of the maculae and their function in static equilibrium. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Objective: I09.02 Explain how the special sense organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H09 Structure and function of cranial nerves. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Physiology of equilibrium Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 47. Which of the following correctly pairs a chemical with its associated taste modality? A. poisonous alkaloids, sour B. acids, bitter C. sugars, salty D. glutamate, umami E. lipids, sweet Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I04.04 Describe the five primary taste sensations. HAPS Topic: Module I04 Gustatory receptors and their role in taste. Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.09 Topic: Gustatory receptors and their role in taste 48. The phenomenon known as referred pain A. is a perception of a false painful stimulus with no initiating stimulus; it is created in the mind. B. is the projected perception of pain as a sensation being experienced at a site other than that of the actual injured or diseased tissue. C. involves a descending pathway that blocks the release of substance P in the spinal cord. D. is synonymous with the persistence of perceptions of painful stimuli long after the activity responsible for triggering them has ceased. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H10.08 Describe the concept of dermatomes and explain why they are clinically significant. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord True / False Questions 49. A "sensation" is any sensory information that reaches the brain. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H01.01 Describe the major functions of the nervous system. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H01 General functions of the nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 50. Perceptions are derived from higher-order processing of sensory information. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H01.01 Describe the major functions of the nervous system. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H01 General functions of the nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 51. The process by which sensory receptors change various forms of energy into electrical energy is called translation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 52. The greater the magnitude of the receptor potential generated by a stimulus, the greater the amplitude of the action potentials the receptor potential induces. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H04.07 Discuss the sequence of events that must occur for an action potential to be generated. HAPS Objective: H04.09 Define threshold. HAPS Objective: H04.10 Discuss the role of positive feedback in generation of the action potential. HAPS Objective: H06.03 Explain the generator potential that occurs when receptors for general senses are stimulated. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials, and impulse transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.01 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 53. Rapidly adapting receptors are important for detecting the continued presence of a stimulus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.06 Explain the phenomenon of adaptation. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.01 Section: 07.01 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 54. "Somatosensory" refers to the part of the cerebral cortex that receives synaptic input from specific ascending pathways originating only with receptors for touch. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: E04.01b With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and temperature receptors), describe the location of each structure in the body. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module E04 Anatomy and functional roles of accessory structures HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. Learning Outcome: 07.03 Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.03 Section: 07.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 55. Sensory information is invested with emotional significance in association areas in the frontal lobes and limbic system. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 07.04 Section: 07.04 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 56. Information about the location of a given stimulus on or in the body is conveyed by the same mechanism that conveys information about stimulus intensity, namely action potential frequency. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 57. The density of receptors in a receptive field is usually greatest in the periphery of the field. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H03.02c State which parts of each of the three structural types of neurons (unipolar, bipolar and multipolar) receive information, which parts integrate information, and which parts conduct the output signal of the neuron. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H03 Grossand microscopic anatomy of nervous tissue. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 58. In the somatosensory cortex, neuronal representation of body parts is proportional to the size of the body part. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H07.05 Explain why the sensory and motor homunculi are relevant clinically. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 59. The precision of locating a somatosensory stimulus is greater in areas of the body that have small, overlapping receptive fields than in areas with large, nonoverlapping fields. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.02 Section: 07.02 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 60. The afferent pathways for pain differ from those for other somatic sensations in that they are highly influenced by repeated exposure and they are significantly modulated by descending neuronal pathways. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 61. A common neurotransmitter for afferent neurons carrying information about pain is prostaglandin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 62. The phenomenon of referred pain may occur because an ascending pathway for pain receives input from both visceral and somatic afferent fibers. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H10.07 Distinguish between ascending and descending tracts in the spinal cord. HAPS Objective: H10.08 Describe the concept of dermatomes and explain why they are clinically significant. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H10 Anatomy of the spinal cord and spinal nerves. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 63. In the phenomenon of phantom limb, a person can perceive tingling, touch, pressure, warmth, itch, and other sensations in a body part that has been lost by amputation or accident. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.05 Explain why the sensory and motor homunculi are relevant clinically. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 64. Presbyopia is correctable using eyeglasses that converge light rays. TRUE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: I02.05 Explain how the optical system of the eye creates an image on the retina. HAPS Objective: I02.08 Relate changes in the anatomy of the eye to changes in vision. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Physiology of vision 65. Increased pressure in the eye caused by an accumulation of aqueous humor is called astigmatism. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye 66. Vitamin A deficiency can lead to blindness. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the special sense organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: I10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the special sense organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O01.01d Classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the special senses Topic: Physiology of vision 67. The optic nerves from each eye cross at the optic chiasm, so all visual information from the right eye is received by the left side of the brain. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 68. Axons of ganglion cells from the retina synapse in the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus on the way to the occipital lobes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Physiology of vision 69. The greatest concentration of cones is in the fovea centralis of the retina. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 70. Photoreceptor cells (rods and cones) are different from other sensory receptors in that they are the only type that is relatively depolarized at rest. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 71. In both ON and OFF visual pathways, light stimulates the release of glutamate onto bipolar cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 72. The response of a bipolar cell, i.e., whether it acts to bring about an "ON pathway" or an "OFF pathway," depends on the amount of glutamate released by photoreceptor cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H05.13 Explain how a single neurotransmitter may be excitatory at one synapse and inhibitory at another. HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 73. One function of saccades is to prevent adaptation of photoreceptors to a visual image. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.06 Explain the phenomenon of adaptation. HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.01 Describe the functions of the accessory structures of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the special sense organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Anatomy of accessory structures of the eye Topic: Physiology of vision 74. A sound with a frequency of 4000 Hz has a lower pitch than a sound with a frequency of 1000 Hz. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Physiology of hearing 75. The tympanic membrane separates an air-filled chamber from a fluid-filled chamber. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear 76. The vibration of the tympanic membrane varies in frequency according to the pitch of the sound it receives. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 77. The function of the tympanic membrane is to amplify sound waves on their way to the inner ear. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 78. A tone caused by striking one of the lowest notes on a piano keyboard will cause vibration of the basilar membrane at a point closer to the helicotrema than to the oval window. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I06.03 Explain how the structures of the ear enable differentiation of pitch and loudness of sounds. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of hearing 79. Unlike information from the eyes, information from the ears bypasses the thalamus on its way to the cerebral cortex. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H09.02 Describe the specific functions of each of the cranial nerves and classify each as sensory, motor or mixed. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I06.02 Describe the sound conduction pathway from the auricle to the fluids of the inner ear and the path of nerve impulses from the spiral organ to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H09 Structure and function of cranial nerves. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.06 Section: 07.07 Topic: Physiology of hearing Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Physiology of vision 80. Hair cells in the semicircular canals detect changes in the rate of angular motion of the head, while the same kinds of cells in the utricle and saccule detect changes in the head's rate of linear motion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I08.02 Describe the structure of the maculae and their function in static equilibrium. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Gross anatomy of the ear Topic: Physiology of equilibrium 81. When you turn your head to the left to look over your left shoulder, the hairs in the cupula of the horizontal semicircular canals will be bent to the left. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Physiology of equilibrium 82. Olfactory receptors are neurons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I03.02 Explain how odorants activate olfactory receptors. HAPS Objective: I03.03 Describe the path of nerve impulses from the olfactory receptors to various parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module I03 Olfactory receptors and their role in smell. Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.09 Topic: Olfactory receptors and their role in smell 83. Opponent color ganglion cells that respond to blue light by increasing their rate of firing will respond to yellow light by decreasing their rate of firing. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: I01.01 Identify the accessory eye structures, the tunics, the optical components and the neural components of the eye. HAPS Objective: I02.02 Trace the path of light as it passes through the eye to the retina and the path of nerve impulses from the retina to various parts of the brain. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Topic: Module I01 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the eye. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision Multiple Choice Questions 84. What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to? A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. photoreceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: E04.01b With respect to the following - sweat glands (eccrine and apocrine), sebaceous glands, nails, hair (follicle and arrector pili muscle), and sensory receptors (Merkel cell, Meissner's and Pacinian corpuscles, hair follicle receptor, and temperature receptors), describe the location of each structure in the body. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module E04 Anatomy and functional roles of accessory structures HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 85. What category do hair cells in the organ of Corti belong to? A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. photoreceptors E. proprioceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I05.01 Identify the hearing structures of the outer, middle and inner ear. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I05 General gross and microscopic anatomy of the hearing and accessory structures of the ear. HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing. Learning Outcome: 07.07 Section: 07.07 Topic: Physiology of hearing 86. Cone cells belong to what category of sensory receptors? A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. photoreceptors E. proprioceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I02.03 Describe the structure of the retina and the cells that compose it. HAPS Objective: I02.04 Describe how light activates photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I02 Roles of specific tissues of the eye in vision. Learning Outcome: 07.06 Section: 07.06 Topic: Physiology of vision 87. In what category of sensory receptors are the receptor cells in taste buds? A. mechanoreceptors B. chemoreceptors C. nociceptors D. photoreceptors E. proprioceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I04.02 Explain how dissolved chemicals activate gustatory receptors. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I04 Gustatory receptors and their role in taste. Learning Outcome: 07.09 Section: 07.09 Topic: Gustatory receptors and their role in taste 88. Of which categories of receptor types are nociceptors? A. mechanoreceptors and photoreceptors B. chemoreceptors and proprioceptors C. mechanoreceptors and chemoreceptors D. chemoreceptors and photoreceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. Learning Outcome: 07.05 Section: 07.05 Topic: Introduction to sensory receptors 89. Hair cells in semicircular canals are A. mechanoreceptors. B. chemoreceptors. C. nociceptors. D. photoreceptors. E. audioreceptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I08.03 Describe the structure of the crista ampullaris and its function in dynamic equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module I08 Role of the ear in equilibrium. Learning Outcome: 07.08 Section: 07.08 Topic: Physiology of equilibrium Chapter 08 Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior Check All That Apply Questions 1. An electroencephalogram __X is a record of action potentials in the brain. __X records the potential difference between two points on the scalp's surface. __ _ is a pattern of complex waves with amplitudes similar to those of action potentials. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Multiple Choice Questions 2. It is believed that the rhythmic patterns of the EEG most likely originate from this structure in the brain. A. hypothalamus B. thalamus C. basal ganglia D. cerebellum E. hippocampus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 3. The alpha rhythm is the most prominent EEG pattern when an adult is A. in REM sleep. B. in non-REM sleep. C. awake and relaxed with eyes open. D. awake and thinking hard about something. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 4. If you were to record your own EEG activity while concentrating very hard on this exam, the most prominent EEG pattern would be A. alpha rhythm. B. beta rhythm. C. delta rhythm. D. theta rhythm. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 5. Which of the following statements about sleep is correct? A. Sleep typically occurs in stages in which a subject goes through progressively deeper stages of sleep and then awakens. B. Sleep typically occurs in cycles in which a subject will cycle through various stages of slow-wave sleep punctuated by paradoxical sleep several times during one bout of sleep. C. During REM sleep, blood pressure and breathing rate become elevated. D. Both "sleep typically occurs in stages in which a subject goes through progressively deeper stages of sleep and then awakens" and "during REM sleep, blood pressure and breathing rate become elevated" are correct. E. Both "sleep typically occurs in cycles in which a subject will cycle through various stages of slow-wave sleep punctuated by paradoxical sleep several times during one bout of sleep" and "during REM sleep, blood pressure and breathing rate become elevated" are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 6. Which of the following is not descriptive of REM sleep? A. It is the period when dreaming occurs. B. It normally occurs only once per night, usually just before waking up. C. Postural muscles are virtually paralyzed during REM sleep. D. EEG waves that resemble the awake state can be recorded during REM sleep. E. Eyes move rapidly back and forth beneath closed lids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 7. During paradoxical sleep, A. brain neurotransmitter activity in the pathways regulating states of consciousness is similar to that in the awake state. B. brain oxygen consumption is lower than when awake. C. skeletal muscle tension is dramatically increased. D. the person is easily aroused. E. All of the choices occur. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 8. Which of the following most accurately describes the state of consciousness known as REM sleep? A. EEG tracings show large amplitude, low-frequency waves; subject has very low muscle tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming B. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high-frequency activity; subject has normal muscle tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming C. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high-frequency activity; subject has very low muscle tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming D. EEG tracings show low amplitude, high-frequency activity; subject has normal muscle tone; if awakened will not usually report dreaming E. EEG tracings show large amplitude, low-frequency waves; subject has normal muscle tone; if awakened will usually report dreaming Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 9. Which of the descriptions is not descriptive of REM (rapid eye movement) sleep? A. visible movements of the eyes resembling those of one tracking the movements of objects in space, watching TV, etc. B. difficulty arousing the sleeper C. oxygen consumption decreases by comparison to NREM sleep and in an alert wakeful state D. it represents 20%-25% of a person's "sleeptime" E. skeletal muscle activity is markedly reduced, except for the extraocular and respiratory muscles Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 10. In sleep apnea A. a person with the disorder experiences symptoms of sleep deprivation. B. periodic bouts of respiratory failure are experienced throughout the night. C. slow-wave and REM sleep predominate in sleep cycling. D. seriously low blood O2 levels result. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 11. This part of the brain is thought to control the various states of consciousness. A. cerebral cortex B. reticular activating system C. thalamus D. cerebellum E. hippocampus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.09 Describe the location and functions of the reticular activating system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 12. Habituation to a stimulus A. is due to receptor fatigue. B. is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals. C. can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type. D. both "is due to receptor fatigue" and "can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type" are correct. E. both "is a result of decreased neurotransmitter release secondary to decreased calcium influx at synaptic terminals" and "can be overcome by a stronger stimulus of the same type" are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 13. Regarding its role as a neurotransmitter in the CNS, norepinephrine A. is secreted by brainstem neurons in response to sensory stimulation. B. amplifies weak sensory signals and dampens strong ones so that more information can reach conscious levels. C. is important for maintaining directed attention. D. both "is secreted by brainstem neurons in response to sensory stimulation" and "is important for maintaining directed attention" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 14. A laboratory rat has an electrode implanted in its brain. By pressing a metal bar in its cage, the animal can activate the electrode. Which of the following is most likely to be true? A. If the animal presses the bar repeatedly, then the electrode is probably in an area associated with appetitive motivation. B. If the animal presses the bar once, then never touches it again, then the electrode is probably in an area associated with aversive motivation. C. Such an experiment has no relevance to emotional states in humans or human behavior. D. Both if the animal presses the bar repeatedly, then the electrode is probably in an area associated with appetitive motivation and if the animal presses the bar once, then never touches it again, then the electrode is probably in an area associated with aversive motivation are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 15. Which of the following statements regarding the brain areas that direct emotion is not true? A. The hypothalamus is the site of the conscious feeling of emotion. B. The hypothalamus integrates emotional behaviors. C. The limbic system delivers information about emotion from the cerebral cortex to the hypothalamus. D. The cerebral cortex is responsible for control over emotions. E. None of the choices are true. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 16. Damage to the septum of the limbic system causes a tame animal to become vicious, whereas destruction of the amygdala will make the same animal docile again. Which of the following statements may explain this result or correctly follow from it? A. The septum is required for the expression of rage. B. In a normal animal, the septum may inhibit the amygdala. C. Stimulation of the septum in a normal animal would be likely to provoke rage. D. Both "the septum is required for the expression of rage" and "in a normal animal, the septum may inhibit the amygdala" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 17. Regarding schizophrenia, A. it is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking, perceiving and control of motor activity. B. its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and hallucinations. C. it probably has a hereditary component. D. both "it is a family of mental disorders that involves disturbances of thinking, perceiving and control of motor activity" and "its symptoms can include paranoid delusions and hallucinations" are correct. E. all of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 18. Regarding schizophrenia, A. people with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness. B. treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease. C. lithium carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia. D. both "people with schizophrenia frequently have disorders of sensory awareness" and "treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease" are correct. E. both "treatment of schizophrenia may result in symptoms of Parkinson's disease" and "lithium carbonate is the most common drug prescribed for schizophrenia" are correct. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 19. Schizophrenia is most strongly associated with excessive production of or sensitivity to A. dopamine. B. acetylcholine. C. norepinephrine. D. enkephalin. E. lithium carbonate. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 20. Drugs that are used to treat depression increase the levels of this neurotransmitter in the brain. A. glutamate B. serotonin C. GABA D. acetylcholine E. dopamine Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 21. Bipolar disorders A. involve both mania and depression. B. are most effectively treated with drugs that increase availability of dopamine. C. are an exaggeration of normal changes in mood. D. both "involve both mania and depression" and "are most effectively treated with drugs that increase availability of dopamine" are correct. E. both "involve both mania and depression" and "are an exaggeration of normal changes in mood" are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 22. Regarding psychoactive drugs, A. they can be taken to relieve altered states of consciousness. B. they can be taken to experience altered states of consciousness. C. they may stimulate neuronal activity in the "reward" areas of the brain. D. both "they can be taken to experience altered states of consciousness" and "they may stimulate neuronal activity in the 'reward' areas of the brain" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 23. Regarding psychoactive drugs, A. both the phenomenon of "tolerance" to and the symptoms of "withdrawal" from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist. B. Only drugs that bind to endorphin/enkephalin receptors are described as "psychoactive." C. use of psychoactive drugs may result in physical dependence upon them. D. both "the phenomenon of 'tolerance' to and the symptoms of 'withdrawal' from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist" and "only drugs that bind to endorphin/enkephalin receptors are described as 'psychoactive'" are correct. E. both "the phenomenon of 'tolerance' to and the symptoms of 'withdrawal' from a psychoactive drug can be explained by the positive feedback effect of the drug on the production of the endogenous neurotransmitter/neuromodulator for which the drug is an agonist" and "use of psychoactive drugs may result in physical dependence upon them" are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 24. Which of the following best explains how the phenomenon of "tolerance" develops with use of psychoactive drugs over time? A. Psychoactive drugs can alter blood flow to the brain. B. Psychoactive drugs often produce euphoria. C. Psychoactive drugs can cross the blood-brain barrier. D. Psychoactive drugs can inhibit production of endogenous neurotransmitters. E. Psychoactive drugs can up-regulate receptors for endogenous neurotransmitters. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 25. Symptoms of withdrawal when drug use is stopped A. may result from lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter. B. are psychological, not physical. C. may be alleviated by taking a drug that interacts with the same receptor as the original drug. D. both "may result from lower-than-normal secretion of neurotransmitter" and "may be alleviated by taking a drug that interacts with the same receptor as the original drug" are correct. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 26. Of the following substances, which has the greatest potential to cause dependence if used regularly? A. nicotine B. marijuana C. alcohol D. cocaine E. heroin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 27. Selective attention is facilitated, enhanced, and improved by way of the _ of the brainstem, which acts as the origin point of neurons, which project to the cerebraal cortex and release ___ neurotransmitter(s). A. pons, acetylcholine B. basal nuclei, dopamine C. hypothalamus, serotonin D. locus coeruleus, norepinephrine E. thalamus, melatonin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.15 List the most common excitatory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS and the most common inhibitory neurotransmitter(s) in the CNS. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 28. About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain? A. basal nuclei B. pituitary gland C. prefrontal cerebral cortex D. both basal nuclei and pituitary gland E. both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 29. About 3%-5% of school-aged children are diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). This neurobehavioral problem is anatomically linked, primarily, to which area of dysfunction in the brain? A. basal nuclei B. pituitary gland C. prefrontal cerebral cortex D. both basal nuclei and pituitary gland E. both basal nuclei and prefrontal cerebral cortex Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 30. The transfer of working memory into long-term memory is A. called memory retrieval. B. inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin. C. thought to be caused by a relatively nonspecific "fix" signal. D. both called memory retrieval and inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin. E. both inhibited by such hormones as ACTH, epinephrine, and vasopressin, and thought to be caused by a relatively nonspecific "fix" signal. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 31. A person with bilateral damage to the hippocampus will probably A. suffer from aphasia. B. develop symptoms of Parkinson's disease. C. suffer impairment of consolidation of declarative memory. D. have difficulty learning new physical skills. E. experience all of the choices. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 32. Anterograde amnesia is associated with damage to all of the following structures of the brain, except A. thalamus. B. hypothalamus. C. limbic system. D. corpus callosum. E. hippocampus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 33. Damage to which of the following brain structures is most likely to result in difficulty in being able to remember meeting new people? A. thalamus B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. corpus callosum E. Broca's area Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.07 Describe the location and functions of the limbic system. HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 34. Which of the following is an example of declarative memory? A. recognition of a person's face and matching a name to it B. remembering how to ride a bicycle C. being able to recall a phone number for only a short period of time D. being given a specific address and being able to recall it several days or weeks later E. responding to the sight, smell, taste, or thought of one's favorite food with salivation and hunger pangs Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 35. When a person loses consciousness, working memory is interrupted and memories are abolished for all that happened for a variable period of time before the blow that caused unconsciousness. Why? A. The traumatic blow to the head caused a concussion through violent displacement of the brain in the skull. B. There was a deficiency of adequate blood flow to the brain. C. There was an interruption in the constant stream of neuron potentials to memory facilitation brain areas. D. Conflicting external interference prevents conversion of short-term to long-term memory. E. This is an area of neurological research that has not achieved any satisfying conclusions at the present time. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 36. In most people, all of the following functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere except A. arithmetic ability. B. the ability to read and write. C. the ability to speak. D. the ability to recognize faces and read maps. E. None of these choices; all of these functions are lateralized to the left hemisphere. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.06 Discuss the concept of cerebral hemispheric specialization and the role of the corpus callosum in connecting the two halves of the cerebrum. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 37. Damage to that part of the brain known as Wernicke's area is likely to A. cause difficulty in recognizing faces. B. be associated with impairment of procedural memory. C. impair comprehension of language. D. impair one's ability to speak. E. cause blindness. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 38. Damage to that part of the brain known as Broca's area is likely to A. cause difficulty in recognizing faces. B. be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body. C. impair speech. D. Both "cause difficulty in recognizing faces" and "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" are correct. E. Both "be associated with paralysis on the left side of the body" and "impair speech" are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 39. Conceptual aphasia is a result of damage to A. the mouth and vocal cords. B. the cerebellum. C. Broca's area. D. Wernicke's area. E. the primary visual cortex. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 40. Which of the following statements regarding higher brain functions is true? A. A person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking. B. A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia. C. A person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces. D. Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will have motor aphasia" are true. E. Both "a person with damage only to Broca's area of the brain will understand spoken or written speech but will have difficulty speaking" and "a person with damage only to Wernicke's area of the brain will lose the ability to recognize faces" are true. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 41. The most nearly correct sequence of activation of brain areas when one responds in writing to a verbal command is: A. primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex; primary motor cortex. B. primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; supplementary motor cortex; Wernicke's area; primary motor cortex. C. primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; supplementary motor cortex; primary motor cortex. D. primary auditory cortex; Broca's area; Wernicke's area; primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex. E. primary auditory cortex; Wernicke's area; Broca's area; primary motor cortex; supplementary motor cortex. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.06 Section: 08.06 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain True / False Questions 42. A high-amplitude, spike-wave EEG pattern is characteristic of someone in a coma. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 43. The EEG tracing of a relaxed individual who has closed eyes and is not concentrating on anything in particular is mainly an alpha rhythm. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 44. EEG arousal is the recording of brain activity of someone who has just been awakened from sleep. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 45. Dreaming occurs when one is in NREM sleep. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 46. Sleep-wake cycles are produced by interactions of nuclei in the brainstem. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 47. In pardoxical sleep an individual is easily aroused froma deep sleep, although the EEG pattern that is observed is consistent with that of an individual in NREM sleep. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 48. Lack of an adequate amount of sleep at its worst can cause death, as well as serious memory retention and learning difficulties. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 49. A progressive decrease in an orienting response to a repeated stimulus is called adaptation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 50. A brainstem nucleus that is strongly implicated in the mechanism for selective attention is the locus coeruleus. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.02 Section: 08.02 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 51. Primary motivated behavior is behavior that is based on changes or anticipated changes in the internal environment. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 52. Administration of chlorpromazine to a rat that has an electrode implanted in the lateral hypothalamus will cause an increase in rate of the rat's self-stimulation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 53. Neurotransmitters involved in the reward pathways include enkephalin, dopamine, and epinephrine. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission 54. The integrator of inner emotions and emotional behaviors is the thalamus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.03 Section: 08.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 55. The mood disorders are primarily disturbances of thought processes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 56. All of the psychogenic drugs that induce drug dependence act on the same neuronal system. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 57. Tolerance to drugs that are neurotransmitter agonists is thought to involve increased release of the neurotransmitter in response to the drug. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.04 Section: 08.04 58. Both short- and long-term memory are seated in and associated with the same specific functional regions of the brain. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 59. Persons suffering from anterograde amnesia continually have short-lived, rapidly changing perceptions of events that they have only imagined, but then cannot recall them later as a consequence of an inability to translate these "false memories" from short-term to long- term memory. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 60. Working memory is labile and can be lost in response to any condition that interrupts electrical activity of the brain. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 61. Learning is generally facilitated if the material to be learned is emotionally neutral. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 62. Retrograde amnesia is the loss of memory for all events that happened before a serious brain trauma such as a blow to the head. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 63. Memory consolidation probably occurs via an increase in the effectiveness of existing synapses and also via formation of new ones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 64. Retrograde amnesia associated with a traumatic head injury can be directly related to the loss of memories considered as both short-term and long-term, including any events immediately related to the trauma. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 08.05 Section: 08.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Multiple Choice Questions 65. EEG with waves of high amplitude and low frequency is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 66. Rapid eye movement is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 67. Alpha EEG rhythm is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 68. Absence of postural muscle tone is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 69. Pulsate secretion of growth hormone is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 70. Dreaming is descriptive of or occurs during A. slow-wave sleep. B. paradoxical sleep. C. both slow-wave sleep and paradoxical sleep. D. neither slow-wave sleep nor paradoxical sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 08.01 Section: 08.01 Chapter 09 Muscle Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which best describes a "myofibril"? A. It is a single skeletal-muscle cell. B. It is a cylindrical cellular organelle composed of myofilaments. C. It is a hollow membranous structure that stores calcium. D. It is composed of a single type of protein and forms cross-bridges. E. It is a fibrous junction between a muscle cell and a tendon. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.03 Describe a skeletal muscle fiber including the transverse (T) tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.01 Section: 09.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 2. What protein is the principal component of skeletal muscle thick filaments? A. actin B. myosin C. troponin D. calmodulin E. tropomyosin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.01 Section: 09.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 3. During concentric isotonic contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, which of these occurs? A. sarcomeres lengthen B. A bands shorten C. I bands shorten D. A bands lengthen E. thin filaments shorten Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G06.06 Demonstrate concentric and eccentric contraction and contrast the relative tension and resistance that exists, as well as the change in muscle length that occurs, in each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.03 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 4. Which of the following statements regarding contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber is TRUE? A. Thick filaments shorten when muscle cells contract. B. Some contractions occur without cross-bridge activation. C. Contracting muscle fibers do not always shorten. D. Contraction does not always require the occurrence of an action potential. E. Contraction only occurs following summation of action potentials from many motor neurons. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: G06.02 Define the terms tension and contraction, with respect to muscles. HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 5. In skeletal muscle cells, calcium initiates contraction by binding to: A. tropomyosin. B. actin. C. troponin. D. myosin. E. the thick filament. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 6. Binding of ____ to myosin permits cross-bridge ____ _ between actin and myosin in skeletal muscle cells. A. ATP; attachment B. ATP; detachment C. calcium; attachment D. calcium; detachment E. actin; detachment Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 7. Which occurs FIRST as a result of ATP binding to myosin? A. cross-bridge heads are cocked into an "energized" state B. actin dissociates from from myosin C. Ca2+ is released from the sarcoplasmic reticulum D. actin binds to myosin E. cross-bridges rotate, sliding past the thin filament Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 8. Which best describes "rigor mortis"? A. Lack of ATP following death causes cross-bridges to remain tightly bound to actin. B. Lack of ATP following death causes calcium to remain in the cytosol, continuously stimulating cross-bridge cycling. C. Repeated, high-frequency action potentials to a skeletal muscle fiber causes sustained contraction following death. D. Following death, calcium-activated proteases degrade all proteins in skeletal muscle fibers, making muscles limp. E. Build-up of K+ in T-tubules causes constant, tetanic contractions of skeletal muscles that last for about 12 hours following death. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 9. Rigor mortis is caused by: A. buildup of lactic acid. B. lack of Ca2+. C. depletion of glycogen. D. lack of ATP. E. deficient acetylcholine receptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 10. The removal of calcium ions from the cytosol of skeletal muscle causes A. the myosin binding sites on actin to be uncovered by tropomyosin. B. tropomyosin to change conformation and thereby move troponin molecules over cross- bridge binding sites. C. troponin to change conformation and thereby expose cross-bridge binding sites. D. the myosin binding sites on actin to be covered by tropomyosin. E. None of the choices is correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 11. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding skeletal-muscle contraction? A. Only one cross-bridge cycle can occur when the [Ca2+] is elevated in the cytosol; in order to undergo a second cycle, [Ca2+] must be sequestered in the sarcoplasmic reticulum and released again. B. ATP hydrolysis products must be removed from myosin before it can bind to actin. C. Binding of myosin to actin takes place when [Ca2+] increases in the cytosol. D. A single twitch in skeletal muscle lasts the same length of time as the action potential that causes it. E. The powerstroke of the cross-bridge cycle occurs simultaneously with ATP being hydrolyzed into ADP and Pi. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: G06.01 Interpret a myogram of a twitch contraction with respect to the duration of the latent, contraction and relaxation periods and describe the events that occur in each period. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 12. What is the definition of a "motor unit"? A. a single motor neuron plus all the muscle fibers it innervates B. a single muscle fiber plus all of the motor neurons that innervate it C. all of the motor neurons supplying a single muscle D. a pair of antagonistic muscles E. all of the muscles that affect the movement of any given joint Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 13. What is the function of the transverse tubules in a skeletal-muscle fiber? A. They store the calcium ions that are the main source of activation for the cross-bridge cycle. B. They form the Z lines that mark the end of each sarcomere. C. They allow action potentials to propagate deep into the center of skeletal muscle cells. D. They manufacture and store ATP. E. They run in parallel with the myofibrils, and have abundant Ca2+-ATPase proteins for pumping Ca2+ back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G03.03 Describe a skeletal muscle fiber including the transverse (T) tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.01 Section: 09.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 14. An action potential in the motor end plate rapidly spreads to the interior regions of a muscle cell by means of the: A. Z lines. B. sarcoplasmic reticulum. C. H zone. D. transverse tubules. E. pores in the plasma membrane. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.03 Describe a skeletal muscle fiber including the transverse (T) tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.01 Section: 09.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 15. Which of the following statements regarding the motor end plate of a skeletal muscle fiber is TRUE? A. Muscarinic receptors in the end plate are activated by binding to acetylcholine. B. Temporal summation of multiple end plate potentials is required in order to trigger an action potential in the muscle-fiber membrane. C. Acetylcholinesterase in the end plate membrane catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine. D. Sympathetic nerve fibers terminate on skeletal muscle fibers at the motor end plate. E. The motor end plate under the axon terminal contains a large number of voltage-gated Na+ channels. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.06 Describe the anatomy of the neuromuscular junction. HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H14.01 Distinguish between the effectors of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 16. How does the chemical curare affect skeletal muscle function? A. It activates an autoimmune disease that destroys myelin. B. It blocks the action of acetylcholinesterase at the neuromuscular junction. C. It is a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist that blocks synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. D. It is a nicotinic acetylcholine antagonist that blocks synaptic transmission at the neuromuscular junction. E. It locks ligand-gated channels in the open state, leading to spastic contractions of muscle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 17. Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the immune system gradually destroys the receptors for acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Which of the following drugs might initially be useful in treating the symptoms of this disease? A. a drug that inhibits acetylcholinesterase B. a drug that inhibits release of acetylcholine C. curare D. atropine (a muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist) E. a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system Learning Outcome: 09.07 Section: 09.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 18. Which of these occurs during an isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle? A. The I bands shorten and the A bands stay the same length. B. The thick and thin filaments slide past each other. C. Sarcomere length does not change significantly. D. The A bands shorten and the I bands stay the same length. E. Cross-bridges lock onto actin, similar to what occurs in rigor mortis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 19. During an isometric twitch in a skeletal muscle: A. tension generated by the muscle always exceeds the load on the muscle. B. tetanus occurs. C. sarcomeres do not significantly shorten. D. the whole muscle shortens. E. H zones shorten. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 20. Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle contraction is true? A. During a lengthening contraction, the tension exerted by the muscle exceeds the load on the muscle. B. In every isotonic muscle contraction, the length of the muscle remains constant. C. During every muscle contraction, muscle fibers change length. D. During every muscle contraction, tension is developed in the muscle. E. Cross-bridges cycle faster during isometric contractions than during isotonic contractions. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G06.02 Define the terms tension and contraction, with respect to muscles. HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Objective: G06.06 Demonstrate concentric and eccentric contraction and contrast the relative tension and resistance that exists, as well as the change in muscle length that occurs, in each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 21. What is the best description of a tetanic contraction in a skeletal muscle cell? A. A single action potential in the motor neuron causes a sustained contraction. B. Multiple action potentials in the motor neuron cause a sustained contraction. C. The action potential in the muscle cell is prolonged to last as long as the contraction. D. Repeated action potentials from the motor neuron summate into a sustained depolarization of the motor end plate, causing a sustained contraction. E. A very large amplitude action potential in the motor neuron causes a very strong contraction in the skeletal muscle cell. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.04a Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus frequency and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomena of treppe, summation and tetanus. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 22. How is the length of a skeletal muscle cell related to the force it can generate? A. The tension in a skeletal muscle cell is greatest when contractions occur at either very short or very long lengths. B. Skeletal muscle cells generate the same amount of force, regardless of their length. C. The shorter a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be. D. The longer a skeletal muscle cell is when it begins to contract, the stronger the force generation will be. E. Skeletal muscle cells generate the most force when the contraction occurs at an intermediate length. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G06.04c Interpret a graph of the length-tension relationship and discuss the anatomical basis for that relationship. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 23. The optimal length (Lo) of a skeletal muscle cell is: A. the length at which the muscle can generate its maximum tetanic tension. B. the shortest length the muscle can achieve while attached to bone, because the amount of overlap between thick and thin filaments is maximal then. C. generally the length attained when the joint it crosses is fully extended. D. the only length at which any tension can be generated by the muscle cell. E. the length at which thin filaments from opposite sides of a sarcomere overlap. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.04c Interpret a graph of the length-tension relationship and discuss the anatomical basis for that relationship. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 24. In the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction, what is the main mechanism by which ATP is replenished? A. Energy and phosphate are transferred from creatine phosphate to ADP. B. Oxidative phosphorylation rapidly generates ATP from glucose. C. Glycolysis produces ATP from glycogen. D. Oxidation of fatty acids into ATP occurs in the mitochondria. E. Myoglobin catalysis produces ATP. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.04 Section: 09.04 Topic: Skeletal muscle metabolism 25. When a muscle has been repeatedly contracting at a moderate intensity for an extended period of time (more than a few minutes), what is the primary source of ATP? A. transfer of energy and phosphate from creatine phosphate to ADP B. glycolysis C. oxidative phosphorylation D. breakdown of myosin E. uptake of ATP from the blood plasma Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.04 Section: 09.04 Topic: Skeletal muscle metabolism 26. Why does breathing continue to be rapid and deep for a time after heavy exercise? A. Extra oxygen is needed to eliminate lactic acid and restore muscle creatine phosphate and glucose concentrations. B. The respiratory system is slow to increase and decrease its function before and after exercise, which is why it takes awhile for breathing to slow down. C. Lactic acid that builds up during heavy exercise must be exhaled into the air, so heavy breathing must continue for awhile after exercise to eliminate it. D. The ATP level in muscle cells falls drastically during heavy exercise, and extra oxygen is needed to restore it. E. The extra ventilation is not needed to replenish energy stores in muscle fibers, but rather simply to restore the blood pH to normal after the production of excess lactic acid during the exercise. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Gradable: automatic HAPS Objective: G05.04 Summarize the events that occur during the recovery period of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: G11.02 Explain how the muscular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.04 Section: 09.04 Topic: Skeletal muscle metabolism 27. Which of the following statements regarding myosin in skeletal muscle is TRUE? A. Myosin cross-bridge heads contain two binding sites, one for actin and one for tropomyosin. B. Myosin is an ATPase. C. The rate of ATP hydrolysis by myosin is the same in all types of skeletal muscle. D. All of the myosin cross-bridge heads in a thick filament are oriented and rotate in the same direction. E. Troponin covers the binding site on myosin molecules until Ca2+ binds to troponin to remove it from its blocking position. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.01 Section: 09.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 28. Compared to type I (slow oxidative) skeletal muscle fibers, how are type IIb (fast- glycolytic) skeletal muscle fibers different? A. Type IIb fibers have more abundant mitochondria. B. Type IIb fibers fatigue more readily. C. Type IIb fibers have more abundant myoglobin. D. Type IIb fibers are smaller in diameter. E. Type IIb motor units contain fewer fibers per alpha motor neuron. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 29. Which of the following statements about different kinds of skeletal muscle fibers is TRUE? A. Slow-oxidative fibers have a greater abundance of glycogen than do fast-glycolytic fibers. B. Fast-glycolytic fibers have a greater abundance of myoglobin than do slow-oxidative fibers. C. A fast-glycolytic fiber can generate greater tension than a slow-oxidative fiber. D. Fast-glycolytic fibers and slow-oxidative fibers are innervated by alpha motor neurons of the same diameter. E. To generate ATP, fast-glycolytic fibers depend mainly on oxidative phosphorylation while slow-oxidative fibers depend mainly on glycolysis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.01 List the sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 30. Which of the following statements about different kinds of skeletal muscle fibers is TRUE? A. Slow-oxidative fibers have a greater abundance of glycogen than do fast-glycolytic fibers. B. Fast-glycolytic fibers have a greater abundance of myoglobin than do slow-oxidative fibers. C. A fast-glycolytic fiber can generate greater tension than a slow-oxidative fiber. D. Fast-glycolytic fibers and slow-oxidative fibers are innervated by alpha motor neurons of the same diameter. E. To generate ATP, fast-glycolytic fibers depend mainly on oxidative phosphorylation while slow-oxidative fibers depend mainly on glycolysis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 31. Which of the following is NOT a determinant of whole-muscle tension? A. the number of muscle fibers contracting B. the tension produced by each contracting fiber C. the numbers of motor units recruited D. the frequency of motor neuron stimulation E. the proportion of the muscle fibers within each motor unit that are contracting at any given time Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G06.04a Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus frequency and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomena of treppe, summation and tetanus. HAPS Objective: G06.04b Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus intensity and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomenon of recruitment. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 32. Which of the following statements regarding skeletal muscle is TRUE? A. Skeletal muscle fibers have pacemaker activity. B. Skeletal muscle fibers are joined together by gap junctions. C. A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract when excitatory nervous stimuli sufficiently exceed inhibitory nervous stimuli at the motor end plate. D. A given skeletal muscle fiber will contract if excitatory synaptic inputs sufficiently exceed inhibitory synaptic inputs on the motor neuron that innervates that fiber and the motor neuron fires an action potential. E. Skeletal muscle contraction is inhibited by inhibitory motor neurons that synapse onto skeletal muscle fibers. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G03.01 Describe the organization of muscle tissue from cell to whole muscle to groups of muscles HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile cells and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Objective: K07.05 Compare and contrast the role of nerves in the depolarization of cardiac pacemaker cells, ventricular contractile cells, and skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 33. Which of these would increase the tension generated in a skeletal muscle? A. increasing the frequency of firing in alpha motor neurons innervating the muscle B. stretching the muscle to very long lengths C. resting the muscle for several weeks D. switching off fast-glycolytic motor units and activating an equal number of slow-oxidative motor units E. increasing the amplitude of action potentials in the alpha motor neurons that innervate the muscle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G06.04a Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus frequency and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomena of treppe, summation and tetanus. HAPS Objective: G06.04c Interpret a graph of the length-tension relationship and discuss the anatomical basis for that relationship. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 34. Which of the following statements regarding whole-muscle contraction is TRUE? A. The order of recruitment of motor units in a muscle is such that the last units recruited are those that fatigue most readily. B. The order of recruitment of motor units in a muscle is such that the first units recruited generate the most tension. C. Motor units whose motor neurons have large-diameter cell bodies are recruited first, while motor units with smaller-diameter motor neurons are only activated as the level of activation in the spinal cord increases. D. The order of motor unit recruitment is independent of the size of the alpha motor neuron that innervates them. E. Recruitment of one fast-glycolytic motor unit provides a smaller increment in whole- muscle tension than recruitment of one slow-oxidative motor unit. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G06.04b Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus intensity and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomenon of recruitment. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 35. John is a sprinter who specializes in quick and powerful bursts of speed followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes in long, steady runs. Compared to Jim, John is likely to have: A. legs with a larger diameter. B. legs with a smaller diameter. C. hypertrophy of type I muscle fibers. D. a higher density of capillaries in his legs. E. lower concentrations of glycolytic enzymes in his leg muscles. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Effects of aging and exercise on the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 36. John is a sprinter who specializes in quick and powerful bursts of speed followed by periods of rest. Jim is a marathon runner who specializes in long, steady runs. Compared to John's muscles, how are Jim's most likely to differ? A. Jim's muscles will have more glycogen stored in his type IIb muscle fibers. B. Jim's muscles will have more mitochondria in his type I and IIa muscle fibers. C. Jim's muscles will have less myoglobin in his type I muscle fibers. D. Jim's type IIb fibers will be larger in diameter. E. Jim will have a greater proportion of type II muscle fibers and a lower proportion of type I fibers than John. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.01 List the sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Effects of aging and exercise on the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 37. If a biopsy of the quadriceps (thigh extensor) muscles were taken from gold medal- winning speed skaters in the 4 events below, which would most likely have the SMALLEST percentage of type I muscle fibers? A. 10,000 meters B. 5,000 meters C. 1,000 meters D. 500 meters Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 38. Which of the following statements is FALSE? A. Synaptic input onto skeletal muscle cells is always excitatory, whereas inputs to smooth muscle cells may be either excitatory or inhibitory. B. A single smooth muscle cell may be innervated by both a sympathetic neuron and a parasympathetic neuron. C. Contractile activity of smooth muscle cells does not normally require Ca2+. D. In the absence of any neural input, skeletal muscle cannot generate tension. E. Ca2+ that activates contraction of smooth muscles can come from either the ECF or from the sarcoplasmic reticulum. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 39. Which of these is a major difference between smooth muscle and skeletal muscle? A. Myosin is the main regulatory protein in smooth muscle. B. Myosin is the main regulatory protein in skeletal muscle. C. Skeletal muscle usually exhibits spontaneous activity, while smooth muscle cannot contract spontaneously. D. Only skeletal muscle requires increased calcium ion concentration in the cytosol for contraction. E. Only skeletal muscle has both actin and myosin. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.01 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 40. Which is a TRUE statement about smooth muscle? A. Smooth muscle is striated. B. Smooth muscle does not have thick and thin filaments. C. Smooth muscle does not use troponin-tropomyosin to regulate cross-bridge activity. D. Changes in cytosolic calcium do not regulate cross-bridge activity in smooth muscle. E. The myosin in smooth muscle requires phosphorylation before it can bind to ATP. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 41. Which is a TRUE statement about excitation-contraction coupling? A. In skeletal muscle cells, it requires the influx of extracellular calcium ion. B. In smooth muscle cells, it must be preceded by an action potential in the cell membrane. C. In all kinds of muscle it requires the entry of calcium from the extracellular fluid. D. Calcium-induced calcium-release plays a role in cardiac muscle cells, as well as in some smooth muscle cells. E. In skeletal muscle cells, excitation-contraction coupling begins when an action potential propagates along the sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.09 Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.09 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 42. Which of the following statements regarding contraction in skeletal and smooth muscle is TRUE? A. In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to troponin, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding directly to myosin. B. In skeletal muscle, calcium ions bind to a regulatory protein on thin filaments; in smooth muscle, calcium ions bind to a regulatory protein on thick filaments. C. In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to myosin light-chain kinase, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding directly to tropomyosin. D. In skeletal muscle, calcium initiates contraction by binding to troponin, while in smooth muscle calcium initiates contraction by binding to calmodulin. E. All of the choices are true. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 43. Which of the following is FALSE regarding single-unit smooth muscle cells? A. They have an individual neuron innervating of each individual smooth-muscle cell. B. They have many gap junctions between cells. C. They may have pacemaker activity. D. They may respond to stretch by contracting. E. They exhibit tone. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.02 Describe the structure, location in the body and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 44. Multiunit smooth muscle cells A. generally have individual innervation of each cell. B. have many gap junctions between cells. C. respond to stretch by relaxing. D. can only be excited, and not inhibited. E. have abundant T-tubules. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.02 Describe the structure, location in the body and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 45. Which of the following does NOT correctly describe cardiac muscle cells? A. They are arranged in layers surrounding hollow cavities in the heart. B. They are much shorter than skeletal muscle fibers, and generally have a single nucleus. C. Their membranes are depolarized initially by the influx of sodium ions. D. They depolarize prior to contraction. E. They can contract in the absence of external calcium. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.02 Describe the structure, location in the body and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: K06.06 Identify myocardium and describe its histological structure, including the significance of intercalated discs. HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac mus cle HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 46. Which of the following choices lists a correct sequence of events following the depolarization of transverse tubules in excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle? A. calcium release into cytosol, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres B. actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, calcium release into cytosol C. calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres D. calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin filaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres, calcium ion influx through sarcolemma E. calcium ion influx through sarcolemma, calcium release into cytosol, actin and myosin attach, thin myofilaments slide toward the middle of sarcomeres Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 47. The prolonged electrical depolarization of cardiac muscle cells that occurs during contraction is due primarily to the persistent influx of what ion? A. sodium B. calcium C. nitrate D. chloride E. potassium Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 48. Which membrane protein transport process plays an important role in terminating the contraction of cardiac muscle? A. Ca 2+-ATPase pumps move Ca2+ from the T-tubule back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. B. Na+/K+-ATPase pumps move Na+ back into the cytosol and K+ back into the T-tubule lumen. C. Ca2+-ATPase pumps move Ca2+ from the cytosol back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. D. Na+/Ca2+-exchangers move Na+ out of the cytosol in exchange for Ca2+ movement into the sarcoplasmic reticulum. E. Na+/K+-ATPase pumps move Na+ and K+ back out of the cell. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 49. Which best describes a role of L-type Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscle cells? A. They function exactly the same in cardiac muscle cells as they do in skeletal muscle. B. They are directly responsible for making cardiac muscle fatigue-resistant. C. They are responsible for preventing tetanic contractions. D. They cause the absolute refractory period to be very brief. E. They act as non-conducting voltage sensors that mediate excitation-contraction coupling. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Objective: K07.03 Explain the significance of the plateau phase in the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell. HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 50. Which dietary supplement is most likely to contribute to greater skeletal muscle ATP availability in the first few seconds of skeletal muscle contraction? A. fatty acids B. sports drinks with electrolytes and mineral spirits C. sugar D. protein E. creatine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G05.02 Describe the mechanisms that muscle fibers use to obtain ATP for muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.04 Section: 09.04 Topic: Skeletal muscle metabolism 51. Myasthenia gravis is a collection of muscle disorders that cause muscle fatigue and weakness. What is the major mechanism? A. overproduction of acetylcholinesterase B. autoimmune destruction of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors C. demyelination of axons in motor pathways D. autoimmune destruction of L-type Ca2+ channels. E. a tumor that overproduces acetylcholine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.04 Describe, in order, the events that occur at the neuromuscular junction that elicit an action potentia l in the muscle fiber. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: G12.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the muscular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.07 Section: 09.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction True / False Questions 52. Skeletal muscles are made up of bundles of muscle fibers attached to bone by connective tissue called tendons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.01 Describe the organization of muscle tissue from cell to whole muscle to groups of muscles HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.01 Section: 09.01 Topic: Gross anatomy of skeletal muscle 53. The name given to the repeating functional units that cause striations in a skeletal muscle myofibril is "sarcomere." TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.01 Section: 09.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 54. The force-generating sites in a myofibril are the Z lines. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.01 Section: 09.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 55. During skeletal muscle contraction, the distance between the Z lines of a sarcomere decreases because of shortening of the thick and thin filaments. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 56. During concentric contractions of skeletal muscle, the I band and H zone shorten but the A band stays the same. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.04 Explain the organization of a myofibril. HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G06.06 Demonstrate concentric and eccentric contraction and contrast the relative tension and resistance that exists, as well as the change in muscle length that occurs, in each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 57. The step of the cross-bridge cycle that immediately follows the attachment of ATP to the myosin head is referred to as the "powerstroke." FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 58. The energy for muscle contraction is provided indirectly by the hydrolysis of ATP. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 59. Actin is an ATPase enzyme. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 60. The binding of ATP to myosin causes an allosteric change in myosin's actin-binding site such that the affinity of myosin for actin is decreased. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 61. The phenomenon of rigor mortis demonstrates that myosin can remain bound to actin in the absence of additional ATP, but the bond cannot then be broken. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: G12.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the muscular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 62. Binding of myosin to actin in skeletal muscle cells does not normally take place in the absence of Ca2+. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 63. "Excitation-contraction coupling" refers to the binding of energized myosin to actin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 64. The site of Ca2+ storage in muscle cells is the lateral sacs of the transverse tubules. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.03 Describe a skeletal muscle fiber including the transverse (T) tubules, sarcoplasmic reticulum and myofibrils. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.01 Section: 09.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 65. Curare blocks neuromuscular transmission by preventing the release of neurotransmitters from the motor neuron. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 66. Organophosphate "nerve gases" induce paralysis by blocking neural stimulation of the neuromuscular junctions, while botulinum toxin produces the same effect by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.02 Section: 09.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system 67. The term "twitch" refers to the mechanical response of a muscle fiber during one cross- bridge cycle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.01 Interpret a myogram of a twitch contraction with respect to the duration of the latent, contraction and relaxation periods and describe the events that occur in each period. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 68. When the load on a skeletal muscle is less than the tension the muscle generates, a concentric isotonic contraction results. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Objective: G06.06 Demonstrate concentric and eccentric contraction and contrast the relative tension and resistance that exists, as well as the change in muscle length that occurs, in each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 69. During isometric contraction of a skeletal muscle fiber, tension increases but the fiber length stays the same. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 70. The latent period of an isotonic twitch is shorter than the latent period of an isometric twitch. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.01 Interpret a myogram of a twitch contraction with respect to the duration of the latent, contraction and relaxation periods and describe the events that occur in each period. HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 71. Sustained contraction and tension in a skeletal muscle is called tetanus. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.04a Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus frequency and explain the physiological basis fo r the phenomena of treppe, summation and tetanus. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 72. A skeletal muscle generates its greatest twitch tension when it is stretched to twice its resting length. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G06.04c Interpret a graph of the length-tension relationship and discuss the anatomical basis for that relationship. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 73. Fast fibers can be distinguished from slow fibers by the rate at which their myosin- ATPases split ATP. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.05 Name, and describe the function of, each of the contractile, regulatory, and structural protein components of a sarcomere. HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 74. Characteristics of slow-oxidative fibers include numerous mitochondria, abundant myoglobin, and large stores of glycogen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.01 List the sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 75. The difference in color between white muscle and red muscle is accounted for by the greater abundance of glycogen in white muscle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.01 List the sources of energy stored in a typical muscle fiber. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 76. The fiber type intermediate between the two extremes of fast-glycolytic and slow- oxidative is slow-glycolytic. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 77. Muscles used for delicate, finely controlled movements have smaller motor units than muscles used for high power activities. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 78. In general, activating a slow-oxidative motor unit in a muscle will generate more tension than activating a fast-glycolytic motor unit. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 79. Endurance exercise, such as long-distance swimming, causes a preferential increase in glycolytic enzymes and increased mass of the exercising muscles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Effects of aging and exercise on the muscular system 80. The larger the diameter of a skeletal muscle fiber, the greater the tension it can generate. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 81. Recruitment of different types of motor units in a muscle is one means of varying the amount of tension generated in that muscle. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: G06.04b Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus intensity and explain the physiological basis for the phenomenon of recruitment. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 82. The shortening velocity of a skeletal muscle fiber increases with decreasing load because the rate at which the cross-bridge cycle can occur increases with decreasing load. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G06.01 Interpret a myogram of a twitch contraction with respect to the duration of the latent, contraction and relaxation periods and describe the events that occur in each period. HAPS Objective: G06.05 Demonstrate isotonic and isometric contraction and interpret graphs of tension vs. time and muscle length vs. time for each type of contraction. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.03 Section: 09.03 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 83. Flexor muscles generally pull on bone and decrease the angle at a joint, whereas extensor muscles push the bone to increase the angle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G04.01 Explain the sliding filament theory of muscle contraction. HAPS Objective: G07.01 Explain how the name of a muscle can help identify its action, appearance, or location. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G07 Nomenclature of skeletal muscles Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: How skeletal muscles are named Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 84. The decrease in mass and strength of muscle as a result of damage to the nerves innervating the muscle is called disuse atrophy. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the muscular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system 85. A Ca2+-binding protein in smooth muscle is calmodulin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 86. The myosin in smooth muscle cells differs from that in skeletal muscle in that smooth muscle myosin requires phosphorylation before it can bind to actin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 87. In smooth muscle cells that can produce action potentials, cell membrane depolarization usually opens voltage-sensitive sodium channels. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 88. Neuronal stimulation of skeletal muscle is always excitatory, whereas neuronal stimulation of smooth muscle may be excitatory or inhibitory. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems Learning Outcome: 09.02 Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.02 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 89. Smooth muscle cells may contract in the absence of neuronal stimulation. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 90. Multiunit smooth muscle is characterized by many gap junctions between cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.02 Describe the structure, location in the body and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle Learning Outcome: 09.09 Section: 09.09 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue 91. In cardiac muscle cells the release of Ca2+ through L-type Ca2+ channels depolarizes the sarcoplasmic reticulum and inhibits the release of any additional Ca2+ necessary for excitation-contraction coupling. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction Learning Outcome: 09.10 Section: 09.10 Topic: Identification, location, and comparison of three types of muscle tissue Multiple Choice Questions 92. Abundant mitochondria are typical of which type of skeletal muscle fibers? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 93. Abundant myoglobin is typical of which type of skeletal muscle fibers? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 94. A large diameter is typical of which type of skeletal muscle fibers? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 95. Fast myosin ATPase activity is typical of which type of skeletal muscle fibers? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 96. Which type of skeletal muscle fibers is generally recruited first? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G06.04b Interpret a myogram or graph of tension vs. stimulus intensity and explain the physiological basis for the phenomenon of recruitment. HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 09.06 Section: 09.06 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 97. Which type of skeletal muscle fibers fatigues most quickly? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Objective: G05.03 Explain the factors that contribute to muscle fatigue. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle HAPS Topic: Module G05 Skeletal muscle metabolism Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction Topic: Skeletal muscle metabolism 98. Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has the fewest mitochondria? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle 99. Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has less myoglobin? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 100. Which type of skeletal muscle fiber typically has a smaller diameter? A. Type I B. Type II Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G03.07 List the anatomical and metabolic characteristics of fast, slow and intermediate muscle fibers. HAPS Topic: Module G03 Detailed gross and microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Learning Outcome: 09.05 Section: 09.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of skeletal muscle Chapter 10 Control of Body Movement Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is TRUE with regard to the motor control hierarchy? A. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control includes the frontal lobe cortex, the primary motor cortex, muscle sensory receptors, and the basal nuclei. B. The highest level of the hierarchy of motor control is composed entirely of areas of cerebral cortex, and its main purpose is to create a conscious plan to move that depends on the initial position of the parts of the body in space. C. Neurons of the middle level of the hierarchy integrate afferent information with signals from higher center command neurons to create a motor program--a pattern of neural activity required to properly perform a desired movement. D. The local level of the motor control hierarchy includes the premotor and primary motor regions of the cerebral cortex, as well as the alpha motor neurons and muscle fibers themselves. E. Reflexes that include local-level receptors and muscle fibers cannot occur without input from the higher centers of the motor control hierarchy. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 2. According to the hierarchy of motor control, A. the highest level of control consists entirely of neurons in the primary motor region of the cerebral cortex. B. the middle level of control does not involve any areas of the cerebral cortex. C. the local level of control includes the cerebellum and basal nuclei. D. structures in the middle level receive information from both the higher and the local levels of the hierarchy. E. afferent information from skin, joint, and muscle receptors cannot modify a movement once it has been initiated by a motor program from the middle level of the hierarchy. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 3. What is the best description of how a given muscle fiber can be inhibited from contracting? A. Inhibitory inputs from local reflexes and descending pathways prevent the fiber's motor neuron from firing action potentials. B. Descending inputs from brainstem components of the middle level of the motor control hierarchy make inhibitory synapses onto the muscle fibers. C. Contractions in an antagonistic muscle's fibers are stronger than the given muscle's contractions. D. Golgi tendon organs send afferent neurons directly to muscle fibers that attach to them and release inhibitory neurotransmitter. E. Interneurons in the local spinal cord region send axons to the muscle fiber's neuromuscular junction, where they impose presynaptic inhibition. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation i t detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Objective: H14.03 Name the neurotransmitters released at synapses with effector organs in the somatic and autonomic motor pathways and classify each effector response as excitatory or inhibitory. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.02 Section: 10.03 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 4. Which is NOT true about reflexes initiated by muscle spindle activation? A. They have a monosynaptic component. B. They result in activation of alpha motor neurons. C. They result in activation of extrafusal muscle fibers. D. The "knee-jerk" reflex is an example. E. They inhibit the activation of muscles that are stretched. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 5. Stretch reflexes: A. occur only in the legs. B. inhibit antagonistic muscles. C. mediate flexor activation and withdrawal from a painful stimulus. D. are initiated by stimulation of Golgi tendon organs. E. are initiated by stretching of extrafusal muscle fibers. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 6. Intrafusal muscle fibers: A. are found in muscle spindles. B. are innervated by alpha motor neurons. C. generate most of the tension in a skeletal muscle. D. fire continuously at a constant rate. E. are only found in extensor muscles. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 7. Which is TRUE about the muscle fibers found in a muscle spindle? A. They are not true muscle fibers because they cannot contract. B. They are innervated by alpha motor neurons. C. They function to maintain tension on spindle receptors. D. When stimulated to fire, they always inhibit flexor muscles. E. Their contraction is stimulated by alpha motor neurons and inhibited by gamma motor neurons. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 8. What occurs when gamma motor neurons to a muscle are activated? A. The muscle spindle goes slack. B. The contractile ends of intrafusal fibers elongate. C. The muscle lengthens. D. Extrafusal muscle fibers within that muscle are inhibited from contracting. E. Action potential firing increases in afferent neurons from the muscle spindles. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 9. What is responsible for the phenomenon in skeletal muscle known as muscle tone? A. the passive elastic properties of muscles and joints and some degree of alpha motor neuron activity B. spontaneous entry of calcium into the cytosol and the background phosphorylation of cross-bridges C. depletion of ATP in some individual muscle fibers, and the inability for cross-bridges to detach D. cross-bridges that continuously cycle, even in the absence of cytosolic Ca2+ E. a buildup of K+ in the T-tubules and resulting depolarization of the sarcolemma Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G01.01 Describe the major functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Objective: G04.02 Describe the sequence of events involved in the contraction cycle of skeletal muscle. HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression "excitation-contraction coupling". HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module G01 General functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.04 Section: 10.04 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction 10. Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon? A. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. B. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles. C. Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated. D. Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. E. Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 11. The flexor (withdrawal) reflex A. has a monosynaptic component. B. is initiated by stretching muscle spindle fibers. C. is initiated by stimulation of the Golgi tendon organ. D. stimulates contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle. E. stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 12. Which best describes an event that occurs as part of the crossed-extensor reflex? A. It stimulates contraction of the contralateral flexor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor. B. It stimulates contraction of the contralateral extensor and inhibits contraction of the contralateral flexor. C. It is initiated by stretch in the ipsilateral extensor muscle. D. Inhibitory interneurons are activated, which synapse onto contralateral extensor muscles. E. Monosynaptic excitatory stimulation of ipsilateral extensor muscles occurs. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 13. What is the function of Golgi tendon organs? A. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in antagonistic muscles. B. They detect painful stimuli within tendons and inhibit gamma motor neurons to intrafusal muscle fibers in muscles attached to those tendons. C. They detect the angle of joints, and thus provide proprioceptive inputs about the position of the limbs in space. D. They detect stretch within tendons and inhibit the activation of alpha motor neurons to extrafusal muscle fibers in the muscle attached to those tendons. E. They stimulate the ends of intrafusal muscle fibers, ensuring that sensory information about muscle length is provided, even when a muscle shortens rapidly. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 14. Which of the following would occur if you touched a hot object with your right hand? A. A stretch reflex would be triggered that would cause contraction of extensor muscles in the right arm. B. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by nociceptors that would stimulate contraction of flexor muscles in the right arm. C. Reflex mechanisms would stimulate contraction of the extensor muscles of the right arm. D. A withdrawal reflex would be triggered by stretch receptors that would inhibit contraction of extensor muscles of the right arm. E. Nociceptors send pain information to the cerebral cortex, and descending activation of alpha motor neurons to extensor muscles would make you withdraw your right hand from the object. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 15. Which of the following does NOT describe the highest hierarchical level of motor control? A. It creates a "motor program" that uses afferent information to generate a pattern of neural activity required to carry out a given action. B. It involves brain regions that include the sensorimotor and cortical association areas. C. It sends signals along "command neurons" to parts of the brain that make up the middle level of the motor control hierarchy. D. It involves brain regions that function in memory, emotions, and motivation. E. It initiates consciously planned movements. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain 16. What is the importance of reciprocal innervation in muscular reflexes? A. It prevents simultaneous activity of antagonistic muscle groups that would impede limb movement. B. It ensures that limbs on the contralateral side of the body perform the same movements as those on the ipsilateral side. C. It maintains signaling along afferent neurons from stretch receptors, even when a muscle shortens rapidly. D. It prevents excessive force on a muscle from resulting in tearing of fibers, or damage to the tendon. E. It recruits synergistic muscles to come to the aid of a muscle that help it generate force and limb motion. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 17. What is the principle defect in Parkinson disease? A. There is a loss of neurons in the reticular activating system that secrete acetylcholine. B. There is a demyelination of alpha motor neurons important for posture and balance. C. Neurons of the substantia nigra degenerate and there is reduced delivery of dopamine to the basal nuclei. D. Autoimmune destruction occurs in neurons in the motor regions of the cerebral cortex. E. Damage to neurons of the cerebellum reduces the coordination of muscle movements. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 18. What is the function of the basal nuclei in normal motor control? A. They provide a perceptual awareness related to specific sensory inputs from the eyes, nose, and mouth. B. They provide a general perceptual awareness associated with somatosensory inputs from the skin, muscles, and joints. C. They provide a sense of the cause-and-effect relationships between muscle actions and the consequences of taking these actions before executing them. D. They participate in a looping neuronal circuit through which motor impulses are sent to facilitate or suppress movements. E. They form an initial intention to move, such as when you decide to pick up an object. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 19. Which is a symptom of Parkinson disease? A. flaccid paralysis B. intention tremor C. resting tremor D. memory loss E. loss of proprioception Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 20. What are the symptoms of patients with cerebellar disease? A. They cannot initiate movements, but will sit as though frozen for extended periods of time. B. They have resting tremors, in which the head or limbs will continuously oscillate when no movement is intended. C. They lose the ability to comprehend language, although they are still fully capable of speaking words. D. All reflexes governing unconscious reactions to muscle stretch, muscle force, and nociceptor input are lost. E. They cannot perform limb or eye movements smoothly, showing intention tremors that increase as a movement nears its final destination. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 21. What is the main reason a patient with Parkinson disease cannot be treated with dopamine? A. Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter that is deficient. B. Injecting dopamine only makes the substantia nigra down-regulate its own production of dopamine. C. Dopamine is highly addictive, creating a dependence in the patient that is worse than Parkinson disease. D. Dopamine cannot cross the blood-brain barrier, and it has too many systemic side effects. E. Dopamine is a protein that is digested in the stomach before it can enter a person's circulation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H08.04 Describe the structural basis for, and the importance of the blood brain barrier. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K12.04b List types of capillaries and state where in the body each type is found. HAPS Objective: K12.04c Correlate the anatomical structure of capillaries with their functions. HAPS Topic: Module H08 Protective roles of the cranial bones, meninges, and cerebrospinal fluid. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 22. Which best describes the specific cause of Parkinson disease? A. enhanced sensitivity of cholinergic receptors to acetylcholine B. reduced ability of neurons in the substantia nigra to release dopamine C. failure of serotonin receptors to bind with these neurohormones D. hyperactivity of metabolic enzymes that degrade dopamine E. natural tendency of basal nuclei to follow a daily recurring, oscillating cycle of rising and falling norepinephrine release Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system 23. Why do people with Parkinson disease experience resting tremors? A. Damage to the cerebellum alternately activates agonist/antagonist muscle pairs. B. Excess glutamate is released in the premotor areas of the motor cortex. C. Dopamine-secreting tumors directly activate alpha motor neurons. D. Acetylcholinesterase at neuromusclular junctions is inactivated. E. Activation of the sensorimotor cortex is reduced when the substantia nigra fails to deliver dopamine to the basal nuclei. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 24. Which is TRUE about the function of the cerebellum? A. It helps to coordinate body movements. B. It is important in maintaining posture. C. It receives input from sensory pathways. D. It stores the memory of motor movements that involve several joints. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 25. Which of the following symptoms is common following damage to the cerebellum? A. flaccid paralysis B. violent, uncontrolled body movements called chorea C. intention tremors D. resting tremors E. spastic paralysis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the nervous system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: H16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the nervous system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 26. Which of the following statements about control of body movement is FALSE? A. The corticospinal motor pathways control most fine, discrete muscle activity. B. The brainstem pathways control postural and most other coordinated body movements. C. The cerebellum fine-tunes ongoing movement and helps to coordinate movements. D. The corticobulbar pathways begin in the sensorimotor cortex and end in the brainstem. E. The corticospinal tracts from the right sensorimotor cortex control movements of limbs on the right side of the body. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 27. The corticospinal pathways: A. are descending motor pathways. B. begin in the cortex of the cerebellum. C. consist of many interneurons linked synaptically. D. are composed of alpha motor neurons. E. bring sensory information from the spinal cord to the somatosensory region of the cerebral cortex. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 28. Which of the following is NOT true of corticospinal fibers? A. They may synapse directly on alpha motor neurons. B. They may synapse directly on gamma motor neurons. C. They may synapse directly on interneurons. D. They are collectively sometimes called the extrapyramidal system. E. They may synapse with afferent neurons in ascending pathways. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 29. What is the definition of "muscle tone"? A. the resistance of muscle to continuous passive stretch B. the sound made by a muscle at rest C. the maximum contraction strength that a muscle is capable of D. the tension in a muscle that is only due to the passive resistance of elastic structures E. the average length of the muscle fibers in a given motor unit Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G01.01 Describe the major functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Topic: Module G01 General functions of muscle tissue. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 10.04 Section: 10.04 Topic: General functions of muscle tissue 30. Afferent pathways of the postural reflexes come mainly from: A. the cerebellum. B. the eyes, the vestibular apparatus, and the receptors involved in proprioception. C. muscle spindles and temperature receptors. D. nociceptors and chemoreceptors. E. the somatosensory cortex. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.05 Section: 10.05 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 31. When a walking person lifts one foot off of the ground, which of these happens? A. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground. B. The body only accelerates forward, so the center of gravity remains directy between the two feet. C. The body accelerates forward, but the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is lifted off the ground. D. The body leans so that the center of gravity shifts over the foot that is on the ground. E. The center of mass is left behind by the acceleration of the body, so the body must lean forward to compensate. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.06 Section: 10.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the muscular system Topic: Clinical applications of the nervous system True / False Questions 32. The motor neuron pool of a skeletal muscle consists of the neurons of all of the motor units of that muscle. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.03 Define the term motor unit. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 33. Inhibitory input to motor neurons is as important for normal muscle function as excitatory input. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 34. Once a planned movement is under way, it is usually carried out with no further modifications until it is finished. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Integrative functions of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 35. Practicing a movement allows for "fine-tuning" the original program so that the movement can be executed with fewer corrections. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.08 Describe the parts of the brain involved in storage of long term memory and discuss possible mechanisms of memory consolidation. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Section: 10.01 Topic: Integrative functions of the brain 36. Afferent information about body movement is in part integrated at the level of the interneurons controlling the firing of alpha motor neurons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H02.01 Describe the nervous system as a control system identifying nervous system elements that are sensory receptors, the afferent pathway, control centers, the efferent pathway, and effector organs. HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.01 Describe the locations and functions of the first-, second- and third-order neurons in a sensory pathway. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H02 Organization of the nervous system from both anatomical and functional perspectives. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 37. Afferent fibers from muscle spindle stretch receptors in a muscle make excitatory synaptic contact with motor neurons that innervate the extrafusal fibers of the same muscle. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 38. Information from the muscle spindle stretch receptors is not conveyed above the level of the spinal cord and thus does not reach consciousness. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 39. During motor activity, alpha-gamma coactivation provides important information regarding muscle length to the higher motor control centers. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 40. Stimulation of a Golgi tendon organ causes a reflex contraction of the muscle whose tension the receptor is monitoring. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 41. The activity of alpha motor neurons innervating an extensor muscle can be inhibited by activation of the Golgi tendon organs in the tendon that attaches that muscle to bone. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 42. When a person steps on a tack with the left foot, flexor muscles on the right leg and extensor muscles on the left leg will be stimulated to contract. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body- pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and barorceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 43. The skeletal muscles of the body are represented in the primary motor cortex proportionately to their size. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain 44. The primary motor cortex in the right side of the brain mainly controls the left half of the body. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.04 Identify the five lobes of the cerebral cortex and describe how the motor and sensory functions of the cerebrum are distributed among the lobes. HAPS Objective: H12.03 Explain how decussation occurs in sensory and motor pathways and predict how decussation impacts the correlation of brain damage and symptoms in stroke patients. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 45. The thalamus is an important relay station for feedback of information to the basal nuclei from the motor cortex. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.01 Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.01 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain 46. One of the primary roles of the cerebellum is to compare a given program for movement with the actual movement as it occurs and to make adjustments in the movement and in the program. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Division, origin, and function of parts of the brain Topic: Integrative functions of the brain 47. In general, the brainstem descending pathways have greater influence over motor neurons controlling muscles involved in fine movements and the corticospinal pathways are more involved in the coordination of large muscle groups and postural muscles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.03 Section: 10.03 Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 48. Crossed-extensor reflexes, but not stretch reflexes, are important postural reflexes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.05 Section: 10.05 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 49. Motor pathways extending from the central nervous system to muscle fibers are subject to control by both excitatory and inhibitory interneurons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neural integration in the CNS Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord 50. Sensory neurons that are part of the stretch reflex synapse directly onto the motor neurons of antagonist muscles, and inhibit them. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G09.01 Define the terms prime mover (or agonist), antagonist, synergist and fixator. HAPS Objective: H11.03 Distinguish between each of the following pairs of reflexes - intrinsic (inborn) reflexes vs. learned reflexes, somatic vs. visceral reflexes, monosynaptic vs. polysynaptic reflexes, and ipsilateral vs. contralateral reflexes. HAPS Objective: H11.05 Describe a stretch reflex, a flexor (withdrawal) reflex, and a crossed-extensor reflex, and name all components of each reflex arc. HAPS Topic: Module G09 Group actions of skeletal muscles. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function 51. Motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscle fibers are subject to the summative effects of interneurons that release excitatory neurotransmitters and interneurons that release inhibitory neurotransmitters. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H05.09 Explain temporal and spatial summation of synaptic potentials. HAPS Objective: H12.02 Describe the locations and functions of the upper and lower motor neurons in a motor pathway. HAPS Topic: Module H05 Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission. HAPS Topic: Module H12 Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord. Learning Outcome: 10.02 Section: 10.02 Topic: Neurotransmitters and their roles in synaptic transmission Topic: Physiology of sensory and motor pathways in the brain and spinal cord Chapter 11 The Endocrine System Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following statements is NOT true of the endocrine system? A. It is one of two major regulatory systems of the body. B. It is composed of glands that secrete chemical messengers into the blood. C. It is an important regulator of homeostatic mechanisms. D. It influences and is influenced by the nervous system. E. Most of its components are anatomically connected, like most other systems of the body. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.01 Describe the major functions of the endocrine system. HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Section: 11.01 Topic: General functions of the endocrine system 2. Which does NOT apply to hormones? A. They are chemical regulators that are conveyed from one organ to another via the bloodstream. B. In some cases, the same chemical substances can also function as local regulators and/or neurotransmitters. C. All hormones are derived from cholesterol. D. They are secreted into the blood by ductless glands. E. They are sometimes secreted by neural tissue. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.01 Describe the major functions of the endocrine system. HAPS Objective: J01.02 Define the terms hormone, endocrine gland, endocrine tissue (organ), and target cell. HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.01 Section: 11.02 Topic: General functions of the endocrine system Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 3. Which is most likely TRUE of an endocrine cell that contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules? A. It secretes a peptide/protein hormone. B. It secretes its product by diffusion through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane. C. It secretes by endocytosis. D. Its hormone product is synthesized from cholesterol. E. It secretes a hormone with a hydrophobic structure. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 4. Which is most likely a characteristic of cells that secrete steroid hormones? A. They store large amounts of hormone. B. They are characterized by abundant smooth endoplasmic reticulum and few secretory granules. C. They contain large numbers of secretory granules. D. They are found in the anterior pituitary gland. E. They are found in the medulla of the adrenal gland. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.01 Section: 11.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 5. Which is TRUE regarding the structure and synthesis of hormones? A. Steroid hormones are synthesized from cholesterol. B. Thyroid hormones are catecholamines. C. The hormones of the adrenal cortex have the same structure as the neurotransmitters of adrenergic neurons. D. Most peptide hormones require binding proteins for transport in the blood. E. Vasopressin is synthesized in the posterior pituitary. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post-ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J02.02 Describe how each class is transported in the blood. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.03 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.03 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 6. What is the definition of a prohormone? A. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and stimulate the secretion of a second hormone. B. Hormones that bind to endocrine glands and inhibit the secretion of a second hormone. C. A longer protein or peptide that is cleaved into shorter ones, at least one of which is a peptide or protein hormone. D. Hormones that stimulate the expression of receptors for a second hormone, promoting their action. E. Steroid hormones that are inactivated by having hydroxyl groups removed from their structure. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 7. Which of the following statements about hormone synthesis is NOT correct? A. Progesterone can be a precursor of cortisol. B. Progesterone is a precursor of mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones. C. Pregnenolone is a precursor for all steroid hormones. D. Tryptophan is a precursor for thyroid hormones. E. Peptide hormones are polymers of amino acids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 8. Which would most directly decrease the production of aldosterone? A. going on a low-salt diet B. ingesting extra dietary vitamin D C. reducing dietary tyrosine D. increasing dietary cholesterol E. injecting a drug that blocks the production of angiotensin II Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 9. Peptide hormones are: A. synthesized by the ribosomes of endocrine cells. B. synthesized in the nucleus of endocrine cells. C. synthesized out of the amino acid tryptophan. D. the least prevalent type of hormone in the body. E. manufactured cooperatively by the mitochondria and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 10. A hormone may be A. inactivated by its target cell. B. activated by its target cell. C. inactivated by nontarget cells. D. excreted before it has a chance to act on a target cell. E. All of the choices could be correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. Learning Outcome: 11.04 Section: 11.04 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 11. How is the concentration of a hormone in plasma determined? A. only by its rate of secretion B. by the number of its target cells in the body C. only by its rate of synthesis D. by its secretion and clearance rates, and whether or not it binds to carriers and/or other plasma proteins E. only by the rate of its degradation by the liver and kidneys Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.02 Describe how each class is transported in the blood. HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. Learning Outcome: 11.03 Learning Outcome: 11.04 Section: 11.03 Section: 11.04 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 12. Which is TRUE about hormone binding to the proteins found in plasma? A. Steroid hormones do not bind to plasma proteins. B. The binding proteins that transport hormones are hormones themselves. C. The tighter that a hormone binds to a carrier protein in the plasma, the faster the body can usually get rid of that hormone. D. Hydrophobic hormones like steroid and thyroid hormones need binding proteins because they are not very soluble in the blood plasma. E. Only peptide-type hormones can bind to the carrier proteins found in the plasma. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.02 Describe how each class is transported in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.03 Section: 11.03 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 13. Which is NOT an endocrine function performed by the liver? A. secreting insulin-like growth factor 1 B. clearing hormones from plasma C. secreting angiotensinogen D. producing plasma proteins that bind hormones E. secreting insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.07b In the pancreas, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J06.03 Discuss the production and function of growth factors. HAPS Objective: K02.01 Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions and where in the body they are produced. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. HAPS Topic: Module K02 Composition of blood plasma Learning Outcome: 11.01 Learning Outcome: 11.04 Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.01 Section: 11.04 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 14. What is a main difference between the modes of action of peptide hormones and steroid hormones? A. Peptide hormones bind to intracellular receptors, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface. B. Peptide hormones act as second messengers, whereas steroid hormones bind to receptors in the cytosol. C. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones act as second messengers. D. Peptide hormones bind to receptors on the cell surface, whereas steroid hormones bind to intracellular receptors. E. There are no differences; both act by binding to intracellular receptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 15. Which is NOT true about receptors for steroid hormones? A. They may be proteins found in the nucleus. B. They undergo allosteric modulation when they bind to the hormone. C. They regulate gene transcription. D. They may be found in the nucleus. E. They are synthesized from cholesterol. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 16. Which is a characteristic of hydrophobic hormones? A. They mostly bind to receptor proteins in the surface membrane of target cells. B. They are generally polar molecules. C. They usually have very rapid effects on target cells. D. Their mechanism of action generally involves altering protein synthesis. E. They are highly soluble in blood plasma. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 17. Acting alone, epinephrine and thyroid hormone each stimulates release of only a small amount of fatty acids from adipose cells. In the presence of thyroid hormone, epinephrine causes a much more substantial release of fatty acids from the cells. What is the term describing the effect of thyroid hormone on epinephrine's actions? A. antagonistic B. agonistic C. permissive D. direct E. paracrine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs Learning Outcome: 11.05 Learning Outcome: 11.11 Section: 11.05 Section: 11.11 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 18. What term describes hormones that influence the secretion of other hormones? A. mineralocorticoids B. trophic C. tropic D. allosteric E. teratogen Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Section: 11.06 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 19. Which of the following statements about oxytocin is TRUE? A. Target cells of oxytocin have receptors for the hormone in their nucleus. B. Oxytocin is synthesized in the hypothalamus. C. Oxytocin is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland. D. Oxytocin's main function is to increase the rate of respiration. E. Oxytocin keeps uterine smooth muscle from contracting, so it prolongs pregnancy. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J04.04 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 20. Which accurately describes the median eminence of the hypothalamus? A. It is the site of synthesis of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). B. It is a site where neurohormones are release into blood vessels. C. It is the site where vasopressin is released into blood vessels. D. It is the stalk connecting the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary. E. It is the main site where thyroid-stimulating hormone first enters the bloodstream. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.01 Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J04.04 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 21. Which of the following statements about hormone actions is correct? A. Growth hormone is a tropic hormone for insulin-like growth factor 1. B. Inhibition of prolactin release by dopamine is an example of short-loop negative feedback. C. Somatostatin stimulates growth hormone secretion. D. ACTH inhibits cortisol secretion. E. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) stimulates growth hormone secretion. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 22. Which of these describes secondary hypersecretion of hormone X? A. A growing tumor secretes hormone Y, which stimulates the gland that secretes hormone X. B. Cells of a growing tumor manufacture hormone X in unregulated fashion. C. Negative feedback from a tumor that hypersecretes hormone Z inhibits the gland that secretes hormone X. D. Hormone X is secreted by a growing tumor that is in the anterior pituitary gland. E. Hormone X is secreted in unregulated fashion by a tumor growing in a tissue that does not normally secrete hormone X. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.07 Section: 11.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system 23. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the anterior pituitary gland? A. somatotropin B. prolactin C. corticotropin D. erythropoietin E. thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.08b In the kidney, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: P05.02 Describe the role of kidney in regulating erythropoiesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P05 Additional endocrine activities of the kidney. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.01 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 24. What term describes hormones secreted by the hypothalamus that regulate the secretion of hormones from the anterior pituitary gland? A. growth factors B. paracrine factors C. hypophysiotropic hormones D. metabotrobic-releasing factors E. cerebrovitalistic hormones Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.02 Define the terms releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone and tropic hormone. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 25. Which is an example of long-loop negative feedback? A. stimulation of dopamine release by prolactin B. inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by growth hormone (GH) C. inhibition of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) release by insulin-like growth factor-1 D. inhibition of corticotropin-releasing hormone by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. stimulation of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) release by thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 26. Which of the following statements about hormones is correct? A. Anterior pituitary hormones are synthesized in the hypothalamus. B. All hormones secreted by the anterior and posterior pituitary glands are peptides. C. IGF-1 stimulates growth by increasing growth hormone secretion through positive feedback. D. All of the hypophysiotropic hormones are peptides. E. Only steroid hormones can regulate the secretion of steroid hormones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.01 Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Learning Outcome: 11.18 Section: 11.01 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.08 Section: 11.18 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 27. A chemical precursor for cortisol is ___ _, which is made from _ _. Cortisol is secreted by when stimulated by _ _ from the anterior pituitary. A. androstenedione, progesterone, adrenal cortex, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) B. progesterone, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) C. testosterone, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) D. progesterone, cholesterol, adrenal cortex, adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. estradiol, cholesterol, adrenal medulla, corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 28. Which is an accurate description of the posterior pituitary and its functions? A. It is glandular tissue and secretes vasopressin and prolactin. B. It is neural tissue and is stimulated to secrete oxytocin and vasopressin by hypophysiotropic hormones. C. It is neural tissue, and vesicles containing oxytocin and vasopressin are transported to axon terminals there. D. It is glandular tissue and releases oxytocin and somatostatin when action potentials arrive along axons from the hypothalamus. E. It is neural tissue that secretes hypophysiotropic hormones that control the secretion of the anterior pituitary hormones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.01 Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J04.04 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 29. Which is a function of the gonadotropic hormones? A. stimulating the release of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) B. inhibiting the release of growth hormone C. inhibiting the release of prolactin D. inducing the secretion of steroid hormones by the gonads in both males and females E. stimulating the release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 30. If the adrenal glands were removed from a patient, his plasma cortisol levels would __ , secretion of CRH by the _ _ would _ _ , and secretion of ACTH by the __ would __ _. A. increase; hypothalamus; decrease; anterior pituitary gland; decrease B. decrease; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase C. decrease; anterior pituitary gland; increase; hypothalamus; increase D. increase; hypothalamus; increase; adenohypophysis; increase E. decrease; adenohypophysis; increase; anterior pituitary gland; increase Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.13 Learning Outcome: 11.15 Section: 11.13 Section: 11.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 31. Which of these could be a cause of hypertrophy of the adrenal cortex? A. autoimmune destruction of receptors for adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) B. autoimmune destruction of hypothalamic cells that secrete corticotropin-releasing hormone C. injection of an excess of cortisol D. destruction of the anterior pituitary by a stroke E. excessively rapid clearance of cortisol from the circulation Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin ). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Learning Outcome: 11.13 Learning Outcome: 11.15 Section: 11.08 Section: 11.13 Section: 11.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 32. Which is a result of consuming a diet deficient in iodine? A. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to reduced secretion of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) by the pituitary gland B. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and an enlarged thyroid gland C. high plasma concentration of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) due to a deficiency of thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) D. high plasma concentration of thyroid hormones due to increased secretion of TSH by the pituitary gland E. low plasma concentration of thyroid hormones and atrophy of the thyroid gland due to reduced concentrations of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin ). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.09 Learning Outcome: 11.10 Learning Outcome: 11.12 Section: 11.09 Section: 11.10 Section: 11.12 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system 33. Which would be the effect of a blood clot that blocked the vessels of the hypothalamo- pituitary portal system in the infundibulum between the hypothalamus and the anterior pituitary gland? A. secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) would decrease and the adrenal cortex would atrophy B. secretion of gonadotropins will decrease and the gonads will hypertrophy C. secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) would decrease D. secretion of prolactin would decrease E. secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) would increase Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J04.01 Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 34. Which is part of the endocrine reponse to stress? A. increased secretion of corticotropin from the anterior pituitary B. increased secretion of corticotropin from the hypothalamus C. increased secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the hypothalamus D. negative feedback to the adrenal cortex by adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) E. decreased secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) by the hypothalamus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.13 Section: 11.13 Topic: Hormonal response to stress Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 35. Short-loop negative feedback occurs when hormones from the _ _ inhibit hormone secretion by the _ _. A. hypothalamus; anterior pituitary B. adrenal cortex; hypothalamus C. anterior pituitary; hypothalamus D. adrenal cortex; anterior pituitary E. anterior pituitary; adrenal cortex Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 36. If the pituitary gland is removed from a human subject, which of the following is likely to occur? A. The adrenal gland will hypertrophy to increase cortisol production. B. The adrenal gland will atrophy and plasma cortisol levels will be reduced. C. The hypothalamus will secrete less CRH. D. The subject will remain euthyroid. E. There will be increased negative feedback on growth hormone by insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 37. Which are hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary? A. vasopressin and dopamine B. corticotropin and dopamine C. oxytocin and prolactin D. vasopressin and corticotropin E. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) and oxytocin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 38. Which stimulates the secretion of growth hormone? A. waking from sleep B. exercise C. increased levels of IGF-I in blood D. high plasma glucose E. increased somatostatin secretion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 39. Deficiency of iodine in the diet results in ____ _ caused by . A. a goiter; increased production of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and increased thyroid hormone levels B. atrophy of the thyroid gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels C. a goiter; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones and increased thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) levels D. atrophy of the thyroid gland; decreased sensitivity of receptors for thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) E. atrophy of the anterior pituitary gland; loss of negative feedback by thyroid hormones Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.12 Section: 11.12 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 40. A patient goes to her doctor, complaining of fatigue, weight gain, and intolerance to cold. She also has a noticeable goiter in her neck. Which of the following is a most likely diagnosis and cause? A. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to destruction of thyrotrope cells of her anterior pituitary gland. B. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to Graves' disease. C. She has hypothyroidism, possibly due to low iodine in her diet. D. She has hyperthyroidism, possibly due to a hypersecreting tumor of the anterior pituitary gland. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.12 Section: 11.12 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 41. Which is most likely a result of hypersecretion of growth hormone? A. acromegaly B. dwarfism C. decreased plasma concentration of IGF-I D. decreased secretion of somatostatin E. increased secretion of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: 11.19 Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 42. A patient appears in a clinic complaining of irritability and chronic sweatiness. He also has a lump in his neck near his larynx. Blood tests show he has low levels of thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) in his plasma. Which of the following is the most likely diagnosis? A. primary hypothyroidism B. an iodine-insufficient diet C. secondary hypothyroidism D. hyposecretion of TRH E. Graves' disease Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.12 Section: 11.12 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 43. To synthesize thyroid hormones, iodine is attached to: A. cholesterol. B. the amino acid tyrosine. C. the amino acid tryptophan. D. acetyl coenzyme A. E. the amino acid phenylalanine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.09 Section: 11.09 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 44. Which is a result of elevated thyroid hormone levels? A. an increase in triglyceride storage B. increased Na+/K+ ATPase activity C. decreased body temperature D. mental lethargy Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins Learning Outcome: 11.11 Section: 11.11 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 45. Which is a result of an absence of thyroid hormones during fetal development? A. acromegaly B. Cushing's syndrome C. congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) D. Graves' disease E. Addison's disease Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.11 Learning Outcome: 11.12 Learning Outcome: 11.15 Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: 11.11 Section: 11.12 Section: 11.15 Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 46. Which is a hormonal response to a stressful situation? A. Negative feedback from cortisol increases secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). B. Secretion of aldosterone by the adrenal gland is decreased. C. Negative feedback from cortisol increases the secretion of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH). D. Plasma levels of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) decrease. E. Plasma levels of cortisol increase. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.13 Learning Outcome: 11.14 Section: 11.13 Section: 11.14 Topic: Hormonal response to stress Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 47. What is the major hormone responsible for mediating the body's general response to stress? A. thyroid hormone B. growth hormone C. testosterone D. aldosterone E. cortisol Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.13 Learning Outcome: 11.14 Section: 11.13 Section: 11.14 Topic: Hormonal response to stress Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 48. Which of the following is NOT stimulated by cortisol during stress? A. gluconeogenesis B. protein catabolism C. glucose uptake into muscle cells D. triglyceride catabolism in adipose cells E. decreased sensitivity to insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs Learning Outcome: 11.13 Section: 11.13 Topic: Hormonal response to stress Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 49. Which of the following is an action of the sympathetic nervous system during stress? A. It increases the ability to respond to situations where physical activity is required. B. It increases blood flow to the skeletal muscles and viscera. C. It inhibits blood clotting. D. It decreases ventilation of the lungs to save oxygen. E. It increases glycogen synthesis in the liver. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: H15.02 Explain how the nervous system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs Learning Outcome: 11.16 Section: 11.16 Topic: Hormonal response to stress 50. Which of the following hormones is NOT usually secreted at higher levels in response to stress? A. aldosterone B. gonadotropins C. vasopressin D. antidiuretic hormone (ADH) E. beta-endorphin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.16 Section: 11.16 Topic: Hormonal response to stress 51. Which statement best describes the manner in which growth hormone stimulates cell proliferation? A. It directly stimulates cell division in most tissues. B. It stimulates the release of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-1) from the liver and other target tissues of growth hormone. C. It stimulates metabolism. D. It stimulates the release of eicosanoids from lymphoid tissues. E. It stimulates sleep. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J06.02 List two major types of eicosanoids and discuss their production and functions. HAPS Objective: J06.03 Discuss the production and function of growth factors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 52. At what time in the lifespan is growth hormone secretion rate highest? A. in utero B. during childhood C. during adolescence D. during adulthood E. during senescence Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R06.03 Compare and contrast the events and endocrine regulation of female and male puberty. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Effects of aging on the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 53. Which is true about the growth of long bones? A. Osteoblasts dissolve bone tissue when bones remodel in response to sex hormones. B. Osteoclasts are responsible for depositing new bone tissue at the epiphyseal growth plate before puberty. C. Before adolescence, bones are completely made up of cartilage; after puberty they ossify and harden. D. Growth in length occurs at a single epiphyseal growth plate in the center of the shaft of long bones. E. Growth in length occurs at two epiphyseal growth plates near the ends of long bones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F03.01 Identify the structural components of a long bone, with emphasis on region of longitudinal growth. HAPS Objective: F03.02 Explain the functions of those structural components in the context of a whole bone. HAPS Objective: F05.01 Compare and contrast the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module F03 Structural components – gross anatomy. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. Learning Outcome: 11.17 Section: 11.17 54. In what form is the body's largest pool of calcium? A. embedded in collagen in many types of connective tissue B. blood, dissolved within the plasma C. skeletal muscle, stored in terminal cisternae D. bones, in the form of hydroxyapatites E. liver, inside the endoplasmic reticulum Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F02.01 List and describe the cellular and extracellular components of bone tissue. HAPS Topic: Module F02 Structural components – microscopic anatomy. Learning Outcome: 11.20 Section: 11.20 55. Which of the hormones listed below has the most profound direct effect to stimulate the increased resorption of bone when plasma Ca2+ levels decrease? A. thyroxine B. parathyroid hormone C. calcitonin D. cortisol E. insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.03c In the parathyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the parathyroid hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone leve l will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.20 Learning Outcome: 11.21 Section: 11.20 Section: 11.21 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 56. Which is NOT an effect of parathyroid hormone? A. increases the bone-degrading activity of osteoclasts B. decreases reabsorption of calcium by the kidneys C. promotes vitamin D synthesis, leading to increased intestinal absorption of calcium D. increases plasma [Ca2+] E. decreases reabsorption of phosphate by the kidneys Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.01 Compare and contrast the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03c In the parathyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the parathyroid hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids Learning Outcome: 11.21 Section: 11.21 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 57. Which would result from a vitamin D deficiency? A. hypercalcemia B. an increase in bone mass C. an increase in parathyroid hormone levels D. increased intestinal absorption of calcium Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03a In the parathyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the parathyroid hormone. HAPS Objective: J05.08c In the kidney, name the target tissue or cells for erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D) and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.08d In the kidney, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D) levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O01.01d With respect to nutrients, classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition Learning Outcome: 11.21 Section: 11.21 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 58. Which of the following is TRUE regarding pituitary growth hormone (GH)? A. The liver produces a factor that mediates the metabolic actions of GH. B. GH stimulates insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) production by the liver and by many other cells. C. GH increases the sensitivity of tissues to the action of insulin. D. GH exerts negative feedback on its own production by inhibiting the hypothalamic secretion of somatostatin. E. IGF-1 stimulates the secretion of GH by anterior pituitary gland cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J06.03 Discuss the production and function of growth factors. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 59. Which of the following is NOT true of pituitary growth hormone? A. It directly promotes protein anabolism in many cells. B. It causes differentiation of precursor cells that then respond to IGF-I by proliferating. C. Hypersecretion of growth hormone in adults leads to acromegaly. D. It is absent or deficient in pituitary dwarfs. E. It is necessary for fetal growth. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J06.03 Discuss the production and function of growth factors. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J06 Local hormones (paracrines and autocrines) and growth factors. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 60. What would be the effect of a thyroid deficiency beginning in infancy? A. Gigantism would occur. B. Acromegaly would occur. C. Growth rate would be faster than normal. D. Growth rate would be slower than normal. E. Body temperature would be above normal. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.11 Section: 11.11 Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 61. A deficiency in dietary iodine can cause: A. congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism). B. a slowing of mental functions. C. a low metabolic rate. D. a goiter. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.11 Learning Outcome: 11.12 Section: 11.11 Section: 11.12 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 62. Which correctly lists a function of estrogens in females and testosterone in males? A. They prevent the pubertal growth spurt. B. They are responsible for epiphyseal plate closure. C. They stimulate the secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). D. They stimulate the secretion of luteinizing hormone (LH). E. They stimulate the reabsorption of bone. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.05c In the testis, name the target tissue or cells for testosterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.05d In the testis, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in testosterone and inhibin level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R06.03 Compare and contrast the events and endocrine regulation of female and male puberty. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions Learning Outcome: 11.08 Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.08 Section: 11.19 Topic: Effects of aging on the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions True / False Questions 63. An endocrine cell that contains an abundance of rough endoplasmic reticulum, a large Golgi apparatus, and many secretory granules is likely to secrete a peptide hormone. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 64. Steroid hormones are stored in the cells that synthesize them until a stimulus is received that provokes their secretion. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 65. The adrenal cortex secretes androgens. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 66. Ovaries synthesize as much androgen as they do estrogen. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 67. Most amine and peptide hormones circulate in the plasma as free hormones, whereas steroid hormones are mostly bound to circulating binding proteins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.02 Describe how each class is transported in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.03 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.03 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 68. In general, steroid hormones bind to receptors on cell membranes, whereas peptide hormones bind to receptors inside of cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 69. In general, the metabolism and excretion rates of steroid hormones are higher than those of peptide hormones. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J02.02 Describe how each class is transported in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.03 Learning Outcome: 11.04 Section: 11.03 Section: 11.04 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 70. The concentration of a hormone in the blood can affect the number of receptors for that hormone on or in a target cell. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 71. Thyroid hormones exert a permissive effect on the actions of epinephrine. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02c In the thyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells from thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 72. Both thyroxine and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) are amine hormones. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 73. Stimuli for the secretion of hormones include changes in plasma concentrations of ions, nutrients, and other hormones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Section: 11.06 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 74. The mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones is generally via the stimulation or inhibition of specific DNA-dependent protein synthesis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 75. Binding of hydrophilic hormones to their receptors often results in the formation of one or more second messengers that lead to alterations of the cell's activity. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.05 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 76. A precursor of cortisol is cholesterol. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 77. The adrenal cortex is part of the autonomic nervous system. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.05 Contrast sympathetic innervation of the adrenal gland with sympathetic innervation of other effectors. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Section: 11.02 Topic: Anatomy of endocrine glands 78. The receptors for estradiol, T3, and vasopressin are all located in the nuclei of target cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 11.02 Learning Outcome: 11.05 Section: 11.02 Section: 11.05 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 79. Unlike neurons, endocrine cells generally do not act as integrators of various kinds of positive or negative inputs. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J01.01 Describe the major functions of the endocrine system. HAPS Objective: J01.03 Compare and contrast how the nervous and endocrine systems control body function, with emphasis on the mechanisms by which the controlling signals are transferred through the body and the time course of the response(s) and action(s). HAPS Topic: Module J01 General functions of the endocrine system. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Section: 11.06 Topic: General functions of the endocrine system Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 80. In cases where the plasma concentration of an ion or nutrient affects the secretion rate of a hormone, the affected hormone is usually a regulator of the homeostasis of that ion or nutrient. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.01 List and describe several types of stimuli that control production and secretion of hormones. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Section: 11.06 Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 81. Hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are synthesized in neuronal cell bodies of the hypothalamus and transported to the pituitary by axonal transport. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.04 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 82. The pituitary portal circulation refers to the blood vessels linking the anterior pituitary with the target glands of anterior pituitary hormones. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.01 Describe the locations of and the anatomical relationships between the hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and posterior pituitary glands. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 83. The primary function of thyrotropin is to stimulate secretion of thyroid hormones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 84. The liver is a target gland of growth hormone. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.08 Learning Outcome: 11.18 Section: 11.08 Section: 11.18 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 85. A general name for a hormone that regulates mineral ion homeostasis is "tropic hormone." FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.02 Define the terms releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone and tropic hormone. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Section: 11.06 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 86. The effect of some tropic hormones is to stimulate release of other tropic hormones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J04.02 Define the terms releasing hormone, inhibiting hormone and tropic hormone. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. Learning Outcome: 11.06 Learning Outcome: 11.08 Section: 11.06 Section: 11.08 Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Physiology of hormones and hormone secretion 87. In bone, osteoblasts serve mainly to dissolve bone and mobilize Ca2+. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.01 Compare and contrast the function of osteoblasts and osteoclasts during bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. Learning Outcome: 11.17 Learning Outcome: 11.20 Section: 11.17 Section: 11.20 88. The net intake and output of calcium for the entire body is regulated most directly by the activities of the kidneys and the gastrointestinal tract. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: P01.01 Describe the major functions of the urinary system. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module P01 General functions of the urinary system. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids Learning Outcome: 11.20 Section: 11.20 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 89. The amount of Ca2+ within the extracellular fluid is greater than that in the bones at any given time. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F02.01 List and describe the cellular and extracellular components of bone tissue. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellu lar fluids. HAPS Topic: Module F02 Structural components – microscopic anatomy. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids Learning Outcome: 11.20 Section: 11.20 90. In order for growth to occur, the overall rate of anabolism must be greater than the overall rate of catabolism. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to metabolism Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 91. Dietary protein is necessary to achieve normal growth in infants and children. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01c With respect to nutrients, for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition Learning Outcome: 11.18 Section: 11.18 92. A child's growth would be stunted by thyroid hormone deficiency. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.11 Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.11 Section: 11.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 93. A hypothalamic tumor that secretes large amounts of somatostatin may cause dwarfism in a young child. TRUE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J04.03 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the release of anterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 94. Growth hormone secretion is stimulated by exercise. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormonal response to stress Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 95. The actions of thyroid hormones in stimulating body growth are permissive to the actions of growth hormone. TRUE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 96. Insulin is important for growth both before and after birth. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 97. Elevated plasma cortisol concentration is permissive for the growth-promoting actions of growth hormone. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 11.19 Section: 11.19 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions 98. Depressed levels of thyroid hormones in blood resulting from a defect in the cells that secrete TSH is an example of primary hyposecretion of thyroid hormones. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.02a In the thyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 11.07 Section: 11.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the endocrine system Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Chapter 12 Cardiovascular Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT primarily a function of blood plasma? A. transport of hormones B. being in osmotic balance with red blood cells C. having plasma proteins that exert an osmotic pressure favoring fluid absorption into the capillaries D. providing clotting factors that are ready to be activated E. transport of oxygen Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K02.01 Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions and where in the body they are produced. HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Objective: Q04.01 Explain the role of electrolytes and non-electrolytes in the determination of osmotic pressure. HAPS Objective: Q04.03 Compare and contrast the roles that osmosis and capillary filtration play in the movement of fluids between compartments. HAPS Topic: Module K02 Composition of blood plasma. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in blood HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Composition of blood plasma 2. Which of the following does NOT describe erythrocytes? A. contain myoglobin B. have a high surface-to-volume ratio C. carry oxygen and carbon dioxide in blood D. are red in color E. when mature, have no nucleus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.01b With respect to the structure and numbers of formed elements in blood, compare and contrast the morphological features of erythrocytes and the five types of leukocytes. HAPS Objective: K03.03a With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, state the function of red blood cells. HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in blood Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Functional roles of formed elements of blood Topic: Microscopic anatomy of formed elements of blood 3. What is the term that describes the production of red blood cells? A. hemaglutination B. erythrocytosis C. erythropoiesis D. erythroblastosis E. hemostasis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of formed elements of blood 4. Which is TRUE about the condition anemia? A. It can be caused by too little iron in the diet. B. It can be caused by kidney failure. C. It can be caused by abnormal hemoglobin. D. It results in reduced oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. E. All of the above are true. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in blood Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 5. A female has a blood test. One mL of her blood is drawn, sspun in a centrifuge, and the plasma volume is measured and found to be 0.6 mL. Two months later the same patient returns to the doctor and, after doing another blood test, the doctor tells the patient that she has become anemic compared to her previous visit. Which of the following is most likely to be the woman's hematocrit on the second visit? A. 35% B. 50% C. 70% D. 100% E. 0.6 mL Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K03.01c With respect to the structure and numbers of formed elements in blood, state the normal ranges for erythrocyte counts and hematocrit (both male and female), total leukocyte count, and platelet count. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 6. A male patient complains of physical weakness and fatigue. A blood test shows his hematocrit to be 30%. Which of the following diagnoses is the least likely to explain his symptoms? A. internal bleeding B. dietary iron deficiency C. dietary vitamin B12 deficiency D. lung disease E. kidney disease Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 7. Where is most of the iron in a person's body located? A. in the bone marrow B. in the liver C. in the cytochromes D. in erythrocytes E. in the kidneys Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.03a With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, state the function of red blood cells. HAPS Objective: K03.03b With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, discuss the structure and function of hemoglobin, as well as its breakdown products. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Functional roles of formed elements of blood 8. Defiency of which of the following results in the condition pernicious anemia? A. iron B. vitamin B12 C. erythropoietin D. vitamin D E. bilirubin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 9. Consider the equation F = P/R. It describes the flow (F) of fluid in a tube in which there is a pressure difference (P) between the two ends and a resistance (R) to flow. Based on this equation, which is a correct conclusion? A. The flow of fluid in a tube depends upon the absolute pressure at the beginning of the tube. B. The rate of fluid flow in a tube will increase if the pressure at the beginning is increased while the pressure at the end of the tube stays the same. C. The greater the resistance to flow in a tube, the greater the rate of flow for any given pressure difference. D. If both the resistance and the pressure gradient in a tube increase, the flow must also increase. E. The rate of flow in a tube will decrease if the resistance to flow is decreased. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Gradable: automatic HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.02 Section: 12.02 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 10. Which of the following changes would most increase the resistance to blood flow in a blood vessel? A. halving the diameter of the vessel B. doubling the diameter of the vessel C. halving the length of the vessel D. doubling the length of the vessel E. decreasing the hematocrit from 50% to 40% Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.02 Section: 12.02 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 11. Action potentials in the heart spread from cell to cell through: A. desmosomes. B. gap junctions. C. interneurons. D. valves. E. coronary vessels. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.02 Describe the structure, location in the body and function of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle. HAPS Objective: K06.06 Identify myocardium and describe its histological structure, including the significance of intercalated discs. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 12. The pacemaker of the heart is normally what structure? A. sinoatrial node B. atrioventricular node C. mitral valve D. bundle of His E. left ventricle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K09.01a List the parts of the conduction system of the heart and explain how the system functions. HAPS Objective: K09.01b In the conduction system of the heart, define automaticity and explain why the SA node normally paces the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart 13. Which is correct about the contraction sequence of the heart? A. The contraction and relaxation of all four chambers happen at the same time. B. The right atrium and ventricle contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the left atrium and left ventricle begin to contract. C. Contraction begins in the order: right atrium, then right ventricle, then left atrium, then left ventricle. D. The two atria contract at the same time, and as they are relaxing, the two ventricles contract together. E. The atria and ventricles begin their contractions at the exact same time, but the atrial contraction only lasts half as long as the ventricle contraction. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01c Explain how the cardiac conduction system produces efficient pumping of blood. HAPS Objective: K10.04 Explain how atrial systole is related to ventricular filling. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.03 Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.03 Section: 12.04 Topic: Cardiac cycle 14. Which of the following statements concerning the differences between action potentials in skeletal muscle cells and in ventricular cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A. Like skeletal muscle cells, ventricular cardiac muscle cells have a resting membrane potential closer to the sodium equilibrium potential than to the potassium equilibrium potential. B. Unlike skeletal muscle cells, the initial depolarization of ventricular cells is mainly due to calcium influx, not sodium influx. C. After sodium influx through voltage-gated channels occurs in ventricular cells, prolonged influx of calcium from the extracellular fluid occurs. No such calcium influx occurs in skeletal muscle cells. D. Action potentials in skeletal muscle cells are longer in duration than action potentials in cardiac muscle cells. E. The efflux of K+ repolarizes skeletal muscle cells after an action potential, while repolarization in cardiac muscle cells is due to the efflux of Ca2+. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile cells and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 15. Which of the following statements is true concerning the diastolic depolarization phase of a cell in the SA node? A. The cell will not depolarize until it receives sympathetic stimulation. B. The pacemaker potential is caused by Ca2+ entering the cell via L-type Ca2+ channels. C. The pacemaker potential is slower in achieving threshold when acetylcholine is applied to the SA node cells. D. During diastolic depolarization, there is a gradually increasing permeability to K+. E. The slope of the diastolic depolarization is decreased when norepinephrine is applied to the SA node cells. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile ce lls and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Objective: K07.05 Compare and contrast the role of nerves in the depolarization of cardiac pacemaker cells, ventricular contractile cells, and skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart 16. Which would NOT occur as a result of the blockage of action potential propagation through the bundle of His? A. There would be a slowing of the frequency of contraction of the ventricles. B. The atria would contract more frequently than the ventricles. C. The SA node would no longer set the pace for atrial contraction. D. The atria and ventricles would no longer beat in synchrony. E. The Purkinje fibers would not receive their typical action potentials from the bundle branches. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.01a List the parts of the conduction system of the heart and explain how the system functions. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Conduction system of the heart 17. The plateau of the action potential in cardiac ventricular cells results from the opening of voltage-gated long-lasting ____ _ channels in the plasma membrane of the cell. A. Na+ B. K+ C. Ca2+ D. Cl- E. glucose Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 18. Which of the following statements about membrane potentials in different types of cardiac cells is TRUE? A. Myocardial cells have a resting membrane potential of about -90 mV; pacemaker cells do not have a true resting membrane potential. B. Once threshold depolarization is reached in both myocardial and pacemaker cells, the rapid upswing of the action potential is caused by the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels C. Voltage-gated transient (T-type) Ca2+ channels are present in all of the different types of cells of the heart. D. There are no L-type Ca2+ channels in cardiac muscle cells. E. The upstroke of the action potential is steeper in SA node cells than it is in Purkinje cells. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile ce lls and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 19. The QRS complex in an electrocardiogram best represents: A. depolarization of the atria B. repolarization of the atria C. depolarization of the ventricles D. repolarization of the ventricles E. the delay at the AV node Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.02b In the electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), relate the waveforms to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization and to the activity of the conduction system. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 20. Which of the following would be most likely to be determined with a patient's ECG recording? A. a heart murmur B. stroke volume C. cardiac output D. blockage of conduction of electrical signals between the atria and the ventricles E. a leaky atrioventricular valve Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.02b In the electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), relate the waveforms to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization and to the activity of the conduction system. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 21. Which is TRUE about the comparison of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle with that in skeletal muscle? A. Extracellular Ca2+ plays a major role in cardiac but not skeletal muscle. B. The mechanism for Ca2+ release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is the same in both types of muscle. C. Troponin sites are completely saturated immediately after Ca2+ release in both types of muscle. D. There is no net change in total intracellular Ca2+ concentration in either muscle. E. Intracellular Ca2+ stores are necessary for contraction in skeletal muscle, but not in cardiac muscle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: G04.05 Explain what is meant by the expression excitation-contraction coupling. HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue HAPS Topic: Module G04 Physiology of skeletal muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 22. Which of the following statements about the absolute refractory period of cardiac muscle cells is TRUE? A. It lasts for the same length of time in cardiac muscle cells as it does in skeletal muscle cells. B. It is much longer than the refractory period of skeletal muscle cells. C. It allows for tetanic contractions of the heart to occur to assure smooth, coordinated ejection of blood from the ventricles. D. Ventricular muscle cells are in the absolute refractory period from the beginning of contraction until the beginning of their next contraction. E. During the absolute refractory period, a larger-than-normal stimulus will result in a premature ventricular contraction. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G02.03 Compare and contrast the characteristics of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle HAPS Objective: H04.12a With respect to the refractory periods, define absolute and relative periods. HAPS Objective: K07.04 Compare and contrast cardiac muscle contraction and skeletal muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module G02 Identification, general location, and comparative characteristics of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle tissue HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials and impulse transmission HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 23. Which of the following statements about the refractory period of neuronal or muscle membranes is TRUE? A. In nerve cells, the absolute refractory period coincides with the period of increased K+ permeability. B. In skeletal muscle cells, the absolute refractory period lasts about as long as the twitch. C. In ventricular cells, the absolute refractory period coincides with the period of increased Na+ and Ca2+ permeability. D. The relative refractory period in neuronal membranes lasts about the same length of time as the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cell membranes. E. The refractory period in an alpha-motor neuron membrane is much briefer than the refractory period in a skeletal muscle cell membrane. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H04.12a With respect to the refractory periods, define absolute and relative periods. HAPS Objective: H04.12b With respect to the refractory periods, explain the physiological basis of the absolute and relative refractory periods. HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Objective: K07.03 Explain the significance of the plateau phase in the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell. HAPS Topic: Module H04 Neurophysiology, including mechanism of resting membrane potential, production of action potentials and impulse transmission HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 24. Which of the following statements about the cardiac cycle is TRUE? A. The duration of systole is greater than that of diastole in a subject at rest. B. During isovolumetric ventricular relaxation, blood flows from the atria into the ventricles. C. Closure of the atrioventricular valves occurs at the onset of ventricular systole. D. The QRS complex occurs at approximately the same time as the closure of the semilunar valves. E. The first valves to go from closed to open after the atrial kick are the atrioventricular valves. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.03 Relate the EKG waveforms to the normal mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 25. Which of the following statements regarding the cardiac cycle is TRUE? A. The AV valves are open during mid-to-late diastole. B. The aortic valve is open during isovolumetric ventricular contraction. C. The first heart sound is caused by the closing of the semilunar valves. D. The dicrotic notch is a result of closure of the AV valves. E. Closure of the AV valves occurs when the ventricles reach end-systolic volume. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.06 Relate the heart sounds to the events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 26. During the cardiac cycle of an individual at rest: A. the volume of blood leaving the left side of the heart is greater than that leaving the right side. B. the pressure of blood leaving the right ventricle is greater than that leaving the left ventricle. C. the duration of systole is greater than that of diastole. D. the duration of diastole is greater than that of systole. E. the contraction of the atria overlaps in time with the ventricular systole. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.04 Explain how atrial systole is related to ventricular filling. HAPS Objective: K10.08 Compare and contrast pressure and volume changes of the left and right ventricles during one cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 27. Which is TRUE about the function of the aortic valve? A. It prevents the backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular diastole. B. It prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular diastole. C. It prevents the backflow of blood into the left ventricle during ventricular ejection. D. It prevents the backflow of blood into the aorta during ventricular ejection. E. Its closure causes the first heart sound. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.05 Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle to pressure changes in the heart chambers. HAPS Objective: K10.06 Relate the heart sounds to the events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.03 Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.03 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle Topic: Gross anatomy of the heart 28. Which occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction? A. Rapid filling of the ventricles occurs. B. No blood enters or leaves the ventricles. C. The maximum volume of blood is ejected. D. Ventricular pressure reaches its maximum value of the cardiac cycle. E. The pressure in the ventricles decreases while the pressure in the atria increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 29. What causes the opening and closing of the heart valves? A. stimulation by the sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves B. a pressure difference on the two sides of the valve C. Na+ and K+ fluxes during ventricular depolarization D. turbulent flow in the atria and ventricles E. the action of the papillary muscles and chordae tendineae Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.05 Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle to pressure changes in the heart chambers. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 30. What is indicated by a heart murmur detected between the first and second heart sounds? A. insufficiency of a semilunar valve or stenosis of an AV valve B. insufficiency of an AV valve or stenosis of a semilunar valve C. heart failure D. AV nodal conduction block E. a myocardial infarction Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.06 Relate the heart sounds to the events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 31. Which best defines the cardiac output? A. the end-diastolic volume minus the end-systolic volume B. the output of the aortic arch baroreceptors C. the volume of blood in the arterial tree at any moment in time D. the stroke volume divided by the heart rate E. the product of the heart rate and the volume ejected from the ventricle during a cardiac cycle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.01a Define cardiac output, and state its units of measurement. HAPS Objective: K11.02a Define end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and calculate stroke volume (SV) given values for EDV and ESV. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 32. Sinoatrial node cells: A. reach threshold only when action potentials generated by the AV node arrive through gap junctions. B. exhibit spontaneous depolarization that is speeded by activation of their cholinergic receptors. C. exhibit spontaneous depolarization that is speeded by activation of their beta-adrenergic receptors. D. exhibit a steep upstroke due to the presence of the same type of Na+ channels found in neuronal membranes. E. are in-between atrial muscle cells and cells of the bundle of His. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile cells and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Objective: K09.01a List the parts of the conduction system of the heart and explain how the system functions. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.04 Section: 12.06 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 33. Which is TRUE regarding the regulation of heart rate? A. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves to the heart causes a slowing of heart rate. B. Stimulation of sympathetic nerves to the heart causes an increase in heart rate. C. A person whose heart lacks autonomic innervation has a faster heart rate at rest than a person with a normally innervated heart. D. The slope of diastolic depolarization in SA node cell action potentials determines the heart rate. E. All of the choices are true. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: K09.01b In the conduction system of the heart, define automaticity and explain why the SA node normally paces the heart. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.04 Section: 12.06 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 34. The frequency of action potentials generated by the SA node is: A. increased by parasympathetic stimulation. B. decreased by sympathetic stimulation. C. increased by acetylcholine. D. increased by epinephrine. E. increased by an increase in blood pressure. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post-ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 35. What is described by the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart? A. the relationship between end-diastolic volume and heart rate B. the relationship between end-systolic volume and stroke volume C. the relationship between length and tension in cardiac muscle cells D. the relationship between sympathetic stimulation and stroke volume E. the relationship between arterial blood pressure and stroke volume Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02c Explain the significance of the Frank-Starling Law of the heart in relation to stroke volume. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 36. According to the Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart: A. the left ventricle ejects a larger volume of blood with each systole than the right ventricle. B. the intrinsic rate of the heart's pacemaker is 100 beats/min. C. cardiac output increases with increased heart rate. D. stroke volume increases with increased venous return. E. both ventricles contract simultaneously. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K11.02c Explain the significance of the Frank-Starling Law of the heart in relation to stroke volume. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 37. Which of the following is NOT an effect of sympathetic stimulation of the heart? A. an increase in heart rate B. a decrease in the duration of systole C. a decrease in the slope of the pacemaker potential D. an increase in the amount of Ca2+ entering cardiac muscle cells E. an increase in the rate of cross-bridge cycling in ventricular muscle cells Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K12.04a Explain how the composition of capillary walls differs from that of other blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 38. Which of the following statements about blood vessel structure and function is FALSE? A. Veins are more compliant than arteries. B. The aorta and other large arteries serve as a pressure reservoir for the circulatory system. C. Arterioles are small vessels whose resistance to blood flow can be varied. D. Arterioles, capillaries, and veins all have valves that allow only one-way flow of blood. E. If your blood pressure is 100/70, your mean arterial blood pressure is ~80 mm Hg. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K12.04c Correlate the anatomical structure of capillaries with their functions. HAPS Objective: K14.06 Given values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, calculate pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.08 Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Section: 12.08 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.11 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 39. Which of the following statements concerning regulation of blood flow is TRUE? A. In the systemic circuit, increased levels of metabolic waste products and decreased oxygen concentration in tissues promote hyperemia through the tissues. B. If blood flow to a tissue is blocked for a period of time and then the block is removed, the result is a reactive hyperemia in which blood flow through the affected tissue remains low. C. According to flow autoregulation, if blood pressure to an arteriole is decreased, blood flow will not return toward its original level until the original blood pressure is restored. D. In the systemic circuit, high levels of CO2 and metabolites tend to cause contraction in the smooth muscle of arteriole walls. E. The resistance to blood flow in brain and heart vascular beds does not vary in response to changes in local gas or metabolite concentrations. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Objective: K14.09c List some chemicals that cause vasodilation and explain when they are active in relation to autoregulation. HAPS Objective: K14.09d List some chemicals that cause vasoconstriction and explain when they are active in relation to autoregulation. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.09 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Systemic blood circulation 40. In the systemic circuit, which of these best describes active hyperemia? A. increased metabolic activity that results in vasoconstriction B. increased metabolic activity that results in vasodilation C. decreased blood flow to tissues that results in vasoconstriction D. decreased blood flow to tissues that results in vasodilation E. increased blood pressure that drives blood more rapidly through tissues Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.02c Define vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and venoconstriction. HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.09 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Systemic blood circulation 41. Which of the following statements concerning control of blood flow through arterioles is TRUE? A. Beta-adrenergic receptors are more abundant on most arteriolar smooth muscle than are alpha-adrenergic receptors. B. Binding of epinephrine to alpha-adrenergic receptors causes vasodilation. C. Increased stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by the parasympathetic nervous system causes increased vasoconstriction. D. If the arterial blood pressure to an organ suddenly decreases, arterioles in the organ will dilate in response. E. Body-wide constriction of arterioles results in a decrease in the total peripheral resistance (TPR). Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.09 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 42. Blood flow through most organs in the systemic circuit is regulated primarily by increasing or decreasing the activity to arteriolar smooth muscles in the organ. Another form of regulation, called , depends upon the metabolic activity of the organ. Increased activity leads to increased interstitial fluid metabolites, which cause of the arterioles. The former is a type of __ regulation of blood flow; the latter is an example of __ regulation. A. sympathetic; active hyperemia; dilation; extrinsic; intrinsic B. sympathetic; reactive hyperemia; dilation; intrinsic; extrinsic C. parasympathetic; active hyperemia; constriction; extrinsic; intrinsic D. sympathetic; flow autoregulation; constriction; intrinsic; extrinsic E. parasympathetic; reactive hyperemia; dilation; extrinsic; intrinsic Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.09 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Systemic blood circulation 43. If the arterial blood pressure in the brain is suddenly decreased, the flow through arterioles in the brain will immediately fall and then which of these will occur next? A. Brain arterioles will constrict to accelerate blood flow through the brain capillaries. B. Brain arterioles will dilate due to a decrease in levels of CO2. C. Blood flow will remain at the new, lower level due to reactive hyperemia. D. Blood flow will rise to levels above normal due to excess O2 levels. E. Blood flow will return toward its original level due to flow autoregulation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Objective: K14.09c List some chemicals that cause vasodilation and explain when they are active in relation to autoregulation. HAPS Objective: K14.09d List some chemicals that cause vasoconstriction and explain when they are active in relation to autoregulation. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.09 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Systemic blood circulation 44. Normally, the hydrostatic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid favors movement of fluid a tissue capillary. The protein osmotic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid normally favors movement of fluid __ a tissue capillary. A. into; into B. into; out of C. out of; out of D. out of; into Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange 45. Which of the following statements concerning the capillaries is FALSE? A. Increasing capillary hydrostatic pressure decreases the likelihood that filtration will occur. B. Velocity of blood flow is slower in the capillaries than in the arteries. C. It is possible for a capillary to filter fluid at its arterial end and absorb fluid at its venous end. D. Large capillary pores are more likely to be found in liver capillaries than in brain capillaries. E. Large proteins that escape capillaries and enter the interstitial fluid are returned to the circulation via the lymphatic system. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K12.04b List types of capillaries and state where in the body each type is found. HAPS Objective: K12.04c Correlate the anatomical structure of capillaries with their functions. HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.07d Relate net filtration pressure to potential edema and the need for a functional lymphatic system. HAPS Objective: L01.01 Describe the major functions of the lymphatic system. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module L01 General functions of the lymphatic system. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Capillary exchange 46. Which of the following correctly compares the factors involved in bulk flow of fluid in systemic and pulmonary capillaries? A. The protein oncotic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly greater. B. There are no lymphatic vessels to remove fluid from lung interstitial fluid. C. The hydrostatic pressure inside pulmonary capillaries is significantly lower. D. The protein oncotic pressure is lower in pulmonary interstitial fluid than in typical systemic interstitial fluid. E. The Starling's forces overwhelmingly favor reabsorption all along the length of pulmonary capillaries. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.07d Relate net filtration pressure to potential edema and the need for a functional lymphatic system. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange 47. Distinguishing characteristics of veins include which of the following? A. All veins carry deoxygenated blood. B. All veins carry blood toward the heart. C. All veins have thick, elastic walls. D. Veins have walls consisting only of endothelial cells. E. All veins have valves to ensure one-way movement of blood. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K13.01b State which blood vessel type carries oxygen-rich blood and which type carries oxygen-poor blood in systemic and pulmonary circuits. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.11 Section: 12.11 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Venous blood return 48. What determines the movement of blood in systemic veins? A. The blood pressure difference between systemic capillaries and the right atrium. B. The contraction and relaxation of skeletal muscles. C. The decrease of thoracic pressure and increase of abdominal pressure due to diaphragm movement. D. Valves in the veins. E. All of the above. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Objective: K14.05 Using a graph of pressures within the systemic circuit, interpret the pressure changes that occur in the arteries, capillaries, and veins. HAPS Objective: K14.08 Discuss how muscular compression and the respiratory pump aid venous return. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.11 Section: 12.11 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Venous blood return 49. Which of the following is a result of increased sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle? A. Filtration of fluid from capillaries to interstitial fluid increases. B. Total peripheral resistance (TPR) decreases. C. The percentage of blood volume in the veins increases. D. Blood flow to the brain decreases. E. Venous return of blood to the heart increases. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.11 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Venous blood return 50. Which of the following factors would NOT tend to increase systemic arterial blood pressure? A. increased sympathetic stimulation of the blood vessels B. increased blood volume C. increased venous return D. increased parasympathetic stimulation of the heart E. increased activity of the skeletal muscle pump Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to th e conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.01c Predict how changes in heart rate (HR) and/or stroke volume (SV) will affect cardiac output (CO). HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.08 Discuss how muscular compression and the respiratory pump aid venous return. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Learning Outcome: 12.08 Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.13 Section: 12.06 Section: 12.08 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.13 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Venous blood return 51. Which of the following is most likely to be a cause of hypotension? A. an increase in blood volume B. sweating, vomiting, or emotional responses C. decreased firing of the arterial baroreceptors D. increased release of epinephrine by the adrenal medulla E. a sudden decrease in firing of the parasympathetic nervous system Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to th e conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.01c Predict how changes in heart rate (HR) and/or stroke volume (SV) will affect cardiac output (CO). HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate Topic: Venous blood return 52. Jane donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be increased compared to pre-donation values? A. her stroke volume and total peripheral resistance B. her heart rate and total peripheral resistance C. her heart rate and mean arterial pressure D. the percentage of her cardiac output flowing to her kidneys E. the blood flow to her brain Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 53. Jane donates a pint of blood to a blood bank. A few minutes later, which of the following would be decreased compared to pre-donation values? A. her stroke volume and total peripheral resistance B. her heart rate and total peripheral resistance C. her heart rate and mean arterial pressure D. the percentage of her cardiac output flowing to her kidneys E. blood flow to her brain Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 54. Which is a typical response of the body to hemorrhage? A. decreasing the heart rate below normal B. decreasing total peripheral resistance to below normal levels C. raising mean arterial pressure to above normal D. increasing cardiac output to above normal levels E. increasing bulk-flow reabsorption of fluid into capillaries Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 55. Following hemorrhage, reflexes are triggered that attempt to compensate for the blood loss. As a result of the blood loss and the reflex mechanisms, which of the following will be TRUE, compared to pre-hemorrhage values? A. Both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance will be increased. B. Both cardiac output and total peripheral resistance will be decreased. C. Cardiac output will be increased and total peripheral resistance will be decreased. D. Cardiac output will be decreased and total peripheral resistance will be increased. E. Hematocrit will be increased. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 56. How would a hemorrhage immediately affect the activity of the baroreceptors? A. The baroreceptors would increase their rate of firing to all medullary cardiovascular center cell types. B. The baroreceptors would increase their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate sympathetic pathways and decrease their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate parasympathetic pathways. C. The baroreceptors would decrease their rate of firing to all medullary cardiovascular center cell types. D. The baroreceptors would decrease their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate sympathetic pathways and increase their rate of firing to cells in the medulla oblongata that activate parasympathetic pathways. E. A hemorrhage would not affect the activity of the baroreceptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 57. Which of the following is most likely to occur when a soldier stands at attention--very still, with legs and spine straight? A. decreased pressure in the capillaries of the feet B. increased absorption of interstitial fluid by the capillaries of the feet C. increased storage of blood in the veins of the feet and legs D. increased venous return E. increased blood flow to the brain Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.08 Discuss how muscular compression and the respiratory pump aid venous return. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.17 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.17 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Venous blood return 58. During exercise, there is a decreased flow of blood to: A. the brain. B. the skin. C. the abdominal organs. D. the skeletal muscles E. the heart. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.09a Explain how autoregulation controls blood flow to individual tissues. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.18 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 59. Which of the following does NOT contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise? A. increased contractility of cardiac muscle B. increased venous return C. increased length of filling time during diastole D. increased sympathetic stimulation of ventricular muscle E. increased end-diastolic volume Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03b Explain the relationship between changes in HR and changes in filling time and EDV. HAPS Objective: K14.08 Discuss how muscular compression and the respiratory pump aid venous return. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.06 Section: 12.18 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate Topic: Venous blood return 60. Which is the most likely effect of physical endurance training on a person's cardiac performance? A. a decrease in cardiac output B. an increase in maximal stroke volume C. an increase in maximal heart rate D. an increase in resting heart rate E. an increase in cardiac output when the person is at rest Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.18 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 61. Which of these correctly states differences between a trained athlete and a sedentary individual at rest? A. The athlete would have a lower heart rate and larger stroke volume. B. The athlete would have a higher heart rate and larger stroke volume. C. The athlete would have a lower heart rate and smaller stroke volume. D. The athlete would have a higher heart rate and smaller stroke volume. E. There would be no differences when the individuals were at rest. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.18 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 62. Which of the following does NOT describe hypertension? Hypertension A. refers to a chronic state of elevated blood pressure. B. is usually defined as a systolic pressure greater than 140 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure greater than 90 mm Hg. C. is usually a result of chronically elevated cardiac output. D. may be caused by kidney disease. E. can sometimes be treated with drugs that increase excretion of water in the urine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P07.02 Explain how the urinary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q07.03 Explain how fluid volumes and distribution contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning outcome: 12.19 Section: 12.19 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 63. Arterial systolic pressure occurs ___ _ while arterial diastolic pressure occurs _. A. at the same time as closure of the semilunar valves; at the same time as closure of the atrioventricular valves B. during the isovolumetric contraction phase of the cardiac cycle; during the isovolumetric relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle C. at the same time as the P-wave of the electrocardiogram; at the same time as the T-wave of the electrocardiogram D. when the the ventricle reaches end-systolic volume; when the ventricle reaches end- diastolic volume E. during the middle of the phase of ventricular ejection; just before the semilunar valve opens Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.03 Relate the EKG waveforms to the normal mechanical events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Objective: K10.07 Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and interpret a graph of aortic pressure versus time during the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Learning Outcome: 12.08 Section: 12.05 Section: 12.08 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Cardiac cycle 64. Which of the following drugs might be prescribed to alleviate hypertension? A. an alpha-adrenergic receptor agonist B. a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist C. a cholinergic antagonist D. a drug that increases L-type Ca2+ channel currents E. a drug that increases T-type Ca2+ channel currents Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological in teractions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: K07.01 List the phases of the cardiac muscle action potential and explain the ion movements that occur in each phase. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to th e conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning outcome: 12.19 Section: 12.19 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 65. Which of the drug treatments listed below is INCORRECTLY matched to a mode of action in treating hypertension? A. alpha-adrenergic receptor blockers - reduce TPR by decreased stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle B. beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists - reduce cardiac output by slowing heart rate and reducing contractility C. antagonists of parasympathetic receptors - reduce TPR by decreased stimulation of arteriolar smooth muscle D. angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors - reduce TPR by reducing angiotensin II concentrations E. diuretics - reduce blood volume by increasing excretion of sodium and water in urine F. calcium channel blockers - reduce speed and force of contraction in vascular smooth muscle G. ACE inhibitors - lowers peripheral resistance by promoting vasodilation Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to the conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.03 List the local, hormonal and neuronal factors that affect peripheral resistance and explain the importance of each. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.05 Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics. HAPS Objective: P07.02 Explain how the urinary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning outcome: 12.19 Section: 12.19 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 66. Which of the following is NOT likely to result in edema? A. blockage of lymph vessels B. prolonged standing C. liver disease D. heart failure E. elevated plasma protein concentrations Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K02.01 Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions and where in the body they are produced. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.07d Relate net filtration pressure to potential edema and the need for a functional lymphatic system. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: L02.01 Compare and contrast whole blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K02 Composition of blood plasma. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module L02 Lymph and lymphatic vessels. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.12 Learning Outcome: 12.20 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.12 Section: 12.20 Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 67. Atherosclerosis is: A. the major cause of heart attacks. B. a thinning in the walls of arteries. C. associated with low blood levels of cholesterol and heavy exercise. D. a disease in which the walls of arteries become more compliant. E. more common in younger people than in older people. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.22 Section: 12.22 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 68. What is hemostasis? A. the maintenance of relatively stable conditions in the internal environment B. the prevention or stoppage of blood loss C. a disease in which blood clot formation is impaired D. a protein inside red blood cells that binds oxygen with high affinity E. the set point for normal arterial blood pressure Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.01 Distinguish between the terms hemostasis and coagulation. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.23 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 69. Which of the following occurs first in hemostasis? A. activation of the fibrinolytic system B. platelet aggregation C. a clotting cascade that leads to the conversion of fibrinogen to stable fibrin D. conversion of prothrombin to thrombin E. conversion of plasminogen to plasmin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Section: 12.23 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 70. Platelets participate in hemostasis by: A. aggregating to form a plug and manufacturing fibrinogen. B. secreting nitric oxide and releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction. C. secreting prostacyclin, which prevents platelet aggregation on blood vessel endothelium. D. aggregating to form a plug and releasing chemicals that promote vasoconstriction. E. secreting tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) whenever they come into contact with collagen. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Section: 12.23 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 71. Which is an intermediary protein that enables platelets to adhere to collagen? A. tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) B. ATP C. von Willebrand factor (vWF) D. arachidonic acid E. activated protein C Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Section: 12.23 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 72. Which of the following statements regarding blood clotting is TRUE? A. Blood clotting requires activation of thrombin. B. Blood clotting is enhanced by prostaglandin I2 (PGI2) and nitric oxide. C. A blood clot is a network of interlacing strands of fibrinogen. D. Blood clotting occurs too rapidly in indivduals with the disease hemophilia. E. Injecting tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) into a patient who is bleeding will aid blood clotting. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.05 Discuss the process of fibrinolysis, including the roles of plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Learning Outcome: 12.25 Section: 12.24 Section: 12.25 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 73. Which of the following statements about blood clotting is NOT true? A. It is the formation of a thrombus. B. It occurs after formation of a platelet plug in a damaged vessel. C. It requires the presence of erythrocytes. D. It is a result of a cascade of enzyme activation. E. It involves positive feedback by thrombin. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 74. Which of the following statements regarding the dissolving of blood clots is FALSE? A. Activation of the reactions that lead to blood clotting ultimately lead to blood clot dissolution. B. Tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) is secreted by endothelial cells. C. Blood clots are digested by plasmin. D. Plasminogen is an inactive precursor of the enzyme plasmin. E. It involves aggregation of soluble fibrin fragments into fibrin. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.05 Discuss the process of fibrinolysis, including the roles of plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.25 Section: 12.25 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 75. Which of the following is NOT an anticoagulant or stimulator of blood clot dissolution? A. vitamin K B. aspirin C. thrombin D. heparin E. tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA) Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.04 Explain the role of calcium ions and vitamin K in blood clotting. HAPS Objective: K04.05 Discuss the process of fibrinolysis, including the roles of plasminogen, tissue plasminogen activator and plasmin. HAPS Objective: K04.06 Explain the mechanisms of action and give examples of procoagulants, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic drugs. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Learning Outcome: 12.25 Learning Outcome: 12.26 Section: 12.24 Section: 12.25 Section: 12.26 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 76. Which correctly describes functions of protein C? A. It activates platelets and converts prothrombin to thrombin. B. It activates clotting factor XII and platelets. C. It binds to tissue factor and activates clotting factor VII. D. It inactivates thrombin and converts fibrinogen to fibrin. E. It inhibits clot formation and inactivates factors Va and VIIIa. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.06 Explain the mechanisms of action and give examples of procoagulants, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic drugs. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Learning Outcome: 12.25 Section: 12.24 Section: 12.25 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood True / False Questions 77. Blood loss is likely to stimulate the secretion of higher than normal plasma levels of erythropoietin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.08a In the kidney, describe the stimulus for release of erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K15.02 Explain how the cardiovascular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P05.02 Describe the role of kidney in regulating erythropoiesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P05 Additional endocrine activities of the kidney. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 78. The primary stimulus for erythropoietin secretion is decreased iron concentrations in the liver. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.08a In the kidney, describe the stimulus for release of erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: P05.02 Describe the role of kidney in regulating erythropoiesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P05 Additional endocrine activities of the kidney. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 79. All blood vessels that carry well-oxygenated blood are called arteries. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K08.01 Identify the major blood vessels entering and leaving the heart and classify them as either an artery or a vein and as containing either oxygen- rich or oxygen-poor blood. HAPS Objective: K13.01b State which blood vessel type carries oxygen-rich blood and which type carries oxygen-poor blood in systemic and pulmonary circuits. HAPS Topic: Module K08 Blood flow through the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Learning Outcome: 12.08 Section: 12.01 Section: 12.08 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Pulmonary blood circulation Topic: Systemic blood circulation 80. At rest, more blood flows per minute to the kidneys and abdominal organs than to the muscles and skin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.01a Describe the systemic and pulmonary circuits and discuss the functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Systemic blood circulation 81. At rest, more blood flows to the skin and abdominal organs than to the lungs. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K13.01a Describe the systemic and pulmonary circuits and discuss the functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Section: 12.01 Topic: Pulmonary blood circulation Topic: Systemic blood circulation 82. The myocardial cells receive their blood supply from the coronary arteries that branch off from the aorta. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.02a Trace blood flow through the coronary circulation from the aorta to the right atrium. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.03 Section: 12.03 Topic: Coronary blood circulation 83. A major difference between cardiac muscle cells and the cells in the cardiac conducting system is that the contractile cells do not undergo spontaneous depolarization. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K07.02 Contrast the way action potentials are generated in cardiac pacemaker cells, in cardiac contractile cells and in skeletal muscle cells. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 84. The sinoatrial node is normally the heart's pacemaker because it has the fastest spontaneous rate of diastolic depolarization. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01b In the conduction system of the heart, define automaticity and explain why the SA node normally paces the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart 85. The wave of ventricle free wall contraction starts at the apex of the heart and travels toward the base. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01c Explain how the cardiac conduction system produces efficient pumping of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart 86. An ectopic pacemaker is an area of the myocardial conducting system, other than the atrioventricular node, that initiates cardiac depolarization. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01a List the parts of the conduction system of the heart and explain how the system functions. HAPS Objective: K09.01b In the conduction system of the heart, define automaticity and explain why the SA node normally paces the heart. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Conduction system of the heart 87. The QRS wave of the ECG corresponds to depolarization of the atria. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.02b In the electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), relate the waveforms to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization and to the activity of the conduction system. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 88. An electrocardiogram would be definitive for diagnosing diseases involving the valves of the heart. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.02b In the electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG), relate the waveforms to atrial and ventricular depolarization and repolarization and to the activity of the conduction system. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 89. Cardiac muscle cannot undergo tetanus because its absolute refractory period lasts almost as long as the muscle twitch. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K07.03 Explain the significance of the plateau phase in the action potential of a cardiac contractile cell. HAPS Topic: Module K07 Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 90. Sympathetic stimulation of cardiac muscle cells produces stronger and faster contractions because proteins that pump Ca2+ out of the cell are inhibited, which reduces Ca2+ concentration in the sarcoplasm. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to th e conduction system of the heart. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Objective: K11.03a Discuss the influence of positive and negative chronotropic agents on HR. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 91. Parasympathetic neurons release acetylcholine onto cells in the atria of the heart, but not onto cells of the ventricles. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post-ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Gross anatomy of the heart Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 92. The determinant of whether heart valves are open or closed is the pressure difference across them. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.05 Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle to pressure changes in the heart chambers. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 93. The left ventricle has to pump more blood than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood through the systemic circulation, which is much larger than the pulmonary circulation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.08 Compare and contrast pressure and volume changes of the left and right ventricles during one cardiac cycle. HAPS Objective: K13.01a Describe the systemic and pulmonary circuits and discuss the functions of each. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.05 Section: 12.06 Topic: Pulmonary blood circulation Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate Topic: Systemic blood circulation 94. The left ventricle has a thicker wall than the right ventricle because the left ventricle has to pump blood against a higher pressure. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.08 Compare and contrast pressure and volume changes of the left and right ventricles during one cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle Topic: Gross anatomy of the heart Topic: Pulmonary blood circulation Topic: Systemic blood circulation 95. The only time during the cardiac cycle that the AV valves are open is systole. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.05 Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle to pressure changes in the heart chambers. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 96. During most of systole, left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic pressure, causing blood ejection. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.02 Describe the phases of the cardiac cycle including ventricular filling, isovolumetric contraction, ventricular ejection, and isovolumetric relaxation. HAPS Objective: K10.05 Relate the opening and closing of specific heart valves in each phase of the cardiac cycle to pressure changes in the heart chambers. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 97. Long-term studies show that the risk for heart attack and stroke doubles for every 20 mm increase in diastolic pressure and 10 mm Hg in systolic pressure. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning outcome: 12.19 Section: 12.19 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 98. Normal heart sounds are produced by vibrations caused by the closing of the AV valves at the end of diastole and the closing of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.06 Relate the heart sounds to the events of the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Section: 12.05 Topic: Cardiac cycle 99. The inherent pacemaker discharge rate of the sinoatrial node is 72 beats per minute. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K09.01b In the conduction system of the heart, define automaticity and explain why the SA node normally paces the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Section: 12.04 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 100. Stimulation of parasympathetic nerves releases epinephrine into the blood plasma. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.02 Contrast the anatomy of the parasympathetic and sympathetic systems, including central nervous system outflow locations, ganglia locations, pre- and post-ganglionic neuron relative lengths, and ganglionic and effector neurotransmitters. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system Learning Outcome: 12.03 Section: 12.03 Topic: Functions of the autonomic nervous system 101. Sympathetic stimulation of the heart increases action potential conduction velocity through the AV node. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K09.01d Describe the role of the autonomic nervous system in the regulation of cardiac function related to th e conduction system of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K09 Conduction system of the heart and the electrocardiogram. Learning Outcome: 12.04 Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.04 Section: 12.06 Topic: Conduction system of the heart Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 102. The Frank-Starling mechanism of the heart states that an increased venous return will normally result in a higher heart rate. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02c Explain the significance of the Frank-Starling Law of the heart in relation to stroke volume. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate Topic: Venous blood return 103. The stroke volume of the heart can be increased by recruiting more cardiac muscle fibers into activity. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 104. The Frank-Starling curve for heart muscle is analagous to a length-tension curve in skeletal muscle. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G06.04c With respect to the mechanisms by which muscles generate variable amounts of tension, interpret a graph of the length-tension relationship and discuss the anatomical basis for that relationship. HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K11.02c Explain the significance of the Frank-Starling Law of the heart in relation to stroke volume. HAPS Topic: Module G06 Principles and types of whole muscle contraction HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 105. Ventricular contractility is the strength of ventricular contraction at any given end- diastolic volume. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02a Define end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and calculate stroke volume (SV) given values for EDV and ESV. HAPS Objective: K11.02d Discuss the influence of positive and negative inotropic agents on stroke volume (SV). HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. Learning Outcome: 12.06 Section: 12.06 Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 106. Systolic pressure is the peak pressure in systemic arteries and occurs at the beginning of systole. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K10.01 Define cardiac cycle, systole, and diastole. HAPS Objective: K10.07 Define systolic and diastolic blood pressure and interpret a graph of aortic pressure versus time during the cardiac cycle. HAPS Topic: Module K10 Cardiac cycle. Learning Outcome: 12.05 Learning Outcome: 12.08 Section: 12.05 Section: 12.08 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Cardiac cycle 107. Mean arterial pressure is most accurately calculated by determining the average of the systolic and diastolic pressures. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.06 Given values for systolic and diastolic blood pressure, calculate pulse pressure (PP) and mean arterial pressure (MAP). HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.08 Section: 12.08 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 108. The flow rate of blood through an organ is in part determined by the relative dilation or constriction of arterioles in that organ. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.02 Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.02 Section: 12.09 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 109. The smooth muscle in arteriole walls can be stimulated either to contract or to relax, thereby either decreasing or increasing the amount of blood flowing through arteriolar beds. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.02 Learning Outcome: 12.09 Section: 12.02 Section: 12.09 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 110. The hydrostatic pressure difference between the plasma inside the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells favors filtration of fluid. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange 111. The protein osmotic pressure difference between the plasma inside the capillary beds and the interstitial fluid surrounding the cells favors filtration of fluid. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K02.01 Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions and where in the body they are produced. HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: L02.01 Compare and contrast whole blood, plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K02 Composition of blood plasma. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module L02 Lymph and lymphatic vessels. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.01 Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.01 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Composition of blood plasma 112. The amount of nutrients and waste products moved across the capillary wall by bulk flow is greater than the amount that diffuses across under normal conditions. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.07a Explain the role of diffusion in capillary exchange of gases, nutrients, and wastes. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange 113. Strong vasoconstriction of arterioles will probably result in greater filtration of fluid from the plasma of capillary beds downstream. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K12.02c Define vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and venoconstriction. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.02 Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.02 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.10 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Capillary exchange 114. Valves are important for promoting one-way flow of blood through the heart and some large veins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K06.03 Identify and describe the function of the primary internal structures of the heart, including chambers, septa, valves, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, and venous and arterial openings. HAPS Objective: K08.03 Explain the major factors that aid in movement of blood through the heart and produce one-way flow. HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Topic: Module K06 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K08 Blood flow through the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. Learning Outcome: 12.03 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Section: 12.03 Section: 12.11 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood flow through the heart Topic: Gross anatomy of the heart 115. The main homeostatically regulated variable of the cardiovascular system is the mean systemic arterial blood pressure. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.08 Learning Outcome: 12.13 Section: 12.08 Section: 12.13 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 116. Total peripheral resistance in the circulatory system is primarily determined by the degree of vasoconstriction in the veins. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K12.02c Define vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and venoconstriction. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.13 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.13 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 117. Increasing the mean arterial pressure or the pulse pressure in the carotid artery will cause decreased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons associated with the baroreceptors. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (incluidng proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H06.02 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Section: 12.13 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 118. The medullary cardiovascular center is the only part of the brain involved with the regulation of blood pressure. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.02 Explain how the cardiovascular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.13 Learning Outcome: 12.15 Section: 12.13 Section: 12.15 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 119. The condition of shock is an example of failure of homeostatic mechanisms to compensate when one or more parts of the reflex control system are damaged. TRUE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.16 Section: 12.16 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 120. An athlete who is nearing the end of a 2-kilometer run would be expected to have both an increased mean arterial blood pressure and an increased total peripheral resistance. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.18 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 121. During exercise, sympathetic stimulation of the heart and arteriolar smooth muscle is enhanced because of reflexes triggered by elevated mean arterial pressure and elevated pulse pressure. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 12.18 Section: 12.18 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics 122. Hypertension is often treated with drugs that increase total peripheral resistance. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K14.10a During the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: K14.10c Explain the role of the sympathetic nervous system in regulation of blood pressure and volume. HAPS Objective: K14.10d Explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning outcome: 12.19 Section: 12.19 Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 123. In a failing heart, stroke volume does not increase as steeply when end-diastolic volume increases. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K11.02a Define end diastolic volume (EDV) and end systolic volume (ESV) and calculate stroke volume (SV) given values for EDV and ESV. HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.20 Section: 12.20 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate 124. Left ventricular failure often results in increased net pulmonary capillary filtration into the interstitial fluid of the lungs and decreased diffusional exchange of O2 and CO2 between lung and blood. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K08.02 Describe blood flow through the heart naming all chambers and valves passed. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.07d Relate net filtration pressure to potential edema and the need for a functional lymphatic system. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K08 Blood flow through the heart. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.20 Section: 12.20 Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 125. Increased concentrations of plasma proteins, increased venous pressure, and lymphatic obstruction all tend to cause tissue edema. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K02.01 Describe the overall composition of plasma, including the major types of plasma proteins, their functions and where in the body they are produced. HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: K14.07c Describe how net filtration pressure across the capillary wall determines movement of fluid across the capillary wall. HAPS Objective: K14.07d Relate net filtration pressure to potential edema and the need for a functional lymphatic system. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K02 Composition of blood plasma. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Learning Outcome: 12.12 Section: 12.10 Section: 12.12 Topic: Capillary exchange Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system 126. Hemostatic mechanisms can generally stop blood loss from a small vein that is cut. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K12.02b Correlate the anatomical structure of each type of blood vessel with its function. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.23 Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.23 Section: 12.24 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 127. The function of the platelet plug is to block the blood vessel so that blood cannot flow through it. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Section: 12.23 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 128. Chemical mediators released from platelet granules and plasma membranes stimulate contraction of vascular smooth muscle. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.03d With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, state the function of platelets. HAPS Objective: K04.02a Describe the vascular phase including the role of endothelial cells of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.02b Describe the role of platelets and the steps involved in the formation of the platelet plug of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.23 Section: 12.23 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 129. A blood clot is essentially an intricate network of interlacing strands of thrombin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 130. In the clotting cascade, thrombin feeds back and further stimulates its own activation, which is a positive feedback mechanism. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.02d Differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanisms of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.03 Explain how the positive feedback loops in the platelet and coagulation phases promote hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 131. In the clotting cascade, factor Xa helps convert prothrombin to thrombin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.02d Differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanisms of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 132. The Starling forces, which influence bulk flow of fluid between capillary plasma and interstitial fluid, are identical everywhere in the body. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.07b Explain the roles of filtration and reabsorption in capillary exchange of fluid. HAPS Objective: Q04.02 Describe the forces that affect capillary filtration, including the determinants of each force. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module Q04 Movements between the major fluid compartments. Learning Outcome: 12.10 Section: 12.10 Topic: Capillary exchange 133. When arterioles constrict, it raises arterial blood pressure and increases the volume of forward flow into the veins, while constriction in veins reduces forward flow by decreasing pressure in the atria. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K11.02b Define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K12.03 Describe the role of arterioles in regulating tissue blood flow and systemic arterial blood pressure. HAPS Objective: K14.02 State and interpret the equation that relates blood flow to pressure and resistance. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate. HAPS Topic: Module K12 Anatomy and functional roles of the different types of blood vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. Learning Outcome: 12.09 Learning Outcome: 12.11 Learning Outcome: 12.13 Section: 12.09 Section: 12.11 Section: 12.13 Topic: Anatomy and functional roles of blood vessel types Topic: Blood pressure, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics Topic: Venous blood return 134. The term AED (Automatic Electronic Defibrillator) refers to a recently developed device used to regulate blood pressure with the surprise benefit of being useful in contraception with some individuals within a narrowly defined age group. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 12.22 Section: 12.22 Topic: Clinical applications of the cardiovascular system Topic: Physiology of cardiac muscle contraction and the electrocardiogram 135. Thrombin is inactivated when it binds to heparin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K04.06 Explain the mechanisms of action and give examples of procoagulants, anticoagulants and fibrinolytic drugs. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.25 Section: 12.25 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood 136. The adaptive value of having a complex cascade system for blood clotting is that a defect of one participant in the cascade can be corrected by another enzyme later in the cascade. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K04.02c Describe the basic steps involved in the formation of the insoluble fibrin clot of hemostasis. HAPS Objective: K04.02d Differentiate between the intrinsic and extrinsic clotting mechanisms of hemostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K04 Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood. Learning Outcome: 12.24 Section: 12.24 Topic: Hemostasis, including coagulation of blood Chapter 13 Respiratory Physiology Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following is NOT a function of the respiratory system? A. net uptake of carbon dioxide from the air and removal of oxygen from the blood B. regulation of blood H+ concentration C. trapping of blood clots D. phonation E. defense against microbes Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M01.01 Describe the major functions of the respiratory system. HAPS Topic: Module M01 General functions of the respiratory system. Learning Outcome: 13.09 Section: 13.09 Topic: General functions of the respiratory system 2. Which is TRUE about the pleural sac? A. It is continuous with the atmosphere and protects the lungs from infection. B. It is a closed sac surrounding each lung that contains only a tiny volume of lubricating fluid. C. It is a closed sac surrounding each lung and contains a large volume of surfactant. D. It is a closed, air-filled space surrounding both lungs that has a negative pressure compared to atmospheric pressure. E. It is bounded by pleural membranes that are very thin, which allows for abundant gas exchange. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.04b For each of the following, describe the gross anatomical features - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M02.04c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M02.06a For each of the following, identify each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Objective: M02.06c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.01 Section: 13.01 Topic: Gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract 3. Which structure is NOT part of the "anatomical dead space"? A. bronchiole B. trachea C. bronchus D. respiratory bronchiole E. terminal bronchiole Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M02.02 Describe and distinguish between the conducting and respiratory zones of the respiratory tract. HAPS Objective: M02.04c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M02.06c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract 4. What is one function of the type II alveolar cells? A. production of surfactant B. secretion of mucus C. phagocytizing bacteria and other foreign particles D. make up the majority of the epithelial wall of the alveoli E. lining the pleural space Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.06c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. Learning Outcome: 13.01 Section: 13.01 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract 5. Which of the following is most responsible for keeping the lung surface and the thoracic wall from separating? A. the presence of surfactant B. the negative pressure in the alveolar space C. the force exerted by the external intercostal muscles D. subatmospheric intrapleural pressure E. alveolar pressure is higher than atmospheric pressure Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M03.06 Describe the forces that tend to collapse the lungs and those that normally oppose or prevent collapse. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 6. During an unforced exhalation/expiration, which would NOT be true? A. Alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. B. Intrapleural pressure is greater than alveolar pressure. C. Intrapleural pressure becomes leess negative. D. The diaphragm relaxes. E. Lung volume decreases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 7. Which of these causes inhalation/inspiration? A. increase in the curvature (upward movement) of the diaphragm B. movement of the ribs closer together due to contraction of the internal intercostal muscles C. flattening (downward movement) of the diaphragm D. contraction of the abdominal muscles E. alveolar pressure increasing above atmospheric pressure Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 8. Which is normally TRUE about the intrapleural pressure? A. It is lower than alveolar pressure. B. It is between +5 and +10 mm Hg above atmospheric pressure at functional residual capacity. C. It alternates between being less than, and greater than, atmospheric pressure. D. During a passive exhale, it increases to a value above atmospheric pressure. E. It is always the same as atmospheric pressure during a passive exhale. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 9. The volume of air flowing into the alveoli during inhalation/inspiration is increased when there is an increase in which of these? A. airway resistance B. the pressure gradient from the atmosphere to the alveoli C. the pressure in the intrapleural space D. the curvature of the diaphragm E. the volume of air in the intrapleural space Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 10. Under normal circumstances, which of the following would result from an increase in transpulmonary pressure? A. inhalation/inspiration B. exhalation/expiration C. a collapsed lung D. pneumothorax E. emphysema Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M03.06 Describe the forces that tend to collapse the lungs and those that normally oppose or prevent collapse. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 11. Which of the following statements regarding pulmonary surfactant is TRUE? A. It is secreted by type I alveolar cells. B. It increases the compliance of the lungs. C. It increases airway resistance. D. It is secreted into the intrapleural space. E. It can only interact with other lipid molecules. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.06c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 12. Under what conditions is lung compliance increased? A. respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn B. prolonged shallow breathing C. cystic fibrosis D. emphysema E. asthma Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.02 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system 13. Which of the following drugs, administered as an aerosol spray, would be most likely to help an infant with respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn? A. pulmonary surfactant B. a beta-adrenergic agonist C. a muscarinic agonist D. histamine E. a beta-adrenergic antagonist Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: L05.07b With respect to the inflammatory response, summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 14. Which of the following is a cause of asthma? A. loss of alveoli B. inflammation of the bronchioles C. elevation of intrapleural pressure to equal atmospheric pressure D. environmental chemicals that stimulate 2-adrenergic receptors E. lack of pulmonary surfactant Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M03.06 Describe the forces that tend to collapse the lungs and those that normally oppose or prevent collapse. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 15. Which of the following drugs, administered as an aerosol spray, would be most likely to help a victim of an asthmatic attack? A. pulmonary surfactant B. a 2-adrenergic agonist C. a muscarinic agonist D. histamine E. a 2-adrenergic antagonist Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.07 Differentiate between cholinergic and adrenergic nerve fibers and discuss the physiological interactions of transmitters released by these neurons with specific cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.08 Propose clinical uses of specific drugs that act at cholinergic and adrenergic receptor subtypes. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: L05.07b With respect to the inflammatory response, summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 16. During a physical examination, Joe learns that his resting tidal volume is 550 mL; his average resting respiratory rate is 15 breaths per minute; his total lung capacity is 6000 mL; and his anatomic dead space is 150 mL. Joe's resting alveolar ventilation is: A. 72.0 L/min B. 6.0 L/min C. 4.2 L/min D. 1.8 L/min E. 0.5 L/min Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 17. When lying down, a subject's respiratory rate is 12 breaths per minute, his anatomical dead space is 150 mL, and his minute ventilation is 7 L/min. Which of these is closest to his alveolar ventilation in liters per minute? A. 6.0 B. 5.2 C. 4.2 D. 3.0 E. 0.583 Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 18. A respiratory physiologist has measured ventilation parameters for each of three subjects: Tidal volume (TV); Respiratory rate (RR), and Anatomic dead space volume (ADSV). Which of the following statements accurately compares the alveolar ventilation in the three men? A. Tom's is the largest; Dick's and Harry's are the same. B. Tom's is the smallest; Dick's and Harry's are the same. C. Tom's is greater than Dick's, which is greater than Harry's. D. Dick's is greater than Harry's, which is greater than Tom's. E. Harry's is greater than Dick's, which is greater than Tom's. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 19. Which of the following statements about the response of arteriolar smooth muscle to changing oxygen partial pressures is TRUE? A. Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting. B. Both systemic and pulmonary arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating. C. Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by dilating, but pulmonary arterioles constrict in response to decreased PO2. D. Systemic arterioles respond to a decrease in PO2 by constricting, but pulmonary arterioles dilate in response to decreased PO2. E. Changes in PO2 do not affect arteriolar smooth muscle in the pulmonary system. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K14.09c List some chemicals that cause vasodilation and explain when they are active in relation to autoregulation. HAPS Objective: M05.02c With respect to external respiration, describe the mechanisms of ventilation-perfusion coupling and predict the effect that reduced alveolar ventilation has on pulmonary blood flow and the effect that reduced pulmonary blood flow has on bronchiole diameter and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 20. Which is TRUE regarding how gasses dissolve in liquids? A. The concentration of a particular gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the concentration of that gas in the air to which the liquid is exposed. B. Different gasses have the same solubility in liquids. C. The partial pressure of a gas in a liquid is equal to the amount freely diffusing in the liquid plus the amount bound to large molecules within the liquid. D. The partial pressure of a particular gas in a liquid equilibrates to match the partial pressure of that gas in the air to which the liquid is exposed. E. As the partial pressure of a particular gas in an air sample increases, the concentration of that gas in a liquid exposed to that air sample decreases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M05.01 State Daltons Law and Henrys Law, and relate both laws to the events of external and internal respiration and to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 21. Regarding the partial pressures of O2 and CO2, which of the following statements is NOT true in a normal person at rest? A. Atmospheric PO2 is greater than alveolar PO2. B. The PCO2 in air is less than alveolar PCO2. C. The PO2 in systemic arteries is typically greater than the alveolar PO2. D. PCO2 in the systemic veins is greater than systemic arterial PCO2. E. PCO2 in the pulmonary arteries is greater than pulmonary venous PCO2. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M05.03a With respect to internal respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 22. Regarding the relationships between the rates of oxygen consumption/carbon dioxide production and alveolar ventilation, which of these statements is TRUE? A. Increased ventilation without a similar increase in metabolism is called hypoventilation. B. In hypoventilation, alveolar PCO2 decreases below resting levels. C. In hyperventilation, alveolar PCO2 can decrease to zero. D. A decrease in metabolism without a similar decrease in alveolar ventilation would result in hyperventilation. E. An increase in ventilation with a matching increase in metabolism is called hyperventilation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.03 Section: 13.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 23. Which of these results from hyperventilation? A. increased alveolar PCO2 and decreased alveolar PO2 B. an increase in both alveolar PCO2 and PO2 C. decreased alveolar PCO2 and increased alveolar PO2 D. a decrease in both alveolar PCO2 and PO2 E. the same alveolar PCO2 as under normal conditions Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 24. Which of the following is NOT true regarding ventilation-perfusion inequality? A. No inequality exists in normal lungs. B. It may result from increased alveolar dead space. C. It is increased from normal in patients with emphysema. D. It is caused by too little or too much blood flow relative to ventilation. E. It is caused by too little or too much ventilation relative to blood flow. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M05.02c With respect to external respiration, describe the mechanisms of ventilation-perfusion coupling and predict the effect that reduced alveolar ventilation has on pulmonary blood flow and the effect that reduced pulmonary blood flow has on bronchiole diameter and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.03 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 25. In which form is most of the oxygen carried in arterial blood? A. bound to hemoglobin B. dissolved in the plasma C. dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes D. converted to HCO3- E. bound to myoglobin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 26. If all other factors remain the same, which of these results in an increase in the amount of oxygen bound to hemoglobin? A. increased plasma [H+] B. increased plasma temperature C. increased plasma [2,3 diphosphoglycerate] D. increased plasma PO2 E. increased plasma [carbon monoxide] Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.01b With respect to oxygen transport, state the reversible chemical equation for oxygen binding to hemoglobin and predict how raising or lowering the partial pressure of oxygen will shift the equilibrium. HAPS Objective: M06.02b With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve down and to the right, and explain how this results in increased oxygen delivery to the tissues. HAPS Objective: M06.02c With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve up and to the left, and explain how this facilitates oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 27. Which of these is demonstrated by the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve? A. The greater the PO2 of the blood, the greater the dissociation of O2 from hemoglobin. B. At normal resting systemic arterial PO2 , hemoglobin is almost 100% saturated with oxygen. C. At normal resting systemic venous PO2 , only about 75% of the hemoglobin is in the form of deoxyhemoglobin. D. More additional oxygen binds to hemoglobin when going from a PO2 of 60 to 100 mmHg, than is added when going from a PO2 of 40 to 60 mmHg. E. As PO2 increases, the saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen increases linearly. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M06.01b With respect to oxygen transport, state the reversible chemical equation for oxygen binding to hemoglobin and predict how raising or lowering the partial pressure of oxygen will shift the equilibrium. HAPS Objective: M06.02a With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, interpret the curve at low and high partial pressures of oxygen. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 28. Curve B below represents the oxygen-hemoglobin dissociation curve for normal body temperature, arterial hydrogen ion concentration, and DPG concentration. A. Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal arterial H+ concentration. B. Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal body temperature. C. Curve A may represent the dissociation at very low 2,3 diphosphoglycerate levels. D. Curve C may represent the dissociation at lower than normal arterial H+ concentration. E. Curve A may represent the dissociation at higher than normal body temperature. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M06.02b With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve down and to the right, and explain how this results in increased oxygen delivery to the tissues. HAPS Objective: M06.02c With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve up and to the left, and explain how this facilitates oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 29. Which of the following would cause a decrease in the binding affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen? A. increased pH of the blood B. increased temperature of the blood C. decreased DPG levels in erythrocytes D. the presence of carbon monoxide E. decreased concentration of H+ in the blood Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.02b With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve down and to the right, and explain how this results in increased oxygen delivery to the tissues. HAPS Objective: M06.02c With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve up and to the left, and explain how this facilitates oxygen binding to hemoglobin in the lungs. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 30. Carbonic anhydrase catalyzes a reaction that combines which of the following? A. H2O and O2 B. H2O and CO2 C. H2O and CO D. H+ and HCO3- E. CO2 and O2 Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Objective: Q05.03a State the chemical equation for bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system and the protein buffer system. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module Q05 Buffer systems and their roles in acid/base balance. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Section: 13.05 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 31. After CO2 is produced by tissues, in what form is most of that carbon transported to the lungs for removal from the body? A. as dissolved CO2 B. bound to hemoglobin C. as H2CO3 D. as dissolved HCO3- E. as carbonic anhydrase Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03f With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for carbon dioxide binding to deoxyhemoglobin and predict how changing carbon dioxide concentrations will affect deoxyhemoglobin levels in the tissues and the lungs. HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Section: 13.05 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 32. Which of the following statements regarding the transport of CO2 in blood is FALSE? A. Some of the CO2 in blood is dissolved in plasma. B. Some of the CO2 in blood is dissolved in the cytosol of erythrocytes. C. Some of the CO2 in blood is bound to hemoglobin. D. Most of the CO2 in blood is converted to another molecule. E. Some of the CO2 in blood is converted to chloride. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03f With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for carbon dioxide binding to deoxyhemoglobin and predict how changing carbon dioxide concentrations will affect deoxyhemoglobin levels in the tissues and the lungs. HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Section: 13.05 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 33. Which is a result of hyperventilation? A. respiratory alkalosis B. respiratory acidosis C. increased blood PCO2 D. metabolic acidosis E. metabolic alkalosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03c With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration. HAPS Objective: M06.03d With respect to carbon dioxide transport, predict how changing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect the pH and the concentration bicarbonate ions in the plasma. HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 34. Which occurs as a result of hypoventilation? A. the pH of the blood increases B. levels of blood O2 increase C. levels of blood H+ ions increase D. alveolar CO2 decreases to near atmospheric levels E. alveolar oxygen increases toward atmospheric levels Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03c With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration. HAPS Objective: M06.03d With respect to carbon dioxide transport, predict how changing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect the pH and the concentration bicarbonate ions in the plasma. HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 35. Which of these correctly describes the chloride shift? A. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions. B. In the tissues, chloride exits red blood cells in exchange for carbonic acid. C. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for bicarbonate ions. D. In the lungs, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2. E. In the tissues, chloride enters red blood cells in exchange for CO2. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Section: 13.05 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 36. What brain center has neurons that fire mainly during inspiration and have input to the spinal motor neurons that activate the diaphragm and inspiratory intercostal muscles? A. the ventral respiratory group of the medulla oblongata B. the pre-Bötzinger complex C. the dorsal respiratory group of the medulla oblongata D. the pneumotaxic center of the pons E. the apneustic center of the pons Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correleate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 37. Action potentials in neurons in the inspiratory center of the medulla oblongata result in action potentials in the __ nerves to the diaphragm, which in turn cause ___ _ of the muscle, resulting in a/an ___ _ in the volume of the thoracic cage. A. motor; contraction; decrease B. parasympathetic; contraction; decrease C. sympathetic; contraction; increase D. motor; contraction; increase E. sympathetic; relaxation; increase Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 38. Which of the following are chemoreceptors? A. hair cells in the cochlea B. receptors in the aortic and carotid bodies C. baroreceptors in the aortic and carotid arch D. receptors that mediate the Hering-Breuer reflex Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: I06.01 Describe how the various structures of the outer, middle and inner ear function in hearing. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module I06 Roles of specific tissues of the ear in hearing HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 39. Which of the following is most responsible for detecting an increase in systemic arterial H+ concentration? A. the medulla of the brainstem B. the peripheral chemoreceptors C. the central chemoreceptors D. the diaphragm E. the dorsal respiratory group Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 40. What is the primary regulator of the magnitude of alveolar ventilation under normal circumstances? A. the H+ concentration in the brain extracellular fluid, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors B. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors C. The PO2 of the arterial blood, which is monitored by peripheral chemoreceptors D. the H+ concentration in the arterial blood, which is monitored by central chemoreceptors E. stretch receptors in the lung Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 41. Which of the following statements regarding control of respiration is correct? A. A slight decrease in arterial PO2 is a stronger stimulus for increased ventilation than is a comparable decrease in arterial PCO2. B. The most important signal for regulating ventilation is the H+ concentration of arterial blood. C. Increased concentrations of lactic acid stimulate ventilation primarily by acting on peripheral chemoreceptors. D. An increase in the HCO3- concentration in blood stimulates ventilation. E. At high altitude, a decrease in PCO2 of the blood stimulates an increase in ventilation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 42. Which of these would tend to increase ventilation? A. lower than normal arterial PCO2 B. higher than normal arterial pH C. breathing carbon monoxide D. breathing air with increased PCO2 E. iron-deficiency anemia Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 43. If the nerves from the carotid and aortic bodies are cut, which of these would occur? A. A decrease in arterial PO2 will no longer increase ventilation. B. An increase in arterial PCO2 will no longer increase ventilation. C. An increase in arterial lactic acid will inhibit ventilation. D. An increase in arterial PCO2 will inhibit ventilation. E. A decrease in arterial PO2 will inhibit ventilation. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.07 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 44. Which of these does NOT increase during heavy exercise? A. minute ventilation B. arterial PCO2 C. oxygen delivery to muscles D. oxygen extraction from the blood by muscles E. body heat production Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M05.03b With respect to internal respiration, explain the factors that maintain oxygen and carbon dioxide gradients between blood and tissue cells. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.03 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 45. Following strenuous exercise, blood levels of lactic acid are compared to pre- exercise levels. This change in acid concentration causes a reflex in ventilation by activating _. A. decreased; decrease; peripheral chemoreceptors B. decreased; decrease; central chemoreceptors C. increased; increase; baroreceptors in the aortic arch D. increased; increase; central chemoreceptors E. increased; increase; peripheral chemoreceptors Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 46. Which of the following statements regarding hypoxia is correct? A. Exposure to high altitude is a form of hypoxic hypoxia. B. "Anemic hypoxia" refers to the condition of lower than normal arterial PO2. C. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia. D. Carbon monoxide poisoning is an example of ischemic hypoxia. E. Cyanide poisoning is an example of hypoxic hypoxia. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M05.01 State Daltons Law and Henrys Law, and relate both laws to the events of external and internal respiration and to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma. HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 47. Which of the following conditions would result in a systemic arterial PO2 lower than is typical of a healthy person at sea level? A. traveling to high altitude B. breathing 100% oxygen C. having iron-deficiency anemia D. breathing regular air in a hyperbaric chamber (higher that normal atmospheric pressure) E. maintaining alveolar ventilation constant while decreasing metabolic rate Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M05.01 State Daltons Law and Henrys Law, and relate both laws to the events of external and internal respiration and to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma. HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 48. Which is characteristic of a person chronically suffering from hypoxic hypoxia? A. higher-than-normal alveolar PO2 B. higher-than-normal hematocrit C. higher-than-normal arterial PO2 D. lower-than-normal lactic acid production E. lower-than-normal blood flow through tissues Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.01c With respect to the structure and numbers of formed elements in blood, state the normal ranges for erythrocyte counts and hematocrit (both male and female), total leukocyte count, and platelet count. HAPS Objective: K03.02b With respect to development of formed elements, explain the basic process of erythropoiesis, the significance of the reticulocyte, and regulation through erythropoietin. HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system 49. Which correctly describes the cause of the increase in alveolar ventilation that occurs when a person ascends to high altitude? A. The decrease in PCO2 of inspired air decreases alveolar PCO2, stimulating the peripheral chemoreceptors. B. The decrease in PCO2 of inspired air decreases alveolar PCO2, stimulating the central chemoreceptors. C. The decrease in PO2 of inspired air decreases alveolar and arterial PO2, stimulating the peripheral chemoreceptors. D. The decrease in total atmospheric pressure causes a greater negative pressure in the intrapleural space, resulting in deeper and more frequent breathing. E. The decrease in the total barometric pressure at high altitude causes hypocapnea, which stimulates peripheral chemoreceptors. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.07 Section: 13.08 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation True / False Questions 50. The diaphragm is a large sheet of smooth muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.04b For each of the following, describe the gross anatomical features - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.01 Section: 13.01 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 51. If the parietal pleura is cut during surgery, the lung on the side of the cut will expand and the chest wall will be compressed. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M02.04b For each of the following, describe the gross anatomical features - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M02.04c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M03.06 Describe the forces that tend to collapse the lungs and those that normally oppose or prevent collapse. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 52. The process of ventilation includes both the transport of gases by bulk flow and the diffusion of gases into and out of the blood. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M01.02 Describe the four respiratory processes - ventilation, external respiration (gas exchange at lung), internal respiration (gas exchange at body tissues), and cellular respiration. HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M01 General functions of the respiratory system. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: General functions of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 53. According to Boyle's law, the pressure exerted by a constant number of gas molecules in a container is inversely proportional to the volume of the container. Therefore, increasing the volume of the container will cause a decrease in its pressure. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 54. During inhalation/inspiration, the total alveolar volume decreases. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 55. During inhalation/inspiration, the diaphragm contracts and the alveolar pressure is less than atmospheric pressure; during exhalation/expiration, the diaphragm relaxes and the alveolar pressure is greater than atmospheric pressure. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.04c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 56. In a normal person at rest, the part of the respiratory cycle in which no air is flowing through the airways and the respiratory muscles are relaxed is at the end of inhalation/inspiration, prior to exhalation/expiration. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 57. Normal, resting exhalation/expiration of air from the lungs requires contraction of the exhalatory/expiratory intercostal muscles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M03.04 State Boyles Law and relate this law to the specific sequence of events (muscle contractions/relaxations and pressure/volume changes) causing inspiration and expiration. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 58. Infants born prematurely frequently develop respiratory distress syndrome of the newborn because they have too few alveoli to exchange O2 and CO2 efficiently. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M03.06 Describe the forces that tend to collapse the lungs and those that normally oppose or prevent collapse. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 59. The diameter of the airways in normal lungs is generally great enough that little resistance is offered to airflow. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.04b For each of the following, describe the gross anatomical features - nasal cavities, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs, pleural membranes, pulmonary blood vessels and nerves, thoracic and pleural cavities, and diaphragm. HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Gross anatomy of the lower respiratory tract Topic: Gross anatomy of the upper respiratory tract Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 60. Emphysema is a disease characterized by low lung compliance, obstructed airways, and ventilation-perfusion inequality. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M05.02c With respect to external respiration, describe the mechanisms of ventilation-perfusion coupling and predict the effect that reduced alveolar ventilation has on pulmonary blood flow and the effect that reduced pulmonary blood flow has on bronchiole diameter and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 61. A clinical sign of obstructive lung disease would be a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio, where "FVC" is "forced" VC. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.05 Explain how each of the following affect pulmonary ventilation - bronchiolar smooth muscle contractions, lung and thoracic wall compliance and recoil, and pulmonary surfactant and alveolar surface tension. HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 62. The total dead space in the lungs includes anatomic dead space and any portion of the alveoli that has little or no blood supply. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 63. Doubling the frequency of breathing will cause a greater increase in alveolar ventilation than will doubling the depth of inspiration. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M04.01 Define, identify, and determine values for the respiratory volumes (IRV, TV, ERV, and RV) and the respiratory capacities (IC, FRC, VC, and TLC). HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M04.03 Define anatomical dead space and explain the effect of anatomical dead space on alveolar ventilation and on the composition of alveolar and expired air. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary air volumes and capacities. Learning Outcome: 13.02 Section: 13.02 Topic: Pulmonary air volumes and capacities 64. At sea level, atmospheric PO2 is about 760 mmHg. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.03 Define and state relative values for atmospheric pressure, intrapulmonary pressure, intrapleural pressure, and transpulmonary pressure. HAPS Objective: M05.01 State Daltons Law and Henrys Law, and relate both laws to the events of external and internal respiration and to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 65. In the systemic circulation, the PO2 of arterial blood exceeds the PO2 of venous blood, while the reverse is true for the pulmonary circulation. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.01b State which blood vessel type carries oxygen-rich blood and which type carries oxygen-poor blood in systemic and pulmonary circuits. HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 66. Decreased alveolar PO2 causes reflex vasodilation of the pulmonary arterioles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M05.02c With respect to external respiration, describe the mechanisms of ventilation-perfusion coupling and predict the effect that reduced alveolar ventilation has on pulmonary blood flow and the effect that reduced pulmonary blood flow has on bronchiole diameter and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.03 Section: 13.03 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 67. Most of the O2 carried in the blood is dissolved in plasma. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 68. When blood flows into the systemic capillaries, the PO2 of the erythrocytes is greater than the PO2 of the interstitial fluid, causing a shift from oxyhemoglobin to deoxyhemoglobin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M05.03a With respect to internal respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M06.01b With respect to oxygen transport, state the reversible chemical equation for oxygen binding to hemoglobin and predict how raising or lowering the partial pressure of oxygen will shift the equilibrium. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 69. If lung disease results in an arterial PO2 of 80 mmHg, the total amount of oxygen carried by the blood is 20% below normal. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Objective: M06.02a With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, interpret the curve at low and high partial pressures of oxygen. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 70. Mixed venous blood in a resting individual still contains more than double the amount of oxygen extracted by the tissues as the blood passed through them. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M06.02a With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, interpret the curve at low and high partial pressures of oxygen. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 71. The affinity of hemoglobin for O2 is decreased in rapidly metabolizing tissues. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.02b With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, list factors that shift the curve down and to the right, and explain how this results in increased oxygen delivery to the tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 72. Of the CO2 returning from the tissues in venous blood, more is dissolved in plasma as CO2 than is bound to hemoglobin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03f With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for carbon dioxide binding to deoxyhemoglobin and predict how changing carbon dioxide concentrations will affect deoxyhemoglobin levels in the tissues and the lungs. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Section: 13.05 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 73. Deoxyhemoglobin binds bicarbonate ion better than oxyhemoglobin does. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M06.03f With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for carbon dioxide binding to deoxyhemoglobin and predict how changing carbon dioxide concentrations will affect deoxyhemoglobin levels in the tissues and the lungs. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.05 Section: 13.06 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 74. Normally, all the H+ ions generated from CO2 in tissue capillaries recombine with bicarbonate in pulmonary capillaries and are removed from the body as CO2. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.05 Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.05 Section: 13.06 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 75. The majority of hydrogen ions generated in the formation of carbonic acid in the tissues are carried as freely dissolved H+ in the venous blood. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03a With respect to carbon dioxide transport, describe the ways in which carbon dioxide is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total carbon dioxide transport. HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03g With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain how each of the following relates to carbon dioxide transport - carbonic anhydrase, hydrogen ions binding to hemoglobin and plasma proteins, the chloride ion shift, and the oxygen- hemoglobin saturation level. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.06 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 76. When a person hyperventilates, there are lower than normal levels of PCO2 and hydrogen ion in arterial blood, a condition called respiratory alkalosis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M06.03b With respect to carbon dioxide transport, state the reversible chemical equation for the reaction of carbon dioxide and water to carbonic acid and then to hydrogen ion and bicarbonate ion. HAPS Objective: M06.03c With respect to carbon dioxide transport, explain the relationship between pH and hydrogen ion concentration. HAPS Objective: M06.03d With respect to carbon dioxide transport, predict how changing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect the pH and the concentration bicarbonate ions in the plasma. HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.06 Section: 13.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 77. The rhythmic contractions and relaxations of the inspiratory muscles are dependent upon spontaneous depolarizations of the diaphragm. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M03.01 Define pulmonary ventilation, inspiration, and expiration. HAPS Objective: M03.02 Identify the muscles used during quiet inspiration, during forced inspiration, and during forced expiration, as well as the nerves responsible for stimulating those muscles. HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module M03 Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation Topic: Mechanisms of pulmonary ventilation 78. The neurons responsible for the cyclic nature of respiratory muscle function are located in the brainstem. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 79. The medullary inspiratory neurons receive inhibitory neural input from the pons and also from pulmonary stretch receptors. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 80. A decrease in arterial PO2 stimulates increased ventilation by causing increased firing of action potentials in the afferent neurons from the carotid and aortic body chemoreceptors. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 81. A slight rise in arterial PCO2 from normal resting values at sea level is a much stronger stimulus for increasing ventilation than a comparable fall in arterial PO2 under the same conditions. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand Gradable: automatic HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 82. The most important signal for regulating normal ventilation is hydrogen ions in the blood generated by lactic acid production. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 83. Increased plasma concentration of lactic acid stimulates increased ventilation primarily by means of central chemoreceptors. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.03 Compare and contrast the central and peripheral chemoreceptors. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 84. During moderate exercise, arterial PCO2 and H+ concentration increase and arterial PO2 decreases, and these are the main stimuli causing increased ventilation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 85. One cause of hypoxic hypoxia in disease is diffusion impairment of O2 resulting from decreased alveolar surface area. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M02.06c For each of the following, state the function of each structure - respiratory (nasal) mucosa, the layers of the tracheal wall, the bronchi and bronchioles, the three cell types found in alveoli, and the respiratory membrane. HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract and related organs. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the respiratory tract 86. Exposure to high altitude is a form of ischemic hypoxia. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M05.02b With respect to external respiration, analyze how oxygen and carbon dioxide movements are affected by changes in partial pressure gradients (e.g., at high altitude), surface area, diffusion distance, and solubility and molecular weight of the gases. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.08 Section: 13.08 Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues 87. A small amount of carbon monoxide in the air would not significantly alter the PO2 of inspired air nor the PO2 of the arterial blood. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M05.01 State Daltons Law and Henrys Law, and relate both laws to the events of external and internal respiration and to the amounts of oxygen and carbon dioxide dissolved in plasma. HAPS Objective: M05.02a With respect to external respiration, describe oxygen and carbon dioxide concentration gradients and net gas movements. HAPS Objective: M06.01a With respect to oxygen transport, describe the ways in which oxygen is transported in blood and discuss the relative importance of each to total oxygen transport. HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module M05 Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the respiratory system Topic: Mechanisms of gas exchange in the lungs and tissues Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 88. The key difference between fetal hemoglobin and adult hemoglobin is that fetal hemoglobin has a lower affinity for oxygen, because the levels of oxygen in placental blood is 2 to 3 times higher than other systemic arteries. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.04d With respect to the fetal circulation: For each umbilical vessel and the major fetal blood vessels, state whether each vessel carries oxygen-rich, oxygen-poor or mixed blood, and explain why the different oxygen levels occur in these vessels. HAPS Objective: M06.02d With respect to the oxygen-hemoglobin saturation curve, describe the oxygen-fetal hemoglobin saturation curve and its impact on oxygen delivery to fetal tissues. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood. Learning Outcome: 13.04 Section: 13.04 Topic: Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood 89. The control of respiration by centers in the brainstem can be over-ridden by higher brain centers when speaking, breath-holding, undergoing emotional reactions, and experiencing pain. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M07.01 Describe the locations and functions of the brainstem respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation. Learning Outcome: 13.07 Section: 13.07 Topic: Control of pulmonary ventilation 90. Nonrespiratory functions of the lungs include acting as "filters" for removing certain chemicals and blood clots. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M01.01 Describe the major functions of the respiratory system. HAPS Topic: Module M01 General functions of the respiratory system. Learning Outcome: 13.09 Section: 13.09 Topic: General functions of the respiratory system Chapter 14 The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which is NOT a function of the kidneys in maintaining homeostasis? A. regulation of extracellular fluid osmolarity B. regulation of blood hydrogen ion concentration C. regulation of blood glucose concentration D. regulation of extracellular fluid volume E. regulation of blood K+ concentration Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P01.01 Describe the major functions of the urinary system. HAPS Topic: Module P01 General functions of the urinary system. Learning Outcome: 14.01 Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Learning Outcome: 14.09 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Learning Outcome: 14.18 Section: 14.01 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.08 Section: 14.09 Section: 14.12 Section: 14.18 Topic: General functions of the urinary system 2. Which of the following does NOT correctly describe kidney function? A. They contribute significantly to long-term regulation of arterial blood pressure by maintaining the proper plasma volume. B. They produce urine of a constant composition at all times, in order to maintain homeostasis of extracellular fluid. C. They excrete metabolic waste products. D. They assist in maintaining proper acid-base balance in the body. E. They secrete hormones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P01.01 Describe the major functions of the urinary system. HAPS Topic: Module P01 General functions of the urinary system. Learning Outcome: 14.01 Section: 14.01 Topic: General functions of the urinary system 3. Which correctly describes a basic renal process? A. Fluid is filtered from Bowman's capsule into the glomerulus. B. Substances are secreted from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries. C. Substances are reabsorbed from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular lumen. D. Substances are actively secreted from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule. E. Fluid moves by bulk flow from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P02.03c Compare and contrast the structure and function of glomerular and peritubular capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.05 Compare and contrast reabsorption and tubular secretion, with respect to direction of solute movement, strength of concentration gradients, and energy required. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 4. The amount of a substance that is excreted in the urine is equal to the amount that is __ plus the amount that is _ _ minus the amount that is __ . A. filtered; reabsorbed; secreted B. reabsorbed; filtered; secreted C. secreted; reabsorbed; filtered D. filtered; secreted; reabsorbed E. reabsorbed; secreted; filtered Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.06 Explain how the three processes in urine formation determine the rate of excretion of any solute. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 5. Which of the following is least likely to be filtered into Bowman's capsule in a normal, healthy person? A. glucose B. plasma protein C. sodium D. urea E. bicarbonate ion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.02a Describe the structure of the filtration membrane. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 6. All of the following substances are present in proximal tubular fluid in the kidney, but which one is NOT normally present in urine? A. Ca2+ B. H+ C. K+ D. HPO42- E. glucose Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 7. Which one of the following substances is LEAST dependent on the kidney for regulation of its plasma concentration? A. water B. Na+ C. K+ D. HPO42- E. glucose Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of water balance 8. Which is TRUE about the juxtaglomerular apparatus? A. It is composed of parts of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the efferent arteriole. B. It is composed of glomerular capillaries and the macula densa. C. It is the site of renin secretion. D. It is created by the junction between the proximal tubule and the afferent arteriole. E. It is composed of cells that secrete atrial natriuretic peptide and cells that secrete norepinephrine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.10b In the heart, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce atrial natriuretic peptide. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P02.03d Identify the location, structures and cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.02 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.02 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 9. Which correctly describes the composition of the glomerular filtrate? A. It is identical to urine, but has a much smaller flow rate. B. It is identical to urine, but has a much larger flow rate. C. It is identical to blood plasma, except it lacks red blood cells. D. It is highly similar to plasma, except it contains plasma proteins. E. It is highly similar to plasma, except it does not contain plasma proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 10. Which of the following statements concerning the process of glomerular filtration is correct? A. The hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's space opposes filtration. B. The glomerular filtration rate is limited by a transport maximum. C. All of the plasma that enters the glomerular capillaries is filtered. D. The osmotic force due to plasma proteins favors filtration. E. The hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries opposes filtration. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.02a Describe the structure of the filtration membrane. HAPS Objective: P03.02b Explain the anatomical features that create high glomerular capillary blood pressure and explain why this blood pressure is significant for urine formation. HAPS Objective: P03.02c Describe the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that favor and oppose filtration. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 11. Which equation is equal to the net glomerular filtration pressure? A. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in Bowman's capsule B. = osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma - hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule C. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule + osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma D. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries + hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic pressure due to protein in plasma E. = hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries - hydrostatic pressure in Bowman's capsule - osmotic force due to proteins in plasma Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.02c Describe the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that favor and oppose filtration. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 12. Constriction of the ___ _ decreases hydrostatic pressure in ___ . A. afferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries B. efferent arterioles, proximal convoluted tubules C. renal vein, peritubular capillaries D. efferent arterioles, glomerular capillaries E. efferent arterioles, Bowman's capsule Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.01e Identify the major blood vessels associated with the kidney with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P02.02 Trace the path of blood through the kidney. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 13. Which is TRUE regarding renal tubular reabsorption? A. Reabsorption of Na+ from the proximal tubule occurs as a result of water reabsorption. B. Reabsorption of glucose saturates at a maximum transport rate. C. Urea reabsorption cannot occur at any point along the nephron. D. Toxic substances are removed from the body by reabsorption from peritubular capillaries into the proxmial tubule. E. Reabsorption of Na+ only occurs from nephron regions that come after the descending limb of the loop of Henle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 14. Which of the following describes tubular reabsorption in the kidney? A. the movement of substances from the peritubular capillaries into the tubular fluid B. the movement of substances from the proximal tubule into the loop of Henle C. transepithelial transport from the lumen of the tubule into renal interstitial fluid D. movement of Na+, Cl-, and water from glomerular capillaries into Bowman's capsule E. transport of solutes from the renal medullary interstitium into the collecting duct Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.05 Compare and contrast reabsorption and tubular secretion, with respect to direction of solute movement, strength of concentration gradients, and energy required. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 15. Which is NOT a transport mechanism typically seen in renal tubular epithelial cells? A. cotransport proteins in the luminal membrane of the proximal tubule that move Na+ and glucose from the proximal tubule into epithelial cells B. transport proteins that move glucose by facilitated diffusion from inside of proximal tubule cells into the renal interstitial fluid C. ion channels that allow Na+ to move by diffusion from the lumen of the proximal tubule into epithelial cells D. Na+-K+ ATPase pumps in the luminal membrane of proximal tubule epithelial cells that move Na+ from inside the cell into the tubule and K+ from the tubule lumen into the cell E. countertransport proteins that move Na+ into proximal tubule epithelial cells while moving H+ from the cells into the lumen Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03b With respect to reabsorption, list the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including aquaporins, channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.19 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 16. Which of the following substances undergo renal tubular secretion? A. Ca2+ B. Na+ C. K+ D. H20 Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 17. Which is true for a man who is in balance for total body water? A. He must ingest more water than is lost in the urine. B. He must ingest more water than is lost by all output pathways combined. C. He must ingest less water than is lost in the urine. D. The water filtered into Bowman's capsule must be 100% reabsorbed. E. The amount ingested plus that metabolically produced must equal the amount of water in the urine. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: Q01.01 List and describe the routes of water entry into the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Objective: Q01.02 List and describe the routes of water loss from the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.06 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.06 Section: 14.07 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of water balance 18. Which of the following is TRUE about how water is handled by the nephron? A. Water is filtered out of glomerular capillaries by bulk flow. B. Water is actively reabsorbed from the proximal tubule, and Na+ follows down its diffusion gradient. C. Water is actively secreted into the descending loop of Henle. D. The permeability of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle is modified by vasopressin. E. Vasopressin inserts pumps in the collecting duct membrane that move water against its concentration gradient. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 19. Where do Na+/K+ ATPase pumps play an active role in reabsorbing Na+? A. in Bowman's capsule epithelial cells, facing the interior of Bowman's space B. in the basolateral membrane of cells of the cortical collecting duct C. in the apical membrane of epithelial cells of the proximal tubule D. in the luminal membrane of epithelial cells of the distal convoluted tubule E. in the basolateral membrane of endothelial cells of peritubular capillaries Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03b With respect to reabsorption, list the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including aquaporins, channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 20. Compared to the normal plasma osmolarity, the tubular fluid is ___ _ as it enters Bowman's space, _ _ at the beginning of the loop of Henle, at the tip of the loop, and at the beginning of the distal convoluted tubule. A. isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic B. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hypoosmotic C. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; hypoosmotic D. isosmotic; isosmotic; hypoosmotic; hyperosmotic E. isosmotic; isosmotic; hyperosmotic; isosmotic Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 21. In what segment of the nephron is the greatest fraction of filtered water reabsorbed? A. the proximal tubule B. the ascending limb of the loop of Henle C. the distal convoluted tubule D. the collecting ducts E. the descending limb of the loop of Henle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03g State the percent of filtrate that is normally reabsorbed and explain why the process of reabsorption is so important. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.14 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.14 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 22. In which region of the nephron does the fractional reabsorption of water vary the most in response to variation in the state of hydration? A. the glomerulus B. the proximal convoluted tubule C. the loop of Henle D. the distal convoluted tubule E. the collecting duct Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: P07.02 Explain how the urinary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 23. Which is NOT true about the countercurrent multiplier system of the kidney? A. It creates a hyperosmolar medullary interstitium that allows the kidneys to form hypertonic urine. B. The descending loop of Henle is permeable to water. C. There is active transport of sodium and chloride out of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. D. The ascending loop of Henle is not permeable to water. E. The fraction of filtered NaCl reabsorbed from the ascending limb equals the fraction of filtered water reabsorbed from the descending limb. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 24. How does the renal countercurrent multiplier mechanism allow the creation of a concentrated urine? A. It transports NaCl from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine. B. It transports urea from the medullary interstitium into the collecting duct, which directly increases the osmolarity of the urine. C. By concentrating NaCl in the renal medullary interstitium, it allows water to be reabsorbed from the collecting ducts when vasopressin is present. D. By pumping NaCl and urea into the ascending limb of the loop of Henle, it raises the solute load, which turns into a concentrated urine once water is extracted from the collecting duct. E. When anti-diuretic hormone is present, it stimulates the pumping of NaCl from the medullary interstitium and water follows, concentrating the urine. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 25. Water and NaCl reabsorbed from the loop of Henle directly reenter what blood vessels? A. vasa recta B. afferent arterioles C. efferent arterioles D. cortical peritubular capillaries E. collecting ducts Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.02 Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.02 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 26. In the condition diabetes mellitus, why does glucose appear in the urine? A. The plasma concentration of glucose becomes so high that it diffuses from peritubular capillaries into the proximal tubule, down its concentration gradient. B. The filtered load of glucose becomes greater than the tubular maximum for its reabsorption. C. Without the hormone insulin, glucose cannot enter proximal tubule epithelial cells. D. The rate of tubular secretion of glucose becomes greater than the sum of glucose filtration and reabsorption. E. Without insulin, the glomerular filtration barrier becomes extremely leaky to glucose, which is not normally filterable. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.02a Describe the structure of the filtration membrane. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 27. Which is TRUE about the hormone vasopressin (also known as antidiuretic hormone, ADH)? A. It is a peptide hormone released from the adrenal gland. B. It triggers insertion of aquaporins into the apical membranes of collecting duct cells. C. It promotes the excretion of more water in the urine. D. It stimulates the excretion of K+ in the urine. E. Its main function is to trigger the secretion of aldosterone. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03b With respect to reabsorption, list the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including aquaporins, channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 28. Which would occur if a person lost the ability to synthesize vasopressin? A. The ability to reabsorb water in the proximal tubule would be lost. B. The excretion of glucose in the urine would increase. C. The urine would become hypoosmotic compared to plasma. D. The urine production would decrease dramatically, and the urine osmolarity would be hypertonic compared to plasma. E. Blood pressure would increase significantly. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K11.02b With respect to stroke volume (SV), define venous return, preload and afterload, and explain the factors that affect them as well as how each of them affects EDV, ESV and SV. HAPS Objective: K14.10d With respect to regulation of blood pressure, explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q07.03 Explain how fluid volumes and distribution contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module K11 Regulation of cardiac output, stroke volume, and heart rate HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Clinical applications of fluid balance Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 29. Which of these is deficient in the disease, diabetes insipidus? A. ACTH B. vasopressin C. atrial natriuretic factor D. angiotensin II E. insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Clinical applications of fluid balance Topic: Hormonal regulation 30. Which of the following most accurately describes the renal transport of Na+? A. Na+ is actively transported in all segments of the tubule. B. Primary active transport of Na+ allows for secondary active transport of glucose and H+ in the proximal tubule. C. Most of the Na+ transport occurs in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. D. Na+ is actively secreted into the nephron lumen by cells in the cortical collecting ducts. E. Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of proximal tubule cells in exchange for K+, by Na+/K+ ATPase pumps. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03b With respect to reabsorption, list the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including aquaporins, channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.08 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 31. What region of the nephron reabsorbs about two-thirds of filtered Na+ and Cl-? A. ascending loop of Henle B. glomerulus C. proximal convoluted tubule D. distal convoluted tubule E. collecting duct Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 32. Which would occur as a result of a decrease in the total body content of Na+? A. an increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate B. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate C. an increase in plasma volume, which induces an increase in GFR and a decrease in Na+ reabsorption rate D. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and Na+ reabsorption rate E. a decrease in plasma volume, which induces a decrease in GFR and an increase in Na+ reabsorption rate Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P03.02e Predict specific factors that will increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR). HAPS Objective: P04.01a Describe the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms in autoregulation and explain how they affect urine volume and composition. HAPS Objective: P04.02 Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR- renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of water balance 33. What is the rate-limiting (regulated) step for stimulating the secretion of aldosterone? A. conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin II in the blood B. secretion of angiotensinogen by the liver C. conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I in the blood D. secretion of ACTH by the anterior pituitary E. secretion of angiotensin II by the kidney Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation 34. Which of the following statements regarding renal handling of Na+ is correct? A. In the proximal tubule, Na+ is actively transported across the luminal membrane of the tubular epithelial cells. B. Atrial natriuretic factor increases Na+ reabsorption. C. In the absence of aldosterone, Na+ will be secreted by the cortical collecting ducts. D. Na+ is actively reabsorbed in the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. E. Without vasopressin, the collecting duct is impermeable to Na+. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target ti ssue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.10c In the heart, name the target tissue or cells for atrial natriuretic peptide and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.08 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 35. Which correctly describes renin? A. It is secreted by juxtaglomerular cells in renal afferent arterioles. B. Its secretion is enhanced by high levels of Na+ in the macula densa. C. Its secretion is stimulated by elevated blood pressure in the renal afferent arterioles. D. It acts on the adrenal cortex to stimulate aldosterone secretion. E. It is secreted by the liver in response to low blood pressure. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P02.03d Identify the location, structures and cells of the juxtaglomerular apparatus in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.02 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.02 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation 36. Which of the following organs is the main site of aldosterone secretion? A. kidneys B. adrenal glands C. systemic and pulmonary blood vessels D. liver E. the atria of the heart Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation 37. Which of the following would be most likely to increase GFR? A. sympathetic stimulation of afferent arteriolar smooth muscle B. constricting efferent arterioles C. a decrease in plasma volume D. an increase in the concentration of plasma proteins Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.02c Describe the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that favor and oppose filtration. HAPS Objective: P03.02e Predict specific factors that will increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR). HAPS Objective: P04.01a Describe the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms in autoregulation and explain how they affect urine volume and composition. HAPS Objective: P04.02 Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR- renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 38. Which would result from ingesting a large amount of salt? A. urine osmolarity would decrease B. atrial natriuretic factor secretion would decrease C. firing by hypothalamic osmoreceptors would decrease D. secretion of atrial natriuretic factor would increase E. secretion of vasopressin would decrease Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.10a In the heart, describe the stimulus for release of atrial natriuretic peptide. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of water balance 39. In the presence of aldosterone, which nephron region reabsorbs the greatest fraction of the filtered Na+? A. proximal tubule B. macula densa C. descending limb of the loop of Henle D. distal convoluted tubule E. cortical collecting duct Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 40. Which of the following would cause a decrease in the excretion of Na+ and water? A. increased hydrostatic pressure in the afferent renal arterioles B. increased mean arterial blood pressure C. increased atrial distension D. decreased aldosterone secretion E. decreased atrial natriuretic peptide secretion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.10a In the heart, describe the stimulus for release of atrial natriuretic peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.10c In the heart, name the target tissue or cells for atrial natriuretic peptide and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P03.02c Describe the hydrostatic and colloid osmotic forces that favor and oppose filtration. HAPS Objective: P03.02e Predict specific factors that will increase or decrease glomerular filtration rate (GFR). HAPS Objective: P04.01a Describe the myogenic and tubuloglomerular feedback mechanisms in autoregulation and explain how they affect urine volume and composition. HAPS Objective: P04.02 Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR- renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 41. Which of these would result in an increase in the osmolarity of urine? A. increased levels of vasopressin in the plasma B. increased levels of aldosterone in the plasma C. decreased transport of Na+ and Cl- by the ascending limb of the loop of Henle D. ingestion of a large volume of pure water E. decreased urea permeability of the medullary collecting duct Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.09 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.09 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 42. Which stimulates vasopressin secretion? A. increased plasma osmolarity B. increased plasma volume C. ingestion of alcohol D. decreased aldosterone secretion E. increased pressure in afferent arterioles Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.09 Section: 14.09 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of water balance 43. The loss of 0.5 L of sweat would stimulate a greater increase in vasopressin secretion than the loss of an equal amount of blood plasma over the same period of time. This statement is: A. true, because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma. B. true, because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma. C. false, because sweat is hypoosmotic to plasma. D. false, because sweat is isosmotic to plasma. E. false, because sweat is hyperosmotic to plasma. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.09 Learning Outcome: 14.10 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.09 Section: 14.10 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of water balance 44. After prolonged exertion in a hot climate, baroreceptors would __ firing, leading to _ _ secretion of _ _ and thus renal reabsorption of __ . A. increase; increased; renin; increased; Na+ B. decrease; increased; renin; decreased; Na+ C. decrease; increased; vasopressin; increased; water D. increase; decreased; vasopressin; decreased; water E. decrease; decreased; vasopressin; increased; water Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K14.10a With respect to regulation of blood pressure, during the baroreceptor reflex, explain how cardiac output and peripheral resistance are regulated to maintain adequate blood pressure on a moment-to-moment basis. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.09 Section: 14.09 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 45. Which of the following most accurately describes the actions of aldosterone? A. Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the cortical collecting ducts. B. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the proximal tubule. C. Aldosterone decreases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. D. Aldosterone increases Na+ secretion and K+ reabsorption in the proximal tubule. E. Aldosterone increases Na+ reabsorption and K+ secretion in the cortical collecting ducts. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.08 Section: 14.12 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 46. Which would result in the greatest stimulation of aldosterone secretion? A. increasing plasma K+ concentration and decreasing plasma angiotensin II concentration B. decreasing plasma K+ concentration and increasing plasma angiotensin II concentration C. increasing plasma Na+ concentration and increasing plasma volume D. increasing plasma K+ concentration and increasing plasma angiotensin II concentration E. decreasing plasma Na+ concentration and decreasing plasma angiontensin II concentration Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.08 Section: 14.12 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 47. Which of the following drugs is least likely to decrease blood pressure? A. a drug that interferes with aldosterone synthesis B. a drug that is an agonist of atrial natriuretic factor C. a drug that decreases sympathetic stimulation of renal arterioles D. a drug that enhances the activity of angiotensin-converting enzyme E. a drug that decreases liver production of angiotensinogen Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.10a In the heart, describe the stimulus for release of atrial natriuretic peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.10d In the heart, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in atrial natriuretic peptide will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K14.10d With respect to regulation of blood pressure, explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: P04.02 Describe how each of the following functions in the extrinsic control of GFR- renin-angiotensin mechanism, natriuretic peptides, and sympathetic adrenergic activity. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Clinical applications of fluid balance Topic: Hormonal regulation 48. Most of the reabsorption of filtered calcium is unregulated and occurs in the __ , but an additional amount can be reabsorbed in the _ , depending on the plasma concentration of parathyroid hormone. A. proximal convoluted tubule, distal convoluted tubule B. distal convoluted tubule, proximal convoluted tubule C. proximal convoluted tubule, descending loop of Henle D. distal convoluted tubule, medullary collecting ducts E. distal convoluted tubule, renal corpuscle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.03c In the parathyroid gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the parathyroid hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 49. Which of the following symptoms would a patient with a deficiency of parathyroid hormone be most likely to experience? A. low plasma calcium levels and decreased muscular excitability B. low plasma calcium levels and increased muscular excitability C. high plasma calcium levels and decreased muscular excitability D. high plasma calcium levels and increased muscular excitability E. high plasma calcium levels and abnormally weak bones Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.04 Explain how electrolyte concentrations and body fluid pH contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 50. When blood Ca2+ levels fall below normal, in what ways do the kidneys help restore them toward normal? A. by increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, decreasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption B. by increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption C. by decreasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation, increasing tubular phosphate reabsorption, and increasing tubular Ca2+ reabsorption D. Increasing 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 formation and increasing secretion of parathyroid hormone E. by increasing renal secretion of parathyroid hormone and increasing bone resorption Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.03b In the parathyroid gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce the parathyroid hormone. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.08a In the kidney, describe the stimulus for release of erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: J05.08b In the kidney, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P05.01 Describe the role of kidney in vitamin D activation. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: P07.02 Explain how the urinary system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module P05 Additional endocrine activities of the kidney. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 51. Which of the following statements regarding Ca2+ homeostasis is TRUE? A. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ reabsorption by the kidneys. B. Parathyroid hormone directly stimulates Ca2+ absorption from the GI tract. C. In the absence of parathyroid hormone, plasma Ca2+ levels would be abnormally low, resulting in the hyperpolarization of nerve and muscle membranes. D. When plasma Ca2+ increases above normal, the secretion of parathyroid hormone increases. E. Vitamin D decreases the renal tubular reabsorption of Ca2+. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03a In the parathyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the parathyroid hormone. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone leve l will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.08c In the kidney, name the target tissue or cells for erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D) and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q07.04 Explain how electrolyte concentrations and body fluid pH contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 52. Which would NOT be caused by a decrease in plasma Ca2+ levels in an otherwise normal person? A. an increase in plasma parathyroid hormone levels B. an increase in plasma 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels C. an increase in nerve and muscle excitability D. a decrease in the filtered load of Ca2+ E. an increase in bone density Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03a In the parathyroid gland, describe the stimulus for release of the parathyroid hormone. HAPS Objective: J05.08a In the kidney, describe the stimulus for release of erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D). HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.04 Explain how electrolyte concentrations and body fluid pH contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 53. What change in renal regulation of H+ would help compensate for a metabolic acidosis? A. a decrease in the filtered load of H+ B. an increase in the urinary pH C. a decrease in the tubular production of ammonia D. a decrease in the amount of H+ secreted in the proximal tubule E. an increase in the production of new plasma HCO - Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q05.03b Explain the role of the bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system and the protein buffer system in regulation of blood, interstitial fluid, and intracellular pH, including how each system responds to increases or decreases i n pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q05 Buffer systems and their roles in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.16 Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.16 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 54. Which of the following statements about renal control of blood acid-base balance is TRUE? A. Increased metabolism of glutamine by renal tubular cells increases the plasma bicarbonate concentration. B. Excretion in the urine of hydrogen bound to phosphate buffers decreases plasma bicarbonate concentration. C. H+ that binds to filtered bicarbonate in the tubular fluid is excreted in the urine. D. When hypoventilation occurs at the lungs, the kidneys compensate by reducing glutamine metabolism. E. The kidneys compensate for a metabolic alkalosis by increasing CO2 production. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 55. Which would you observe in a person experiencing metabolic acidosis? A. decreased renal secretion of hydrogen ion B. decreased renal reabsorption of bicarbonate ion C. increased plasma PCO2 D. decreased urinary pH E. decreased urinary ammonium Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 56. Which of these directly results from hypoventilation? A. metabolic acidosis B. respiratory acidosis C. metabolic alkalosis D. respiratory alkalosis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance 57. How would the kidneys respond to hypoventilation? A. increasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3- B. increasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO - C. decreasing secretion of H+ and increasing production of new HCO3- D. decreasing secretion of H+ and decreasing reabsorption of HCO3- E. increasing excretion of CO2 Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 58. If a patient with pulmonary disease began to hypoventilate, how would plasma levels of [H+], HCO3-, and PCO2 be changed, compared to normal? A. increased [H+], increased PCO2, and increased [HCO3-] B. increased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO -] C. increased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-] D. decreased [H+], increased PCO2, and decreased [HCO3-] E. decreased [H+], decreased PCO2, and decreased [HCO -] Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: M06.03d Predict how changing the partial pressure of carbon dioxide will affect the pH and the concentration of bicarbonate ions in the plasma. HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilation, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea HAPS Objective: M09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the respiratory system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the respiratory system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q05.03a State the chemical equation for bicarbonate buffer system, the phosphate buffer system and the protein buffer system. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M06 Mechanisms of gas transport in the blood HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module M09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q05 Buffer systems and their roles in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance 59. A man with hypertension takes a diuretic that is not potassium-sparing, and he does not increase his ingestion of potassium. Which of the following side-effects would the drug be most likely to cause? A. increased blood volume B. depolarized neuronal cell membranes C. hyperkalemia D. cardiac arrhythmia E. All of these side effects would occur. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: P04.05 Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.04 Explain how electrolyte concentrations and body fluid pH contribute to the maintenance of homeostasis in other body systems. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Learning Outcome: 14.15 Section: 14.12 Section: 14.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 60. Which of the following types of drugs would inhibit spontaneous emptying of the bladder (incontinence)? A. drugs that enhance the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle B. drugs that block the effects of parasympathetic neurons on the detrusor muscle C. drugs that inhibit the effects of sympathetic neurons on the internal urethral sphincter D. drugs that inhibit the effects of somatic neurons on the bladder E. drugs that inhibit the action of sympathetic neurons on the external urethral sphincter Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P06.02 Describe the micturition reflex. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module P06 Innervation and control of the urinary bladder. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.05 Section: 14.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Innervation of the urinary bladder Topic: Urine storage and elimination True / False Questions 61. The anatomic arrangement of juxtamedullary nephrons in the kidneys is such that the glomerulus, proximal tubule, and distal convoluted tubule are in the renal cortex, while the loop of Henle and collecting ducts lie mainly in the renal medulla. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.01d Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the renal tissue with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P02.03b Compare and contrast cortical and juxtamedullary nephrons in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. Learning Outcome: 14.02 Section: 14.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 62. The distal convoluted tubules drain directly into the renal pelvis, which in turn drains into the ureter, a tube that carries urine to the bladder. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.01b Identify, and describe the structure and location of, the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P02.01d Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the renal tissue with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. Learning Outcome: 14.02 Section: 14.02 Topic: Gross anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 63. The three basic processes of kidney function are filtration from the glomerulus into Bowman's capsule, secretion from the tubule into the peritubular capillaries, and reabsorption from the capillaries into the tubular lumen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.05 Compare and contrast reabsorption and tubular secretion, with respect to direction of solute movement, strength of concentration gradients, and energy required. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 64. Only substances that are filtered by the kidneys can be excreted by them. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.06 Explain how the three processes in urine formation determine the rate of excretion of any solute. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 65. Large amounts of protein in a person's urine indicate that the person is eating a high- protein diet. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P03.02a Describe the structure of the filtration membrane. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 66. The filtered load of water in an average person is approximately 180 L/day. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.02d Describe glomerular filtration rate (GFR), state the average value of GFR, and explain how clearance rate can be used to measure GFR. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 67. Water, sodium, and glucose all undergo tubular reabsorption, but urea does not. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 68. The kidneys regulate the plasma concentrations of water, sodium, and glucose. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: P01.01 Describe the major functions of the urinary system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P01 General functions of the urinary system. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: General functions of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 69. If water intake (ingestion) is decreased, the kidney can decrease the amount of water excreted in urine by increasing the amount of water reabsorbed at the renal corpuscle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.01 List the three major processes in urine formation and where each occurs in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 70. In healthy individuals, the amount of glucose present in urine will be virtually zero because the amount of glucose reabsorption from the filtrate back into the blood prevents excretion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 71. The spinal reflex for micturition involves stretch receptors in the wall of the bladder that send messages about distension to sympathetic, parasympathetic, and motor neurons in the spinal cord. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: P06.02 Describe the micturition reflex. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function HAPS Topic: Module P06 Innervation and control of the urinary bladder. Learning Outcome: 14.05 Section: 14.05 Topic: Innervation of the urinary bladder Topic: Urine storage and elimination 72. Voluntary control of micturition involves controlling somatic motor input to the muscles of the external urethral sphincter. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: P02.01b Identify, and describe the structure and location of, the ureters, urinary bladder and urethra with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P06.02 Describe the micturition reflex. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P06 Innervation and control of the urinary bladder. Learning Outcome: 14.05 Section: 14.05 Topic: Innervation of the urinary bladder Topic: Urine storage and elimination 73. Total-body balance of water and Na+ is largely maintained by regulating urinary loss of these substances. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.06 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.06 Section: 14.07 Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition Topic: Regulation of water balance 74. Most of the body's water is located inside cells, whereas most of the body's Na+ is in the interstitial fluid and plasma. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q02.01 Describe the fluid compartments (including the subdivisions of the extracellular fluid) and state the relative volumes of each. HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellular fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q02 Description of the major fluid compartments. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.06 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.06 Section: 14.07 Topic: Introduction to body fluids and fluid compartments 75. The total solute concentration in the extracellular fluid is mainly dependent upon the concentration of Na+ in the extracellular fluid. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: Q03.02 Compare and contrast the relative concentrations of major electrolytes in intracellular and extracellu lar fluids. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.06 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.06 Section: 14.07 Topic: Introduction to body fluids and fluid compartments 76. Water absorption from the proximal tubule is mainly driven by the active reabsorption of Na+. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 77. A consequence of lack of vasopressin is excretion of sugar in the urine, which occurs in the condition diabetes mellitus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 78. A person lacking vasopressin would have to drink 180 L of water per day to make up for the water lost in the urine. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03g State the percent of filtrate that is normally reabsorbed and explain why the process of reabsorption is so important. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.09 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.09 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of water balance 79. The countercurrent mechanism of the kidney enables the formation of hypertonic urine. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 80. The walls of the ascending limb of the loop of Henle are freely permeable to water. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03e With respect to reabsorption, explain why the differential permeability or impermeability of specific sections of the nephron tubules is necessary for urine formation. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 81. The fluid entering the distal convoluted tubule is hypoosmotic with respect to plasma. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 82. At the tip of the loop of Henle, the osmolarity of the tubular fluid is more than four times greater than that of the glomerular filtrate when a person is in an antidiuretic state. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 83. The main force responsible for water reabsorption from the collecting ducts is the low hydrostatic pressure in the surrounding interstitial space. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 84. Unlike the renal cortical interstitial fluid, the interstitial fluid of the medulla is hyperosmotic. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.01d Identify the major internal divisions and structures of the renal tissue with respect to gross anatomy of the urinary tract. HAPS Objective: P03.03f With respect to reabsorption, explain the role of the loop of Henle, the vasa recta, and the countercurrent multiplication mechanism in the concentration of urine. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 85. In the absence of vasopressin, urine is isoosmotic with plasma. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: P03.07 Compare and contrast blood plasma, glomerular filtrate, and urine and then relate their differences to function of the nephron. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P04.04 Predict specific factors involved in creating dilute versus concentrated urine. HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 86. Increasing the GFR tends to increase the excretion rate of sodium. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P03.06 Explain how the three processes in urine formation determine the rate of excretion of any solute. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Section: 14.03 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 87. Atrial distension is a stimulus for the secretion of atrial natriuretic factor, which stimulates the reabsorption of sodium by the kidneys. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.10a In the heart, describe the stimulus for release of atrial natriuretic peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.10d In the heart, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in atrial natriuretic peptide will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.08 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 88. Following hemorrhage, vasopressin secretion increases because of increased firing of hypothalamic osmoreceptors. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (including proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K14.10d With respect to regulation of blood pressure, explain the role of hormones in regulation of blood pressure, including the mechanism by which specific hormones affect preload, heart rate, inotropic state or vascular resistance. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module K14 Blood pressure and its functional interrelationships with cardiac output, peripheral resistance, and hemodynamics HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.09 Section: 14.09 Topic: Clinical applications of fluid balance Topic: Hormonal regulation 89. Because fluid loss as sweat is isoosmotic, the baroreceptor reflexes are more important than osmoreceptor activity in restoring extracellular fluid volume after sweating. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q01.04 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water output. HAPS Objective: Q07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of fluid volume in the body. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.09 Learning Outcome: 14.10 Section: 14.09 Section: 14.10 Topic: Regulation of water balance 90. A fall in the osmolarity of the blood supplying the hypothalamus is a powerful stimulus for thirst. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q01.03 Describe the mechanisms used to regulate water intake. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.11 Section: 14.11 Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances Topic: Regulation of water balance 91. Regulation of extracellular K+ is not critical to body function because only about 2% of the total-body K+ is in the extracellular fluid. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.12 Topic: Introduction to body fluids and fluid compartments 92. Cardiac arrhythmias may be a clinical sign of either K+ depletion or excess. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained within normal homeostatic ranges. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.12 Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 93. Both Na+ and Cl- freely filter from the glomerular capillaries into Bowman's space, with no secretion along the renal tubule. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.02a Describe the structure of the filtration membrane. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.08 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 94. The reabsorption of water in the nephron is accomplished as it follows the osmotic gradient created by Na+ reabsorption. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 95. In the proximal convoluted tubule the reabsorption of Na+ is unaffected by the presence or absence of other substances such as glucose or H+ in the filtrate. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03b With respect to reabsorption, list the different membrane proteins of the nephron, including aquaporins, channels, transporters, and ATPase pumps. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.07 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.07 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 96. Unlike Na+, K+ is secreted by the nephron tubules. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.03 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.03 Section: 14.12 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion 97. Ingestion of large amounts of K+ triggers reflexes to limit the amount of K+ reabsorbed by the cortical collecting ducts. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: P07.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the urinary system responds to maintain homeostasis in th e body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module P07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.12 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 98. Stimuli that cause increased Na+ reabsorption decrease K+ secretion. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Objective: P04.03 Describe how each of the following works to regulate reabsorption and secretion, so as to affect urine volume and composition- renin- angiotensin system, aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and natriuretic peptides. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.08 Section: 14.12 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 99. A stimulus for increased aldosterone secretion is decreased plasma K+ concentration. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.12 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 100. A substance that interferes with the active transport of Na+ in the cortical collecting ducts will also interfere with K+ reabsorption. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P02.03a Identify the major structures and subdivisions of the renal corpuscles, renal tubules and renal capillaries in the nephron and collecting system. HAPS Objective: P03.03a With respect to reabsorption, list specific transport mechanisms occurring in different parts of the nephron, including active transport, osmosis, facilitated diffusion, passive electrochemical gradients, receptor-mediated endocytosis, and transcytosis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d Describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P03.04b Describe the physiological processes involved in eliminating drugs, wastes and excess ions with respect to tubular secretion. HAPS Topic: Module P02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the urinary tract, including detailed histology of the nephron. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional process of urine formation, including filtration reabsorption, and secretion. Learning Outcome: 14.07 Learning Outcome: 14.08 Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.07 Section: 14.08 Section: 14.12 Topic: Functional process of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the urinary system 101. A stimulus for increased aldosterone secretion is increased plasma levels of K+. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.12 Section: 14.12 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 102. Regulation of Ca2+ balance, like that of Na+ and K+ balance, is only determined by the kidneys. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.08d In the kidney, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in erythropoietin and calcitrol (Vitamin D) levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 103. Parathyroid hormone influences Ca2+ and PO - by stimulating their resorption from bone and stimulating their reabsorption in the kidneys. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.03 Explain the roles of calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and calcitriol in bone remodeling and blood calcium regulation. HAPS Objective: J05.03d In the parathyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the parathyroid hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: Q03.04 Describe hormonal regulation of electrolyte levels in the plasma, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.13 Section: 14.13 Topic: Hormonal regulation Topic: Regulation of electrolyte balances 104. Most of the H+ excreted in the urine is bound to bicarbonate ion. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. Learning Outcome: 14.19 Section: 14.19 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 105. One response to increased H+ production in the body is decreased reabsorption of HCO - by the kidneys. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.19 Section: 14.19 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 106. In a person with respiratory acidosis, HCO3- is actively secreted into the urine by the tubular cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q06.03 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys secrete hydrogen ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.04 Explain the mechanisms by which the kidneys retain bicarbonate ions, and how this process affects blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Topic: Regulation of urine volume and composition 107. The kidneys work to rectify metabolic acidosis and alkalosis but have no effect on respiratory acidosis and alkalosis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 14.19 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.19 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system 108. A compensation for an episode of severe vomiting is an increased alveolar ventilation rate. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M04.02 Define and calculate values for minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation. HAPS Objective: M07.02 List and describe the major chemical and neural stimuli to the respiratory centers. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q06.05 Discuss the concept of compensation to correct respiratory and metabolic acidosis and alkalosis. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M04 Pulmonary volumes and capacities HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance. HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 14.18 Learning Outcome: 14.20 Section: 14.18 Section: 14.20 Topic: Buffer systems and their roles in acid-base balance 109. Diuretic drugs increase the rate of urine formation by stimulating the production of antidiuretic hormone. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: P04.05 Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. Learning Outcome: 14.15 Section: 14.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system 110. People taking diuretics that do not spare K+ should increase their ingestion of Na+. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: P04.05 Explain the mechanism of action of diuretics. HAPS Objective: Q03.03 Describe the function(s) of each abundant electrolyte found in body fluids, including sodium, chloride, potassium, phosphate and calcium. HAPS Topic: Module P04 Factors regulating and altering urine volume and composition, including the renin- angiotensin system and the roles of aldosterone, antidiuretic hormone, and the natriuretic peptides. HAPS Topic: Module Q03 Chemical composition of the major compartment fluids. Learning Outcome: 14.15 Section: 14.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the urinary system Chapter 15 The Digestion and Absorption of Food Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following processes is NOT associated with gastrointestinal function? A. digestion B. filtration C. secretion D. motility E. absorption Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N01.01 Describe the major functions of the digestive system. HAPS Topic: Module N01 General functions of the digestive system. Learning Outcome: 15.01 Section: 15.01 Topic: General functions of the digestive system 2. Which is NOT a function performed by saliva? A. moistening and lubricating food for swallowing B. starch digestion C. enabling the sense of taste D. killing bacteria E. emulsifying lipids Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: I04.02 Explain how dissolved chemicals activate gustatory receptors. HAPS Objective: N03.01b Contrast the histology and the products of the serous cells and the mucous cells in the salivary glands. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification . HAPS Topic: Module I04 Gustatory receptors and their role in taste HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Mechanical digestion 3. Which correctly describes a major function of the stomach? A. the complete digestion of protein to amino acids B. maintaining an alkaline pH for the digestion of proteins C. absorption of saliva and chyme into the bloodstream D. lubricating food so it can be formed into a bolus E. storing ingested food and partially digesting macromolecules Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 4. Which occurs mainly in the small intestine? A. Gastrin is secreted. B. H+ is secreted from epithelial cells into the lumen. C. Pepsinogen is activated. D. Acidic chyme is neutralized. E. Bile salts are manufactured. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06c Identify Brunners glands (duodenal glands) in the duodenum and Crypts of Leiberkuhn (intestinal glands) in all portions of the small intestine, and discuss the function of these glands. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 5. What structure secretes the enzyme that breaks down starch to smaller carbohydrates? A. the esophagus B. pancreatic exocrine cells C. pancreatic duct cells D. the liver E. the large intestine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.07b Identify the location and discuss the functions of the cecum and appendix, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the anus in the large intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N05.01 List the structures involved in the process of deglutition and explain how they function, including th e changes in position of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 6. Which of the following statements regarding digestion and absorption of carbohydrates is TRUE? A. Carbohydrate digestion begins in the stomach. B. Lactose intolerance results from an insufficiency of the enzyme amylase. C. Digestible polysaccharides are broken down into the monosaccharides glucose, galactose, and fructose, which can be absorbed. D. Sucrose is the main form of carbohydrate that can be absorbed by active transport across the intestinal epithelium. E. Cellulose from plants is a polymer of glucose that can be easily digested and absorbed by the human GI tract. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.04 Section: 15.06 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 7. The main source of enzymes that cleave disaccharides into monosaccharides is: A. the pancreas. B. the liver. C. gastric secretory cells. D. the luminal membrane of epithelial cells in the small intestine. E. the salivary glands. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.01b Contrast the histology and the products of the serous cells and the mucous cells in the salivary glands. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 8. Which of the following molecules crosses the luminal membrane of intestinal cells by facilitated diffusion? A. glucose B. lactose C. fructose D. galactose E. maltose Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 9. Which of the following enzymes is most active at an acidic pH? A. amylase B. lipase C. trypsin D. pepsin E. chymotrypsin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02f Discuss the mechanisms used to regulate secretion and/or activation of each enzyme in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion 10. Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion and absorption is TRUE? A. Only the exocrine pancreas produces enzymes that can digest proteins. B. After absorption, the products of protein digestion are carried by blood directly to the liver. C. Pepsin digests protein mainly in the small intestine. D. The enzymes that digest protein are secreted in active form. E. Free amino acids are the only product of protein digestion that can be absorbed from the lumen into intestinal epithelial cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.03b Explain how the anatomical design of the hepatic portal circulation serves its function. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.02c Identify the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein and discuss the function of each o f those blood vessels in the liver. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02f Discuss the mechanisms used to regulate secretion and/or activation of each enzyme in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.02 Learning Outcome: 15.04 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.02 Section: 15.04 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 11. Which of the following statements is TRUE regarding the emulsification of fats? A. Fat emulsification requires pancreatic lipase. B. Emulsification is the splitting of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. C. Fat emulsification occurs mainly in the liver. D. Emulsification is the production of a chylomicron from triglycerides and protein. E. Fat emulsification requires secretion of bile salts and phospholipids by the liver. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Mechanical digestion 12. Which accurately describes lipase? A. It is mainly produced in the liver, and secreted into the small intestine. B. It emulsifies lipids. C. It is secreted by the endocrine pancreas. D. It is produced in the exocrine pancreas, and catalyzes the degradation of chylomicrons into proteins and fats. E. It catalyzes the breakdown of triglycerides into monoglycerides and free fatty acids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03c Identify the pancreatic islets and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 13. Which of the following statements about the transport of the absorbed products of fat digestion is TRUE? A. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein. B. Products of fat digestion first go to the lymph system, and then to the veins leading to the heart. C. Triglycerides are transported to the liver via the hepatic portal vein to be processed. D. Free fatty acids and monoglycerides are assembled into triglycerides before they are absorbed from the lumen of the gut into epithelial cells lining the tract. E. Products of fat digestion are absorbed in the distal portion of the ileum, bound to intrinsic factor. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K13.03b Explain how the anatomical design of the hepatic portal circulation serves its function. HAPS Objective: L02.03 Describe the path of lymph circulation. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.02c Identify the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein and discuss the function of each of those blood vessels in the liver. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. HAPS Topic: Module L02 Lymph and lymphatic vessels HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 14. Which is TRUE about fat-soluble vitamins? A. They must be digested to fatty acids and monoglyceride before being absorbed. B. Examples include vitamins A, B12, and D. C. Their normal absorption depends on normal secretion of bile salts. D. They are absorbed into GI capillaries and travel immediately to the liver in the hepatic portal vein, for storage. E. They don't need to be ingested because the body can manufacture all of them in sufficient quantities. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.03b Explain how the anatomical design of the hepatic portal circulation serves its function. HAPS Objective: N03.02c Identify the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein and discuss the function of each o f those blood vessels in the liver. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Objective: O01.01d With respect to nutrients, classify vitamins as either fat-soluble or water-soluble and discuss the major uses of each vitamin in the body. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Processes of absorption 15. Which of these is a function of intrinsic factor? A. It is secreted by salivary glands, and is necessary for digestion of vitamin B12. B. It is secreted by parietal cells in the gastric mucosa, and its main function is causing insulin release. C. It is secreted in the stomach, and its main function is activating pepsinogen into pepsin. D. It is secreted by the small intestine mucosa, and its main function is initiating the intrinsic electrical activity of the pacemaker cells in the stomach. E. It is secreted in the stomach, and a deficiency of it would cause anemia. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.01b Contrast the histology and the products of the serous cells and the mucous cells in the salivary glands. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 16. Iron is stored in the body mainly as a protein-iron storage complex called: A. glycogen. B. hemochromatosis. C. myoglobin. D. transferrin. E. ferritin. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O01.01e With respect to nutrients, list the important dietary minerals and describe the major uses of each mineral in the body. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Processes of absorption 17. Which is NOT true about receptors that mediate digestive reflexes? A. They are located in the gastrointestinal tract wall. B. They include chemoreceptors, osmoreceptors, and mechanoreceptors. C. They may relay information to integrative centers in the CNS or to the enteric plexuses. D. They may be endocrine cells. E. They only activate feedforward pathways. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 18. Which of the following statements about neural control of digestion is FALSE? A. Parasympathetic stimulation is excitatory to digestion. B. Sympathetic stimulation is generally inhibitory to digestion. C. Local neural networks (nerve plexuses) regulate digestive functions. D. Nerve plexuses receive input from the autonomic nervous system E. Parasympathetic stimulation inhibits GI exocrine gland secretions. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 19. Which of the following statements regarding neural regulation of gastrointestinal function is TRUE? A. Networks of neurons in the wall of the GI tract innervate the wall's smooth muscle. B. Smooth muscle of the GI tract is innervated by both sympathetic and somatic motor nerves. C. If the autonomic nerves to the GI tract were cut, digestion and absorption of food could no longer take place. D. The nerve plexus of the GI tract exists in a single layer, just outside of the serosa. E. There are no afferent neuronal pathways from the GI tract to the central nervous system. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H14.01 Distinguish between the effectors of the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module H14 Comparisons of somatic and autonomic nervous systems HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 20. Which of the following statements regarding hormonal regulation of gastrointestinal function is TRUE? A. An increase of H+ in the small intestine stimulates secretion of the hormone secretin, which in turn stimulates HCO3- secretion by the pancreas. B. The presence of fatty acids in the stomach stimulates secretion of CCK, which in turn stimulates enzyme secretion by cells in the antrum of the stomach. C. The presence of amino acids in the small intestine stimulates secretion of gastrin, which in turn stimulates HCl secretion by parietal cells. D. The presence of fatty acids in the small intestine stimulates the secretion of the hormone secretin, which causes contraction of the gallbladder. E. The hormone somatostatin stimulates the secretion of H+ into the lumen of the stomach. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06b State the target organ of each of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 21. Which of the following plays a main role in stimulating the secretion of the hormone gastrin? A. the hormone secretin B. the hormone cholecystokinin (CCK) C. distention of the stomach D. an increase in [H+] in the lumen of the stomach E. histamine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 22. Which of the following statements about gastrin is TRUE? A. It is mainly secreted by cells in the epithelium of the duodenum. B. It is an enzyme that is secreted into the lumen of the stomach. C. It is a hormone that is secreted in response to sympathetic stimulation. D. It is an enzyme that breaks down proteins. E. It is a hormone that is secreted in response to the presence of peptides in the stomach. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 23. Which is caused by increased levels of the hormone cholecystokinin? A. contraction of the sphincter of Oddi B. inhibition of pancreatic enzyme secretion C. contraction of the gallbladder D. secretion of HCO3- from the pancreatic duct cells E. secretion of gastric H+ Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 24. Which of the following statements concerning secretin is correct? A. The most potent stimulus for secretin secretion is the presence of fat in the duodenum. B. Secretin is the most potent stimulus for pancreatic digestive enzyme secretion. C. Secretin is the most potent stimulus for pancreatic HCO3- secretion. D. Secretin stimulates secretion by the parietal and chief cells. E. Secretin stimulates gastrin secretion by parietal cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow o f pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 25. Which of the following statements regarding lipid digestion and absorption is TRUE? A. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of CCK, which in turn stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes. B. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of secretin, which in turn stimulates contraction of the gallbladder. C. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates the secretion of gastrin, which in turn stimulates bile synthesis in the gallbladder. D. The presence of fatty acids in the duodenum stimulates emptying of the stomach. E. The presence of fatty acids in the stomach stimulates the secretion of secretin, which inhibits motility of the large intestine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06b State the target organ of each of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 26. Which is TRUE regarding the three phases of the control of HCl secretion? A. In the intestinal phase, an increase in osmolarity of the contents of the duodenum decreases HCl secretion. B. In the gastric phase, distension of the stomach decreases HCl secretion. C. In the cephalic phase, increased nutrient concentration in the duodenum stimulates HCl secretion. D. In the intestinal phase, increased peptide concentration in the stomach inhibits HCl secretion. E. In the gastric phase, decreased H+ concentration in the stomach inhibits HCl secretion. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 27. Which of the following pathways is activated during the cephalic phase of gastrointestinal control? A. sympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system B. secretion of cholecystokinin C. secretion of secretin D. parasympathetic nerves to enteric nervous system E. short reflexes between the small intestine and stomach Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 28. During the cephalic phase of gastric stimulation, which of the following does NOT occur? A. Seeing, smelling, and/or tasting food reflexly increase(s) gastric acid secretion. B. Parasympathetic stimulation of secretory cells in the gastric mucosa occurs. C. Gastrin is secreted into the gastric lumen. D. HCl is secreted into the gastric lumen. E. Pepsinogen is secreted into the gastric lumen. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 29. Which of the following is NOT a part of the swallowing reflex? A. Respiration is inhibited. B. The glottis closes. C. The upper esophageal sphincter relaxes. D. The lower esophageal sphincter relaxes. E. The pyloric sphincter relaxes. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.04a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the upper esophageal and lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincters. HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N05.01 List the structures involved in the process of deglutition and explain how they function, including th e changes in position of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 30. The type of smooth muscle contraction occurring in the esophagus during swallowing is called: A. peristalsis. B. mass movement. C. segmentation. D. distension. E. eccentric. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.01 List the structures involved in the process of deglutition and explain how they function, including the changes in position of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 31. Regurgitation of food from the stomach into the esophagus: A. is ordinarily inhibited by the upper esophageal sphincter. B. causes irritation of the esophageal mucosa. C. is called retropulsion, and is essential for gastric digestion. D. is ordinarily prevented by the pyloric sphincter. E. is called secondary peristalsis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.04a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the upper esophageal and lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincters. HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 32. Which of these are secretions of the parietal cells of the gastric mucosa? A. HCl and pepsinogen B. pepsinogen and intrinsic factor C. gastrin and intrinsic factor D. HCl and gastrin E. HCl and intrinsic factor Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 33. Which of the following is secreted by the chief cells of the gastric mucosa? A. pepsinogen B. HCl C. intrinsic factor D. gastrin E. pepsin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 34. Which combination of substances would cause the greatest stimulation of gastric HCl secretion when applied to parietal cells? A. somatostatin, gastrin, and histamine B. acetylcholine, histamine, and somatostatin C. somatostatin and acetylcholine D. gastrin, histamine, and acetylcholine E. histamine and gastrin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 35. Which occurs during the secretion of hydrochloric acid by gastric epithelial cells? A. There is a decrease in the pH of blood in the hepatic portal circulation. B. Bicarbonate ions are secreted into the hepatic portal circulation. C. Chloride ions are pumped from the cytosol of the gastric epithelial cells into the hepatic portal circulation blood. D. Both H+ and K+ are actively pumped from the epithelial cell cytosol into the lumen of the stomach. E. Vesicles containing H+/K+ -ATP-ase proteins are endocytosed into vesicles within the gastric epithelial cells. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N03.02c Identify the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein and discuss the function of each of those blood vessels in the liver. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 36. Which is TRUE regarding the secretion of HCl in the stomach? A. H+ is actively transported into the gastric lumen by ATPase pumps in the mucosal membrane. B. H+ is actively cotransported into the lumen by secondary active transporters coupled to K+. C. The pH of the blood leaving the area of the parietal cells is lower than the normal ECF value of 7.4. D. H+ diffuses passively from mucosal epithelial cells into the lumen of the stomach, following Cl-. E. Cl- and HCO3- are exchanged across the luminal membrane of epithelial cells via a passive transport protein. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 37. During the contractions of gastric emptying: A. the stomach is induced to contract by increased sympathetic activity. B. the pyloric sphincter opens to allow stomach contents to pass quickly and completely into the duodenum. C. the pyloric sphincter closes to allow only a small amount of liquefied chyme to pass into the duodenum with each contraction of the stomach. D. the strength of stomach wall contractions is increased when the duodenum secretes cholecystokinin. E. the strongest contractions are in the antrum of the stomach because the intrinsic pacemaker frequency is fastest there. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Mechanical digestion 38. Which of the following is the most potent inhibitor (directly or indirectly) of gastric motility and emptying? A. fat in the duodenum B. acid in the stomach C. carbohydrate in the stomach D. gastrin E. distension of the stomach Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes Topic: Mechanical digestion 39. Which of the following breakfasts would likely remain in the stomach longest? A. toast, orange juice, and coffee B. fried eggs, bacon, and hash browns C. a bowl of cereal with skim milk D. a boiled egg, toast, and juice E. The type of meal has no effect on the rate of gastric emptying. Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 40. Segmentation of the small intestine: A. occurs only between meals, and functions to stimulate the secretion of gastrin and the resulting mass movements that empty the large intestine. B. occurs at a rate of 3 contractions per minute throughout the small intestine, although the strength of contractions is much greater in the ileum, which has a much thicker layer of smooth muscle in its walls. C. functions mainly to prevent any forward movement of chyme, so that all digestion and absorption is complete before undigestible materials move into the jejunum. D. are peristaltic movements that sweep undigestible materials out of the small intestine between meals. E. mixes chyme with digestive enzymes, brings food molecules near the wall for absorption, and slowly moves small intestine contents toward the cecum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N05.04a Describe the defecation reflex and the function of the internal and external anal sphincters. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 41. The primary kind of motility in the stomach during digestion of a meal is: A. peristalsis. B. segmentation. C. relaxation of the pyloric sphincter. D. mass movement. E. regurgitation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 42. Which is TRUE about gastric motility? A. The basic electrical rhythm of the gastric smooth muscle (three depolarizations per minute) is the same regardless of whether or not food is present. B. Gastric contractions are strongest in the fundus of the stomach. C. The force of contraction is decreased by gastrin and increased by enterogastrones. D. When a wave of excitation reaches the pyloric sphincter, action potentials become inhibitory and the sphincter opens wide to allow chyme to exit. E. The term "slow waves" refer to gastric contractions, while "pacemaker" refers to gastric action potentials. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 43. Bicarbonate is: A. secreted into the lumen by gastric epithelial cells and into the interstitial fluid by pancreatic duct cells. B. secreted into the lumen by pancreatic acinar (exocrine) cells, and into the interstitium by pancreatic duct cells. C. secreted into the lumen by pancreatic duct cells, and into the interstitium by pancreatic acinar (exocrine) cells. D. secreted into the interstitial fluid by gastric epithelial cells, and into the lumen by pancreatic duct cells. E. secreted into the lumen by both gastric epithelial cells and pancreatic duct cells. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow o f pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 44. Which of the following is NOT secreted by the exocrine pancreas? A. bicarbonate ions B. amylase C. bile salts D. trypsinogen E. lipase Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow o f pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification . HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.01 Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.04 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.01 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.04 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 45. Which of the following statements about pancreatic enzymes is FALSE? A. Trypsinogen is secreted in an inactive form. B. Pancreatic amylase digests carbohydrates. C. Pancreatic lipase digests fats. D. Except for trypsinogen, other proteolytic enzymes are secreted in active form. E. Trypsinogen is activated by enterokinase. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 46. Which of these is a secretion of the endocrine portion of the pancreas? A. trypsinogen B. enterokinase C. amylase D. bicarbonate E. insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07b In the pancreas, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03c Identify the pancreatic islets and discuss their functions. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 47. Which of the following statements regarding protein digestion and absorption is TRUE? A. Cells in the stomach secrete enterokinase, which breaks down proteins into smaller peptides. B. Pepsin and trypsin are proteolytic enzymes that are most active in an acid pH. C. More acid is secreted during the digestion of a high-protein meal than during the digestion of a meal containing little protein. D. The presence of peptides in the stomach inhibits secretion of gastrin. E. Proteins are too large to pass through the pyloric sphincter into the small intestine. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.11a: In the gastrointestinal tract, describe the stimulus for release of gastrin, secretin, cholecystokin in, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02f Discuss the mechanisms used to regulate secretion and/or activation of each enzyme in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.04 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 48. Bile is synthesized and secreted by the: A. gallbladder. B. gastric mucosa. C. pancreas. D. duodenum. E. liver. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification . HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 49. A person without a gallbladder: A. cannot secrete bile. B. cannot store bile. C. will have no difficulty digesting a large, fat-rich meal. D. cannot digest fats. E. cannot store lipase. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Section: 15.06 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Mechanical digestion 50. Bile pigments: A. are important for fat digestion. B. are formed from catabolism of the globin part of hemoglobin. C. impart color to the bile, feces, and urine. D. are amphipathic molecules that emulsify fats. E. are completely reabsorbed in the distal ileum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K03.03b With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, discuss the structure and function of hemoglobin, as well as its breakdown products. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: N07.03 Discuss the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: General functions of the digestive system 51. In which region(s) of the GI tract do peristaltic contractions occur? A. the small intestine B. the large intestine C. the stomach D. the esophagus E. All of these options are correct. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.01 Learning Outcome: 15.02 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.01 Section: 15.02 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 52. The primary kind of motility in the small intestine during digestion of a meal is: A. peristalsis. B. segmentation. C. receptive relaxation. D. migrating motility complex. E. mass movement. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 53. The small intestine: A. normally contains millions of bacteria that digest complex polysaccharides and produce vitamin K. B. secretes amylase, lipase, and various proteases from its epithelial cells. C. is the main site of gastrin secretion. D. absorbs a larger volume of fluid than any other region of the GI tract. E. undergoes only peristaltic contractions, both during the digestion of meals and between meals. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11b In the gastrointestinal tract, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.07b Identify the location and discuss the functions of the cecum and appendix, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the anus in the large intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N08.06a For each of the following, state the organ or structure that produces the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: Q01.01 List and describe the routes of water entry into the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Objective: Q01.02 List and describe the routes of water loss from the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output Learning Outcome: 15.03 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.03 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion Topic: Processes of absorption 54. Ulcers are: A. most common in the gastric mucosa. B. always caused by hypersecretion of gastric acid. C. treated by interventions that inhibit acid secretion. D. caused by removal of the gallbladder. E. most common in the large intestine. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 55. Which of the following is NOT true about gallstones? A. They cause lactose intolerance. B. They cause pain. C. They cause impaired fat digestion. D. They cause general nutritional deficiencies. E. They cause jaundice. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 56. Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic alkalosis? A. severe vomiting B. severe diarrhea C. hyperventilation D. strenuous exercise E. hypoventilation Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilaiton, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predicitons related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 57. Which of the following would be most likely to cause metabolic acidosis? A. severe vomiting B. severe diarrhea C. hyperventilation D. hypoventilation E. traveling to high altitude Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: M07.04 Define hyperventilaiton, hypoventilation, panting, eupnea, hyperpnea and apnea. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module M07 Control of pulmonary ventilation HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predicitons related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 58. Lactose intolerance: A. is an inability to digest milk sugar. B. is most common in very young children. C. results from the inability to secrete insulin. D. results from removal of the gallbladder. E. is an inability to digest proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 59. Constipation: A. is associated with symptoms caused by accumulation of toxins present in feces. B. is caused by failure to defecate at least once a day. C. may be prevented by ingestion of foods with a high proportion of cellulose and other indigestible carbohydrates. D. results in metabolic acidosis. E. occurs in people who are lactose intolerant when they drink milk. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.04b Explain the effect of rectal distension in the defecation reflex. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 60. A bacterium that has been associated with ulcers is: A. Eschericia coli. B. Clostridium difficile. C. Staphylococcus aureus. D. Helicobacter pylori. E. Streptococcus pyogenes. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 61. The enzyme lactase: A. is involved directly in the digestion of proteins. B. is necessary for the breakdown of milk fats. C. is embedded in the luminal plasma membranes of intestinal epithelial cells. D. promotes the formation of and storage of bile by the gallbladder. E. is overproduced and released by secretory cells in the small intestine in the condition known as lactose intolerance. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 62. Which of the following is NOT characteristic of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)? A. bleeding, edema, and ulceration anywhere along the gastrointestinal tract B. pain relief when changing to a diet higher in fiber C. perforations in the mucosa and intestinal wall, leading to infection by bacteria, which are normally present and benign D. inflammation and thickening of the bowel wall to the point of preventing the usual passage of feces E. pain in the lower right abdomen frequently mistaken for appendicitis Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 63. The exact causes of inflammatory bowel diseases continue to be explored, but it is relatively clear that: A. it is equally common among people of all ages and racial groups within the population. B. it is likely to result from a combination of environmental and genetic factors. C. individuals suffering from its effects are largely experiencing the consequences of the absence of immune mechanisms in the gastrointestinal tract. D. it can be easily diagnosed since its symptoms are always very specific and the affected areas are always limited to a very focused area within the small intestine. E. the cause is allergy to a single particular food, and patients get immediate relief by simply not eating that food. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system True / False Questions 64. The lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is continuous with the external environment. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.01 Section: 15.01 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 65. The liver contributes to GI function, although it is not technically part of the gastrointestinal tract. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N03.02c Identify the hepatic artery, hepatic portal vein, and hepatic vein and discuss the function of each of those blood vessels in the liver. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. Learning Outcome: 15.01 Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.01 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 66. The pH of the contents of the stomach lumen is considerably higher than that of interstitial fluid. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 67. The volume of fluids secreted by the gastrointestinal tract in a typical day is far greater than the volume of food and drink ingested. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N03.01b Contrast the histology and the products of the serous cells and the mucous cells in the salivary glands. HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: Q01.01 List and describe the routes of water entry into the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Objective: Q01.02 List and describe the routes of water loss from the body and state representative volumes for each. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module Q01 Regulation of water intake and output Learning Outcome: 15.03 Section: 15.03 Topic: General functions of the digestive system 68. Glucose absorption across the luminal membrane of intestinal epithelial cells occurs by secondary active transport. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 69. Polysaccharides must be broken down to disaccharides in order to be absorbed. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Processes of absorption 70. The products of lipid digestion diffuse into the intestinal epithelium as micelles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 71. In patients lacking exocrine pancreas secretion, fat digestion is normal provided bile is still produced. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 72. The breakdown products of dietary triglycerides are resynthesized into triglycerides by intestinal cells and pass from these cells into lacteals. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01b Describe regional specializations in the histological structure of the alimentary canal and relate th ese specializations to the functions of the particular organs in which they are located. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 73. Contraction of the circular smooth muscle in the gastrointestinal tract wall decreases the diameter of the lumen, while contraction of the longitudinal smooth muscle shortens the tract. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.02 Section: 15.02 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 74. Amino acids are mainly absorbed across the epithelial wall in the stomach. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01a Identify, and describe the histological structure and the function of, each of the four layers of the alimentary canal wall - the mucosa, the submucosa, the muscularis externa, and the serosa (visceral peritoneum). HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 75. Short chains of amino acids and some intact proteins are absorbed from the small intestine. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.06a Identify the location and discuss the relative length and the functions of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Objective: N07.01a List the organs and specific structures involved in the absorption monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 76. Three enzymes secreted by the pancreas and important for protein digestion are trypsin, chymotrypsin, and pepsin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs 77. The function of micelles is to store the products of lipid digestion, facilitating their absorption. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N07.01b Explain the processes involved in absorption of monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Processes of absorption 78. Food mixed with digestive juices in the stomach is called chyme. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.02 Section: 15.02 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 79. Neural regulation of digestive processes is accomplished exclusively by the enteric nervous system of the gastrointestinal tract. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 80. The presence of acid and peptides in the stomach stimulates the gastric phase of gastrointestinal control. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 81. The presence of food in the mouth stimulates salivary gland secretion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N03.01b Contrast the histology and the products of the serous cells and the mucous cells in the salivary glands. HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 82. Food is propelled down the esophagus primarily as a result of segmentation contractions of esophageal smooth muscle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.01 List the structures involved in the process of deglutition and explain how they function, including th e changes in position of the glottis and larynx that prevent aspiration. HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 83. The amount of HCl secreted by the stomach during the digestion of a meal is dependent upon the type of food ingested. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 84. In general, sympathetic stimulation increases gastric secretion and motility, while parasympathetic stimulation decreases these two processes. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: H13.03 Describe examples of specific effectors dually innervated by the two branches of the autonomic nervous system and explain how each branch influences functions in a given effector. HAPS Objective: H13.09 Describe major parasympathetic and/or sympathetic physiological effects on target organs. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02f Discuss the mechanisms used to regulate secretion and/or activation of each enzyme in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.03 Discuss the function, production, and regulation of secretion of hydrochloric acid (HCl). HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.02 Discuss regulation of reflexes by the enteric nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 85. Removal of the stomach would interfere with absorption of vitamin B12. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.05b Identify the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac region, the fundus, the body and the pyloric region of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N07.02 Discuss the absorption of fat-soluble and water-soluble vitamins and the absorption of vitamin B12. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Processes of absorption 86. "Heartburn" following a large meal is usually due to pressure of the stomach against the heart. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.05a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the cardiac and pyloric sphincters of the stomach. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.04 Section: 15.04 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 87. Gastric chief cells secrete pepsin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.05e Identify the structure of a gastric gland including the location of the chief (zymogenic) cells, parietal (oxynic) cells, enteroendocrine cells, and mucous cells, and discuss the functions of these different cell types in the stomach. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02d Discuss the activation of specific enzymes, where applicable in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 88. Normally, the amount of bicarbonate ions secreted into the intestine nearly equals the amount of acid secreted by the stomach during digestion. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N08.01 List the components of both a short reflex and a long reflex in the digestive system. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N09.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the digestive system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. HAPS Topic: Module N09 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 89. About 95% of the bile salts secreted by the liver is recycled back to the liver by the enterohepatic circulation. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N07.03 Discuss the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Processes of absorption. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Processes of absorption 90. The hormone that stimulates secretion of bicarbonate by the pancreas is also the hormone principally responsible for stimulating contraction of the gallbladder. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N03.02e Identify the hepatic duct, cystic duct, gallbladder, common bile duct, sphincter of the hepatopancreatic ampulla (ampulla of Vater and sphincter of Oddi) and discuss the roles of those structures in the flow of bile. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N08.06b State the target organ of each of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 91. The same hormone that stimulates pancreatic enzyme secretion stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.11d In the gastrointestinal tract, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin, gastric inhibiting peptide levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N03.03d Identify the pancreatic duct and the hepatopancreatic sphincter and discuss their roles in the flow of pancreatic enzymes. HAPS Objective: N08.06b State the target organ of each of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Objective: N08.06c Describe the action of the following hormones or paracrine agents – gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of accessory digestive glands and organs Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 92. Bile secreted by the liver contains the major enzymes for digesting fats. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N03.02d Identify the histological components of a liver lobule (including hepatocytes, hepatic sinusoids, Kupffer cells, bile canaliculi, central vein, and the components of a hepatic triad) and discuss the function of each. HAPS Objective: N03.03b Identify the pancreatic acini and discuss their functions. HAPS Objective: N06.02b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.04a Define emulsification and describe the process. HAPS Objective: N06.04b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in the process of emulsification. HAPS Topic: Module N03 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the accessory glands and organs. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Chemical digestion 93. During a meal, peristalsis is the predominant form of movement in the small intestine. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N05.02 Define the terms peristalsis, segmentation, migrating myoelectric complex, and mass movement, and discuss the role that these activities play in the function of various regions of the alimentary canal. HAPS Objective: N06.01b List the organs and structures of the digestive system that function in mechanical digestion and explain the details of the process for each. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Mechanical digestion 94. The presence of high-osmolarity chyme in the small intestine stimulates both water movement into the intestinal lumen from the blood and the discharge of more chyme from the stomach into the duodenum. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N05.03 Explain how volume, chemical composition, and osmolarity of the chyme affect motility in the stomach and in the duodenum. HAPS Objective: N08.04 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the stomach and give examples for each phase. HAPS Objective: N08.05 Explain the effect of the cephalic phase, gastric phase, and intestinal phase on the functions of the small intestine and give examples for each phase. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes. Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 95. The primary function of the large intestine is to store and dilute unabsorbed fecal material. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.07b Identify the location and discuss the functions of the cecum and appendix, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the anus in the large intestine. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: General functions of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 96. Because the large intestine has a greater diameter than the small intestine, the large intestine has a greater surface area. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.01b Describe regional specializations in the histological structure of the alimentary canal and relate these specializations to the functions of the particular organs in which they are located. HAPS Objective: N02.06b Identify and discuss the histology and functions of the plicae circulares, villi, and microvilli in the small intestine. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the digestive tract 97. Flatus is primarily a result of air being swallowed with food. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N02.07b Identify the location and discuss the functions of the cecum and appendix, the ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid colon, the rectum, and the anus in the large intestine. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract 98. Voluntary control of defecation requires learning to keep the external anal sphincter smooth muscle contracted. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: N02.07a Describe the structure and discuss the function of the ileocecal valve and the internal and external anal sphincters in the large intestine. HAPS Objective: N05.04a Describe the defecation reflex and the function of the internal and external anal sphincters. HAPS Objective: N05.04c Discuss the conscious control of the defecation reflex. HAPS Topic: Module N02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the alimentary canal. HAPS Topic: Module N05 Motility in the alimentary canal. Learning Outcome: 15.05 Section: 15.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the digestive tract Topic: Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes 99. Lactose intolerance is caused by an amylase deficiency. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N06.02c List the enzymes used in enzymatic hydrolysis. HAPS Objective: N06.02e List the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Chemical digestion Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 100. Severe diarrhea can lead to metabolic acidosis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predicitons related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system 101. Any agent that interferes with water absorption or that causes water secretion into the gastrointestinal tract can cause diarrhea. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the digestive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: N10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the digestive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 15.06 Section: 15.06 Topic: Clinical applications of the digestive system Topic: Processes of absorption Chapter 16 Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance Multiple Choice Questions 1. Which of the following occurs following absorption of glucose? A. Glucose is stored as fat in skeletal muscle. B. Glucose is stored as glycogen in adipose tissue. C. Glucose is converted to fat in the liver. D. Glucose is used to make energy by only the brain. E. Glucose is converted to amino acids in the muscles. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 2. Which of the following is NOT a fate of absorbed glucose? A. It is converted to glycogen by liver cells. B. It is converted to fatty acids and alpha-glycerol phosphate in adipose cells. C. It is converted to glycogen in muscle cells. D. It is converted to urea by liver cells. E. It is converted to fatty acids and alpha-glycerol phosphate by liver cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.02e With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the effect of protein metabolism on ammonia and urea production. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 3. During the absorptive state of metabolism, A. Liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood. B. Glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is used for energy. C. Lipoprotein lipase breaks down triacylglycerols in adipose tissue capillaries. D. Fatty acids and glycerol are released from adipose tissue. E. Lactate and pyruvate secretion into the bloodstream by the muscles increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01b With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycolysis, formation of acetyl Co A, the Krebs (TCA) cycle, and the electron transport chain, including the substrates and products of each, their locations within the cell and the energy yield of each process. HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 4. Which is TRUE regarding chylomicrons? A. They readily cross the plasma membrane of adipocytes. B. They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme inside muscle cells. C. They are converted to monoglycerides and fatty acids by an enzyme found inside capillaries. D. They are formed in the lumen of the GI tract by the action of bile salts. E. They are too large to enter lacteals. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N07.01b With respect to monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides, explain the processes involved in absorption of each type of nutrient. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Process of absorption HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 5. What enzyme converts chylomicron triacylglycerols into fatty acids and monoglycerides? A. pancreatic lipase B. pancreatic amylase C. lipoprotein lipase D. pepsin E. hexokinase Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N06.02e With respect to enzymatic hydrolysis, list the substrates and products of enzymatic hydrolysis for each enzyme. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Topic: Module N06 Mechanical and chemical processes of digestion HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of lipids 6. Excess absorbed glucose is initially converted to triacylglycerides and very low-density lipoprotein by: A. adipose cells. B. liver cells. C. intestinal mucosa cells. D. muscle cells. E. lymphoid cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 7. Dietary amino acids in a meal that are in excess of the body's need to make protein are: A. converted to glucose in the liver. B. converted to fatty acids in the liver. C. excreted without being absorbed. D. converted to fatty acids in adipose cells. E. burned for fuel by cells of the nervous system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of proteins 8. During the absorptive state of metabolism, amino acids: A. are used for protein synthesis in most body cells. B. are used for glycogen synthesis in the liver. C. may be converted to ketones in the liver. D. are burned as fuel in muscles, creating urea as a waste product. E. are mobilized from muscle and other tissues faster than they are taken up by those tissues. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01c With respect to nutrients, for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of proteins 9. Which of the following tissues is most dependent upon a constant blood supply of glucose? A. liver B. brain C. adipose D. skeletal muscle E. cardiac muscle Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.03 Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs 10. During the postabsorptive phase of metabolism: A. glycogen in muscle cells is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood. B. liver glycogen is broken down to glucose, which is released into the blood. C. triacylglycerols in adipose tissue are broken down to glucose by lipolysis. D. the liver exports lactate to the muscles, which use it for fuel. E. glycerol and fatty acids are rapidly assembled into triglycerides in adipose tissue. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 11. Which correctly describes an action of the hormone insulin? A. It increases the uptake and utilization of glucose by muscle and adipose tissue cells. B. It is required for the uptake and utilization of glucose by nervous tissue. C. It decreases the uptake of amino acids by muscle cells. D. It stimulates the breakdown of glycogen in the liver. E. It inhibits the action of lipoprotein lipase in the capillaries of adipose tissue. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 12. Which results from insulin binding to its receptor in skeletal muscle plasma membranes? A. Glycogen synthase is stimulated. B. Glycogen phosphorylase is stimulated. C. Lipoprotein lipase is inhibited. D. Glucose transport into the cell is inhibited. E. Protein catabolism is stimulated. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 13. With regard to fat metabolism, insulin increases: A. the activity of lipoprotein lipase, which leads to increased triglyceride synthesis. B. the export of fatty acids and monoglyceride from adipocytes. C. the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, which synthesizes triglycerides. D. the activity of hormone-sensitive lipase, which catabolizes triglycerides. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of lipids 14. When plasma glucose concentration increases, the secretion of insulin is ___ _ and the secretion of glucagon is ____ . An increase in sympathetic activity will cause __ secretion of insulin and ___ _ secretion of glucagon. A. decreased; increased; increased; decreased B. increased; decreased; decreased; increased C. increased; decreased; increased; decreased D. increased; increased; decreased; increased E. decreased; decreased; increased; unchanged Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 15. Glucagon secretion is stimulated by: A. hypoglycemia and parasympathetic nerve firing. B. hyperglycemia and a high concentration of epinephrine. C. high plasma epinephrine and high plasma incretin concentrations. D. hypoglycemia and high plasma epinephrine concentration. E. hyperglycemia and high plasma incretin concentration. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: N08.06b With respect to the following hormones or paracrine agents - gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin, state the target organ for each hormone or agent. HAPS Objective: N08.06c With respect to the following hormones or paracrine agents - gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin, describe the action of each hormone or agent. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 16. The major metabolic effects of glucagon include: A. stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver. B. stimulating triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue. C. stimulating glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells. D. stimulating the activity of glycogen synthase in the liver. E. inhibiting the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase in the liver. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 17. Which of the following does NOT characterize the postabsorptive state? A. Hyperglycemia occurs. B. Gluconeogenesis occurs. C. Glucose-sparing reactions occur. D. Insulin secretion is lower than in the absorptive state. E. Glucagon secretion is higher than in the absorptive state. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.03 Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.01 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 18. Which of the following is a major metabolic effect of glucagon? A. increased glucose uptake by muscle cells B. increased triglyceride synthesis in adipose tissue C. decreased glycogenolysis in muscle D. decreased gluconeogenesis in liver E. increased glycogenolysis in liver Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 19. Which of the following would increase gluconeogenesis? A. increased plasma insulin levels B. increased plasma incretin levels C. increased plasma cortisol levels D. decreased plasma growth hormone levels E. decreased plasma glucagon levels Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.11c In the gastrointestinal tract, name the target tissue or cells for gastrin, secretin, cholecystokinin, motilin and gastric inhibiting peptide hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: N08.06c With respect to the following hormones or paracrine agents - gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, glucose- dependent insulinotropic peptide, histamine, somatostatin, and motilin, describe the action of each hormone or agent. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module N08 Hormonal and neural regulation of digestive processes HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 20. Gluconeogenesis is stimulated by decreased levels of: A. epinephrine. B. insulin. C. glucocorticoids. D. growth hormone. E. glucagon. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 21. Which of the following acts to decrease blood glucose levels? A. glucagon B. insulin C. growth hormone D. epinephrine E. cortisol Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 22. Which of the following is most descriptive of a state of prolonged fasting? A. The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol would all be increased. B. Brain metabolism will shift to increase utilization of glucose and to decrease oxidation of ketones. C. Muscle protein will be broken down to provide substrates for hepatic and renal gluconeogenesis. D. The secretion of insulin, glucagon, ACTH, and cortisol will all be decreased. E. The secretion of insulin and cortisol would be increased, while glucagon and ACTH secretion would be decreased. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.03 Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.01 Section: 16.02 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of proteins 23. Which accurately describes the metabolic actions of cortisol during fasting? A. It decreases blood glucose by increasing the sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin. B. It stimulates protein synthesis in muscle cells, and is permissive of triglyceride synthesis by adipocytes. C. It increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose to insulin, and inhibits gluconeogenesis in the liver. D. It directly stimulates gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, and increases sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin. E. It is permissive of gluconeogenesis and lipolysis, and reduces sensitivity of muscle and adipose tissue to insulin. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 24. During fasting, ketones produced by the liver: A. are a waste product of amino acid metabolism that the kidneys must excrete. B. can be used by the brain as an energy source. C. are a by-product of anaerobic metabolism. D. are converted to fatty acids and released into the blood. E. are used to synthesize glucose by gluconeogenesis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01d With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the anaerobic process for generating ATP, including conditions under which it occurs and its products and their functions. HAPS Objective: O03.01e With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the processes of glycogenesis, glycogenolysis, and gluconeogenesis, including the substrates and products of each. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.03 Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 25. During exercise: A. blood glucose levels fall dramatically. B. epinephrine and glucagon stimulate glycogenolysis in liver cells. C. decreased blood glucose and increased epinephrine stimulate insulin secretion. D. epinephrine stimulates glucagon secretion and inhibits skeletal muscle uptake of glucose. E. cortisol and growth hormone secretion are decreased. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Learning Outcome: 16.03 Section: 16.02 Section: 16.03 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Hormones of the hypothalamus and pituitary glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 26. Which event occurs during exercise but NOT during fasting? A. increased breakdown of triglycerides B. increased glycogenolysis C. increased glucose uptake by muscle D. increased fatty acid oxidation E. increased cortisol secretion Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04a In the adrenal gland, describe the stimulus for release of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.03 Section: 16.03 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 27. In Addison's disease, the adrenal cortices degenerate. Which will result if a patient with this disease undergoes prolonged fasting? A. hypoglycemia B. hyperglycemia C. excessive lipolysis D. decreased insulin sensitivity E. excessive liver gluconeogenesis Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 28. Which of the following is NOT a symptom that is associated with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus)? A. hypoglycemia B. metabolic acidosis C. dehydration D. glucosuria (glucose in urine) E. increased lipolysis Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d With respect to reabsorption, describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P08.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body of the urinary system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional processes of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 29. In untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus), acidosis occurs because: A. dehydration concentrates the blood so even though H+ production is normal, its concentration is high. B. kidney failure results in a decreased ability to excrete the normal amount of H+. C. excess plasma glucose is taken up by the liver and converted to fatty acids. D. insulin levels are extremely high, and insulin is an acidic protein hormone. E. excessive lipolysis results in increased plasma fatty acid levels, which the liver converts to acidic ketones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of lipids 30. Which would NOT be a characteristic of a person with untreated type 1 diabetes mellitus? A. decreased glycogen stores in muscles B. increased glucose-bound hemoglobin C. decreased blood pH D. increased urination frequency E. decreased thirst Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d With respect to reabsorption, describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional processes of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 31. Which is a symptom of untreated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus? A. low plasma ketones B. increased blood volume C. decreased respiration D. hyperglycemia E. increased plasma insulin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: M08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the respiratory system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q06.02 Describe the role of the respiratory system in regulation of blood pH and predict how hypo- and hyperventilation will affect blood pH. HAPS Objective: Q07.02 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular, endocrine, respiratory, and urinary systems respond to maintain homeostasis of electrolyte concentrations and pH of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module M08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q06 Role of the respiratory and urinary systems in acid/base balance HAPS Topic: Module Q07 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 32. In subjects with type 2 (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, which of these occurs? A. Pancreatic beta cell responses to increased plasma glucose concentration are normal. B. Target tissues respond poorly to insulin. C. Hypoglycemia is typically the first symptom. D. Severe ketoacidosis is common. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids 33. Cholesterol is a: A. precursor of steroid hormones. B. component of DNA. C. precursor of bile pigments. D. carbohydrate. E. vitamin. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: O01.01c With respect to nutrients, for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of lipids 34. Which of these is found in chylomicrons and plasma membranes, and is a precursor for bile salts and steroid hormones? A. amino acids B. cholesterol C. phospholipids D. monoglycerides E. protein Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C07.01 Describe how lipids are distributed in a cell membrane, and explain their functions. HAPS Objective: J02.01 List the major chemical classes of hormones found in the human body. HAPS Objective: N07.01b With respect to monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides, explain the processes involved in absorption of each type of nutrient. HAPS Objective: O01.01c With respect to nutrients, for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. HAPS Topic: Module C07 Membrane structure and function HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Process of absorption HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of lipids 35. Which of the following statements regarding plasma cholesterol concentration and the development of atherosclerosis is correct? A. It is preferable to have a high concentration of low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) in the plasma because LDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine. B. It is preferable to have a high concentration of high-density lipoproteins (HDLs) in the plasma because HDLs operate to remove cholesterol from the peripheral tissues and carry it to the liver, which secretes it into the small intestine. C. It is preferable to have equal concentrations of LDL and HDL. D. Neither LDL nor HDL are involved in cholesterol regulation. E. Plasma cholesterol concentration has no relationship to atherosclerosis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N07.03 Discuss the enterohepatic circulation of bile salts. HAPS Objective: O03.03f With respect to fat metabolism, compare and contrast the structure and function of different types of lipoproteins in the body. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Process of absorption HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 36. Which of the following leads to an increase in the ratio of LDL cholesterol to HDL cholesterol? A. estrogens B. cigarette smoking C. exercise D. weight reduction E. All of these increase the LDL:HDL ratio. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03f With respect to fat metabolism, compare and contrast the structure and function of different types of lipoproteins in the body. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of lipids 37. Which is NOT stimulated by the hormone insulin? A. an increase in the number of glucose transporters in cell membranes B. an increase in amino acid uptake by cells C. an increase in glycogen synthesis D. an increase in triglyceride synthesis E. an increase in ketone synthesis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 38. Which of the following contributes to a catabolic state? A. increased plasma cortisol concentration B. hypothyroidism C. increased plasma androgen concentrations D. increased plasma insulin concentration E. decreased plasma glucagon concentration Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.05d In the testis, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in testosterone and inhibin level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O02.01 Define metabolism, anabolism and catabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolis m. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O02 Introduction to Metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 39. During normal metabolism of the human body, about 60% of the energy released from organic molecules: A. is used to perform internal work. B. is stored as ATP. C. appears immediately as heat. D. is stored as triglycerides. E. is used to perform external work. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation 40. Which of the following lists exclusively contains only variables that determine a person's basal metabolic rate? A. gender, weight, age, and muscular activity B. age, height, and recent ingestion of food C. environmental temperature variations, body surface area, and emotional state D. gender, age, body surface area, and circulating levels of thyroid hormone E. environmental temperature, muscular activity, and emotional state Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 41. A person's lowest metabolic rate A. occurs during sleep. B. occurs when they are younger. C. occurs during exercise. D. occurs after a meal. E. occurs when body temperature increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation 42. Which factor, when increased, increases metabolic rate to the greatest extent? A. skeletal muscle activity B. mental activity C. dietary caloric intake D. environmental temperature E. blood glucose levels Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation 43. A person who is hypothyroid would be expected to: A. have an increased basal metabolic rate. B. have reduced tolerance for cold temperatures. C. lose body weight. D. be restless and irritable. E. have symptoms similar to over-activation of the sympathetic nervous system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.01 Discuss the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system and the general physiological roles of each. HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 44. If more calories are ingested in food than are expended by metabolism: A. a person will gain weight. B. a person will lose weight. C. a person will stay the same weight because the excess energy is destroyed. D. whether weight is gained or lost depends upon whether the calories are in the form of proteins, carbohydrates, or fat. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.04 Define calorie and kilocalorie. HAPS Objective: O05.05 Discuss the importance of energy (caloric) balance in maintaining healthy body weight. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.05 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Introduction to nutrition 45. The subjective feeling of hunger is stimulated when: A. plasma insulin concentration increases. B. plasma ghrelin concentration decreases. C. plasma leptin concentration decreases. D. plasma glucose concentration increases. E. body temperature increases. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.12d In adipose tissue, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in leptin and resistin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O01.03 Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.05 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Introduction to nutrition 46. Ghrelin is secreted by _ , and increases __ while decreasing _. A. cells in the stomach; neuropeptide Y secretion; appetite B. adipose tissue; growth hormone secretion; leptin secretion C. muscle tissue; appetite; growth hormone secretion D. cells in the stomach; appetite; fat breakdown E. adipose tissue; appetite; fat breakdown Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: O01.03 Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.05 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Introduction to nutrition Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 47. The thermoneutral zone is defined as: A. the region in the central core of the body where temperature never changes. B. the core body temperature at which no energy is expended to maintain homeostasis. C. the environmental temperature range over which the changes in skin blood flow alone can regulate body temperature. D. the region of the body halfway between the high-temperature core and the low- temperature skin. E. the environmental temperature range in which shivering, changes in blood flow, and changes in thyroid hormone concentrations can maintain homeostasis of the body's core temperature. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.08 Explain the importance of thermoregulation in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.02 Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 48. The principal means of increasing heat production in response to a cold environment is: A. vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin. B. wearing warm clothing. C. shivering thermogenesis and increased voluntary activity. D. vasodilation of blood vessels in skin. E. increasing food intake to elevate the metabolic rate. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.09 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.02 Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 49. The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the: A. medullary cardiovascular center. B. cerebral cortex. C. thyroid gland. D. hypothalamus. E. adrenal medulla. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 50. Acclimatization to a hot environment includes which of these physiological changes? A. a decrease in the set point temperature regulated by the hypothalamus B. decreased volume and increased salt concentration of sweat glands C. decreased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands D. increased volume and salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands E. increased volume and decreased salt concentration of sweat from the sweat glands Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.04 Describe examples of effectors innervated by only the sympathetic branch or the parasympathetic branch of the nervous system and explain how each branch by itself influences function in a given effector. HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O05.09 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.02 Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 51. Endogenous pyrogen: A. is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on muscle tissue. B. is released by the hypothalamus and acts on infection-fighting leukocytes. C. is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and has the same action as aspirin. D. is released by infection-fighting leukocytes and acts on the temperature-integrating centers of the hypothalamus. E. is released by the pyloric region of the stomach and raises the temperature of digestion. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: K03.03c With respect to the functional roles of formed elements, describe functions for each of the five major types of leukocytes as well as the two major subtypes of lymphocytes (T and B). HAPS Objective: L11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the lymphatic and immune systems respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.02 Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, and formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood HAPS Topic: Module L11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.07 Section: 16.07 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism True / False Questions 52. During the absorptive state, the body makes use of stored nutrients for energy. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Introduction to metabolism 53. The source of the triglycerides used for synthesis of very low-density lipoproteins in the liver is fatty acids and glycerol absorbed from the bloodstream by the liver. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 54. Most of the glucose stored after a high-carbohydrate meal is stored in the form of glycogen. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 55. Most of the triglycerides absorbed as chylomicrons are ultimately stored as fat in the adipose tissue. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: N07.01b With respect to monosaccharides, peptides and amino acids, and fatty acids and monoglycerides, explain the processes involved in absorption of each type of nutrient. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module N07 Process of absorption HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 56. During the absorptive state, there is net synthesis of fat, glycogen, and protein, but this process is reversed during the postabsorptive state. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 57. Most of the energy used by the body during fasting is provided by gluconeogenesis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.01g With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, predict the metabolic conditions that would favor each of the following processes: glycogenesis, glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 58. Fatty acids released by lipolysis of triglycerides in adipose tissue travel in the plasma as VLDL. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O03.03f With respect to fat metabolism, compare and contrast the structure and function of different types of lipoproteins in the body. HAPS Objective: O04.02 Explain the role of adipose tissue in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 59. The major energy sources for non-nervous tissue during the postabsorptive period are fatty acids and ketones. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.03 Explain the significance of glucose-sparing for neural tissue in the post-absorptive state. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 60. Insulin has no effect on the carrier-mediated transport of glucose in the liver; therefore, insulin does not stimulate the uptake of glucose by that organ. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 61. Insulin inhibits the enzymes in the liver that catalyze reactions leading to gluconeogenesis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 62. The metabolic events characteristic of the absorptive state can be attributed to the presence of large amounts of insulin in the blood, whereas the events of the postabsorptive state can be attributed largely to decreased insulin levels. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O05.01 Compare and contrast the processes that occur in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 63. The most important of the glucose counterregulatory controls in normal circumstances is epinephrine. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 64. The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (includng proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Objective: H15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the nervous system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain HAPS Topic: Module H15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 65. Pituitary growth hormone has effects on protein metabolism similar to those of insulin, but its effects on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism are similar to those of elevated cortisol. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O05.02 Explain the role of cortisol, human growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin and glucagon in the absorptive and post-absorptive states. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of lipids Topic: Metabolism of proteins 66. During stress, elevated levels of plasma cortisol stimulate the catabolism of muscle protein and the conversion of alpha-keto acids to glucose in the liver. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.04c In the adrenal gland, name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O03.02b With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the process of deamination and its importance in gluconeogenesis and the interconversion of nutrients. HAPS Objective: O03.02f With respect to protein and amino acid metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and insulin) in regulation of protein catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates Topic: Metabolism of proteins 67. During exercise, glucose uptake by muscle cells is increased because of increased insulin secretion. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07a In the pancreas, describe the stimulus for release of insulin and glucagon. HAPS Objective: J07.02 List the hormones released during short-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J07.03 List the major hormones released during long-term stress and describe the hormonal actions. HAPS Objective: J08.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the endocrine organs respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: J08.02 Explain how the endocrine organs relate to other body organs and systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O04.03 Describe the role of skeletal muscle in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J07 Hormonal response to stress. HAPS Topic: Module J08 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Learning Outcome: 16.03 Section: 16.02 Section: 16.03 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 68. In untreated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus, the liver converts fatty acids into ketones, which are released into the blood. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fa tty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 69. Metabolic acidosis caused by excessive blood levels of ketones is one of the harmful consequences of untreated type 1 (insulin-dependent) diabetes. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.03c With respect to fat metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, human growth hormone and thyroid hormone) in regulation of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O03.03d With respect to fat metabolism, summarize the overall process of the beta oxidation of fatty acids and explain how it relates to ketogenesis and ketoacidosis. HAPS Objective: O03.03e With respect to fat metabolism, describe the nutrient interconversion pathways that involve fats. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.02 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by causing respiratory acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, metabolic acidosis, or metabolic alkalosis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, incluidng disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of lipids 70. One consequence of insulin deficiency is the decreased ability of the brain to take up blood glucose, a condition that can lead to brain dysfunction and death. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07c In the pancreas, name the target tissue or cells for insulin and glucagon and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Section: 16.02 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 71. The excretion of glucose in the urine of a diabetic patient is a result of the inability of the kidney tubules to reabsorb a normal amount of glucose in the absence of insulin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O03.01f With respect to carbohydrate metabolism, describe the role of hormones (such as cortisol, growth hormone, thyroid hormone, insulin, glucagon and norepinephrine) in regulation of carbohydrate catabolism and anabolism. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: P03.03d With respect to reabsorption, describe how and where water, organic compounds, and ions are reabsorbed in the nephron. HAPS Objective: P08.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the urinary system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module P03 Functional processes of urine formation, including filtration, reabsorption, and secretion HAPS Topic: Module P08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders Learning Outcome: Clinical Case Study Section: Clinical Case Study Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Metabolism of carbohydrates 72. Cholesterol is metabolized to bile salts in the liver. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.01c With respect to nutrients, for carbohydrates, fats, and proteins - list their dietary sources, state their energy yields per gram, and discuss their common uses in the body. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolic roles of body organs Topic: Metabolism of lipids 73. Plasma cholesterol concentration is not homeostatically regulated, but instead depends solely on the intake of cholesterol in the diet. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O03.03b With respect to fat metabolism, describe the basic process of lipogenesis and lipolysis. HAPS Objective: O04.01 Describe the role of the liver in metabolism. HAPS Topic: Module O03 Cellular respiration and the catabolism and anabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins. HAPS Topic: Module O04 Metabolic roles of body organs. Learning Outcome: 16.01 Section: 16.01 Topic: Metabolism of lipids 74. All other things being equal, a person who is hypothyroid will have a higher BMR than a person whose thyroid function is normal. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 75. The calorigenic effect of thyroid hormones refers to their effect in increasing the rate at which the body synthesizes protein and fat. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.04 Section: 16.04 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions 76. When total-body energy balance is positive in an adult, energy is being stored as fat. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.05 Discuss the importance of energy (caloric) balance in maintaining healthy body weight. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.05 Topic: Introduction to metabolism 77. Insulin is a satiety signal that suppresses appetite, whereas glucagon stimulates appetite. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.07d In the pancreas, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in insulin and glucagon levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: O01.03 Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. Learning Outcome: 16.02 Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.02 Section: 16.05 Topic: Hormones from other endocrine glands and their functions Topic: Introduction to nutrition 78. Anorexia nervosa is excessive thinness usually caused by hyperthyroidism. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02d In the thyroid gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: O01.03 Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.05 Section: 16.05 Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism 79. In response to cold stimuli, human beings increase their rate of heat production primarily by increasing basal metabolic rate. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: G11.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the muscular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O05.06 Define metabolic rate and basal metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O05.07 Describe factors that affect metabolic rate. HAPS Objective: O06.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how metabolic processes respond to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: O06.02 Explain the role of metabolism as it relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module G11 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O06 Application of homeostatic mechanisms. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 80. The body's most effective mechanism for reducing heat loss is vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the skin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: K15.01 Provide specific examples to demonstrate how the cardiovascular system responds to maintain homeostasis in the body. HAPS Objective: K15.02 Explain how the cardiovascular system relates to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O05.09 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module K15 Application of homeostatic mechanisms HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 81. Heat loss from evaporation occurs only when one is sweating. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O05.09 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 82. The reason high humidity plays such a significant role in increasing the discomfort felt on very hot days is that it decreases the cooling properties of conduction. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: O05.09 Differentiate between radiation, conduction, evaporation and convection and explain the role of each in thermoregulation. HAPS Topic: Module O05 Energy balance and thermoregulation. Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 83. Receptors for the regulation of body temperature are heat and cold receptors in the skin, the CNS, and internal organs. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H06.02 Describe each of the following types of receptors, indicating what sensation it detects and giving an example of where it can be found in the body: pain receptors (nociceptors), temperature receptors, mechanoreceptors (includng proprioceptors and baroreceptors/pressoreceptors), chemoreceptors, and photoreceptors HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H06 Sensory receptors and their roles HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 84. The integrating centers for temperature-regulating reflexes are located in the brain stem. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H07.02 Correlate functions with each major area of the adult brain. HAPS Topic: Module H07 Division, origin, and function of component parts of the brain Learning Outcome: 16.06 Section: 16.06 Topic: Body temperature regulation 85. Fever differs from other forms of hyperthermia in that it results from resetting the hypothalamic "thermostat" to a higher level. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O07.01 Predict factors or situations affecting metabolism that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: O07.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body metabolic processes could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module O07 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 16.07 Section: 16.07 Topic: Body temperature regulation Topic: Clinical applications of nutrition and metabolism Chapter 17 Reproduction Multiple Choice Questions 1. With regard to reproduction, which is correct about SRY? A. It is a protein that is normally coded for by a gene that is present on the Y chromosome. B. It is a gene that codes for testosterone. C. It is a protein that causes the degeneration of the Wolffian ducts. D. It is a gene found in both males and females. E. It is a protein normally coded for by a gene that is present on the X chromosome. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: S02.05 Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module S02 Gene inheritance and expression. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Development of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 2. Sexual differentiation of the embryo is normally determined by: A. the number of chromosomes, with males having 22 pairs and females having an extra pair of XX chromosomes. B. the presence of two X chromosomes, which causes the primordial testes to degrade. C. the presence of one Y chromosome, which causes the primordial ovaries to degrade. D. the presence of the Y chromosome, which directs the undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes (when there is one X chromosome present as well). E. hormones produced by the placenta. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: S02.05 Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module S02 Gene inheritance and expression. Learning Outcome: 17.02 Section: 17.02 Topic: Development of the reproductive system 3. In the embryonic differentiation of a normal male: A. undifferentiated gonads develop into testes during the fifth week of embryonic life. B. the Wolffian ducts regress. C. Mullerian inhibiting substance is absent. D. testosterone directly stimulates development of the epididymis, vas deferens, and seminal vesicles. E. testosterone directly stimulates development of the penis and scrotum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05c In the testis, name the target tissue or cells for testosterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s ) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Development of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 4. In the differentiation of a normal female: A. Müllerian inhibiting substance causes the Müllerian ducts to regress. B. the uterus and fallopian tubes are formed from the Wolffian ducts. C. female genitalia form in the absence of hormonal stimulation. D. the gonads remain undifferentiated throughout fetal life. E. the SRX protein present on X chromosomes makes the gonads differentiate into ovaries. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: S02.05 Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module S02 Gene inheritance and expression. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Development of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 5. Which of the following best describes a genetic male (XY) who lacks functional androgen receptors (androgen insensitivity syndrome)? A. He will have normal male external genitalia. B. He will have ovaries and female-appearing external genitalia but male secondary sex characteristics. C. He will have female-appearing external genitalia and ovaries, but internal structures derived from the Wolffian ducts. D. He will have male external genitalia but will have female-appearing internal structures derived from the Müllerian ducts. E. He will have undescended testes, but female external genitalia and secondary sex characteristics. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05d In the testis, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in testosterone and inhibin level will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.04 Define secondary sex characteristics and describe their role in reproductive system function. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Development of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 6. The onset of puberty is triggered by an increase in: A. sensitivity of the gonads to pituitary gonadotropins. B. sensitivity of the pituitary to GnRH. C. GnRH secretion. D. sensitivity of the hypothalamus to negative feedback by sex steroids. E. sensitivity of the pituitary to negative feedback by sex steroids. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.05c In the testis, name the target tissue or cells for testosterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s ) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.03 Compare and contrast the events and endocrine regulation of female and male puberty. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.09 Learning Outcome: 17.17 Section: 17.09 Section: 17.17 Topic: Effects of aging on the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 7. Which is TRUE regarding meiosis in a single germ cell? A. It results in 2 cells with 46 chromosomes each. B. It results in 4 cells with 23 chromosomes each. C. It results in 4 cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes each. D. It results in 4 cells with 46 chromosomes each. E. It results in 4 cells with 46 pairs of chromosomes each. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Objective: R03.01 Contrast the overall processes of mitosis and meiosis. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 8. Spermatogenesis: A. begins with the mitotic division of spermatogonia. B. results in four primary spermatocytes for every spermatogonium. C. results in four spermatozoa for every primary spermatocyte. D. is not complete until after an egg is fertilized, which initiates the second meiotic division. E. takes place completely within the lumen of the seminiferous tubule. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.01 Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.01 Section: 17.06 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 9. The process of spermatogenesis from primary spermatocyte to sperm: A. takes about three weeks in the human. B. occurs when a male is an embryo, ceasing at birth. C. requires participation of Sertoli cells. D. occurs in the epididymis. E. occurs as the cells gradually travel between two closely attached Leydig cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.01 Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.01 Section: 17.06 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 10. Which of the following statements regarding male reproductive function is FALSE? A. Sperm formed in the testes enter the epididymis before entering the vas deferens. B. The seminal fluid is alkaline and rich in nutrients. C. The Sertoli cells produce androgen-binding protein. D. Sperm entering the epididymis are fully motile. E. Most of the seminal volume is provided by the secretions of the seminal vesicles and prostate gland. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Objective: R05.04 Identify and describe the organs involved in semen production. HAPS Objective: R05.05 Discuss the composition of semen and its role is sperm function. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Learning Outcome: 17.06 Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.05 Section: 17.06 Section: 17.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 11. Sperm: A. are stored in the vas deferens and the last part of the epididymis. B. travel from the seminiferous tubules to the epididymis by the beating action of their flagellae. C. travel through the vas deferens, then the ejaculatory duct, then the ureter during ejaculation. D. are expelled from the penis through the ureter. E. are no longer produced in individuals who have undergone a vasectomy. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 12. The androgen-binding protein functions to: A. confer responsiveness of certain cells to male sex hormones. B. transport androgens in the plasma. C. bind and maintain high concentrations of testosterone in the seminiferous tubules. D. transport testosterone across cell walls. E. exert negative feedback on the production of testosterone by the Leydig cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05a In the testis, describe the stimulus for release of testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.06 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 13. Which is NOT a function of Sertoli cells? A. forming a barrier between the blood and developing germ cells B. secreting inhibin C. nourishing developing sperm D. converting estrogens into testosterone E. phagocytizing defective sperm Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.06 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 14. Which of the following male accessory reproductive organs secretes prostaglandins? A. prostate gland B. seminal vesicles C. epididymis D. bulbourethral glands E. vas deferens Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.04 Identify and describe the organs involved in semen production. HAPS Objective: R05.05 Discuss the composition of semen and its role is sperm function. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Section: 17.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 15. As sperm travel from their site of production in the testes to the exterior, the sequence of ducts through which they will pass is: A. rete testis; efferent ductules; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; urethra. B. efferent ductules; rete testis; vas deferens; ejaculatory duct; urethra. C. rete testis; efferent ductules; vas deferens; urethra; ejaculatory duct. D. rete testis; afferent ductules; ejaculatory duct; vas deferens; urethra. E. rete testis; ejaculatory duct; efferent ductules; vas deferens; urethra. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.05 Section: 17.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 16. Which of the following is FALSE regarding erection of the penis? A. It is a spinal reflex. B. It is a result of sympathetic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle in the erectile tissue of the penis. C. It can be triggered by stimulation of tactile receptors in the penis. D. It is a result of arteriolar vasodilation and venous constriction of blood vessels in the penis. E. It can be inhibited by input to the autonomic nerves from higher brain centers. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.06 Describe visceral reflex arcs, including structural and functional details of sensory and motor (autonomic) components HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R06.05 Compare and contrast female and male sexual responses. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 17. Ejaculation of semen from the penis is caused by: A. a parasympathetic reflex that contracts the seminal vesicles, epididymis, and vas deferens. B. a somatic reflex that initiates sperm production and motility, and contracts skeletal muscle surrounding the vas deferens. C. voluntary relaxation of the internal urethral sphincter, and sympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle contraction in the walls of the ureters and the urethra. D. sympathetic nerve firing, which initiates smooth muscle contraction in the epididymis, vas deferens, ejaculatory ducts, prostate, and seminal vesicles. E. parasympathetic stimulation of smooth muscle in the ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.06 Describe visceral reflex arcs, including structural and functional details of sensory and motor (autonomic) components HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R06.05 Compare and contrast female and male sexual responses. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 18. Which of the following would be most likely to occur in an adult male whose Sertoli cells have begun to produce excessive amounts of inhibin? A. FSH secretion would be selectively inhibited, but LH secretion would be normal. B. Spermatogenesis would be increased but testosterone secretion would be normal. C. Spermatogenesis would be increased because testosterone production would be above normal. D. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone levels and spermatogenesis would increase above normal. E. Both FSH and LH secretion would rise above normal levels. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.05c In the testis, name the target tissue or cells for testosterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Learning Outcome: 17.08 Section: 17.06 Section: 17.08 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 19. A female whose adrenal glands began secreting unusually high levels of androgen would probably have increased: A. levels of spermatogenesis. B. levels of LH secretion. C. atrophy of skeletal muscles. D. subcutaneous fat deposition. E. growth of facial hair. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.04 Define secondary sex characteristics and describe their role in reproductive system function. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Section: 17.16 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 20. The fallopian tubes: A. connect the uterus to the vagina. B. carry sperm from the testes to the epididymis. C. degenerate in females, due to the presence of Müllerian-inhibiting substance (MIS). D. carry ova from the ovaries to the uterus. E. develop from the embryonic Wolffian duct system. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.01 Describe the pathway of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.12 Section: 17.12 Topic: Gross anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 21. Which is a TRUE statement about events occurring in the menstrual cycle? A. Each peak in estrogen concentration is accompanied by an even greater peak in progesterone concentration. B. FSH reaches its highest concentration 3 days before menstruation begins. C. Progesterone is low during the first half of the cycle, and rises to a peak during the second half. D. Ovulation occurs exactly in the middle of the follicular phase of the cycle. E. The corpus luteum normally degenerates on day 14 of the cycle. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 22. If you start at the plasma membrane of an oocyte in a mature follicle and move outward, which is the correct order in which you would encounter the three structures listed below? A. zona pellucida; granulosa cells; theca cells B. zona pellucida; theca cells; granulosa cells C. granulosa cells; zona pellucida; theca cells D. granulosa cells; theca cells; zona pellucida E. theca cells; zona pellucida; granulosa cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system 23. In the ovarian cycle, the dominant follicle: A. undergoes atresia. B. continues to grow beyond day 7 of the cycle, while the other developing follicles degenerate. C. is selected on day 1 of the cycle, and no other follicles develop beyond that day. D. is selected to continue growing at about the middle of the luteal phase. E. ruptures during ovulation on day 21 of the cycle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 24. Which is TRUE about the maturation of ovarian follicles? A. Granulosa cells produce androgens, which stimulates follicle maturation. B. Theca cells produce estrogen, which is converted to the androgens that stimulate follicle maturation. C. On day 1 of the cycle, growing follicles have both FSH and LH receptors on granulosa cells. D. Growing follicles produce estrogen, which further stimulates follicle maturation. E. Follicle maturation is stimulated when FSH binds to theca cells and LH binds to granulosa cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 25. Which of the following occurs at ovulation? A. The first meiotic division of the oocyte completes and the dominant follicle ruptures. B. The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs. C. The oocyte, along with its surrounding thecal layer, is expelled onto the ovarian surface. D. The second meiotic division of the oocyte occurs and the dominant follicle ruptures. E. The corpus luteum is expelled from the ovary and enters the fallopian tube. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 26. Which of the following does NOT normally produce androgens? A. Leydig cells B. theca cells C. adrenal cortex cells D. Sertoli cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.04b In the adrenal gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine. HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Learning Outcome: 17.06 Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.05 Section: 17.06 Section: 17.13 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 27. According to the two-cell mechanism of follicular estrogen synthesis: A. granulosa cells synthesize an androgen, which the theca cells convert to estrogen. B. Sertoli cells synthesize an androgen, which the granulosa cells convert to dihydrotestosterone. C. theca cells synthesize an androgen, which luteal cells convert to estrogen. D. production of progesterone by the corpus luteum requires cooperative interaction between two cell types. E. theca cells synthesize an androgen, which the granulosa cells convert to estrogen. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 28. Beginning on the first day of the menstrual cycle, the order of phases in the uterus is: A. proliferative, secretory, menstrual. B. secretory, proliferative, menstrual. C. menstrual, secretory, proliferative. D. menstrual, proliferative, secretory. E. secretory, menstrual, proliferative. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 29. The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase or phases of the uterine cycle? A. both the menstrual phase and the secretory phase B. the secretory phase C. both the follicular phase and the secretory phase D. both the proliferative phase and the secretory phase E. both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 30. Shedding of the endometrial lining occurs: A. because ovulation disrupts the growing follicle. B. as a result of a fall in plasma levels of estradiol and progesterone. C. a day after the LH surge. D. because of an increase in the level of FSH. E. because the nondominant follicles undergo atresia. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 31. Which is a function of LH? A. It stimulates androgen production by theca cells. B. It stimulates the growth of granulosa cells. C. It stimulates production of inhibin by theca cells. D. It stimulates estrogen production by theca cells. E. It inhibits GnRH secretion by the hypothalamus during ovulation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 32. Which of the following statements about estrogens in females is FALSE? A. In low plasma concentration, estrogen inhibits pituitary secretion of LH and FSH. B. In high plasma concentration, estrogen stimulates pituitary sensitivity to GnRH. C. In the presence of high plasma concentration of progesterone, estrogen stimulates increased secretion of GnRH. D. Estrogen secretion is required for the LH surge. E. Estrogen stimulates follicular growth. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.13 Section: 17.14 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 33. Which of the following is NOT a result of the LH surge that occurs in the middle of the menstrual cycle? A. The primary oocyte completes its first meiotic division. B. Antrum size (fluid volume) and blood flow to the follicle increase markedly. C. The granulosa cells begin releasing progesterone and decrease their release of estrogen. D. Enzyme and prostaglandin synthesis by the granulosa cells increases, breaking down the follicular membranes. E. The corpus luteum stops secreting hormones and degenerates. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01d Predict the larger effect that fluctuations in the hormone level will have on conditions (variables) within the body for growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 34. On day 1 of the menstrual cycle, FSH levels will be __ . The follicle that will become dominant is in the __ stage of maturation. Progesterone levels in blood are __ . A. rising; primordial; low B. rising; preantral to antral; low C. rising; preantral to antral; high D. falling; expanding; low E. falling; atretic; high Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.13 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 35. On day 14 of a typical 28 day menstrual cycle, LH concentration in the blood will be __ . The endometrium will be ____ . Estrogen concentration in the blood is __ . A. level; sloughing off; low B. at or near a peak; near the end of the proliferative phase; relatively high C. low but rising; in the secretory phase; high D. at or near a peak; in the secretory phase; low E. level; starting the proliferative phase; level but high Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.15 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 36. During the early part of the menstrual cycle, acts on granulosa cells, which __ . _ _ acts on theca cells, which _. A. LH; convert androgens to estrogens; FSH; synthesize androgens B. LH; synthesize androgens; FSH; convert androgens to estrogens C. FSH; convert androgens to estrogens; LH; synthesize androgens D. FSH; synthesize androgens; LH; convert androgens to estrogens E. progesterone; synthesize androgens; LH; secrete estrogens Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 37. Which is TRUE during the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle? A. Both estrogen and progesterone concentrations are kept low by negative feedback. B. Estrogen concentration remains low, while progesterone concentration rises to a peak. C. Progesterone concentration remains low, while estrogen concentration rises to a peak. D. Progesterone concentration in the plasma is high, but estrogen concentration rises even higher. E. Estrogen concentration in the plasma is high, but progesterone concentration rises even higher. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 38. The transition between the _ _ and the phases of the uterine cycle coincides with __ . A. follicular; luteal; a rise in basal body temperature B. proliferative; secretory; ovulation C. menstrual; proliferative; ovulation D. secretory; proliferative; selection of the dominant follicle E. proliferative; secretory; menstruation Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 39. How does estradiol increase the likelihood that an egg will be fertilized? A. It inhibits the motility of uterine smooth muscle. B. It stimulates inhibin levels, which causes a surge of FSH. C. It increases libido, or sex drive, in women. D. It changes cervical mucus to a watery consistency that allows sperm to penetrate the cervix. E. It stimulates LH receptors that help maintain a corpus luteum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R04.05 Explain why changes in cervical mucus can predict a woman’s monthly fertility. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Learning Outcome: 17.16 Section: 17.15 Section: 17.16 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 40. Which of the following is NOT an action of estrogen? A. stimulation of fat deposition under the skin in the breasts and hips B. thickening epithelial lining of vagina C. stimulation of myometrial contractions D. stimulation of bone growth and strength E. stimulation of growth of pubic hair Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.04 Define secondary sex characteristics and describe their role in reproductive system function. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Learning Outcome: 17.16 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.15 Section: 17.16 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 41. Which is NOT true about the actions of progesterone? A. It increases contractions and activity of the fallopian tube smooth muscle and cilia. B. It induces thick, sticky mucus in the cervix. C. It inhibits the milk-inducing effects of prolactin. D. It increases body temperature. E. It exerts negative feedback on the hypothalamus and anterior pituitary. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.05 Explain why changes in cervical mucus can predict a woman’s monthly fertility. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Learning Outcome: 17.16 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.15 Section: 17.16 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 42. Which is TRUE regarding fertilization and transport of an egg? A. Fertilization occurs in the uterus, and must occur within 24-48 hours of ovulation. B. Fertilization can occur any time with 7 days after ovulation, and it generally takes 10-14 days for the conceptus to reach the uterus. C. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, and it takes about 4 days for the conceptus to reach the uterus. D. Fertilization must occur while the follicle is still attached to the ovary, and transport of the conceptus to the uterus takes 24-48 hours. E. Fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube, and the conceptus must reach the uterus within 24-48 hours to implant, or it will die. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R07.02 Define fertilization. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 43. Which is TRUE about sperm delivery? A. Most of the ejaculated sperm arrive in the vicinity of the ovum (if there is one). B. Sperm transport through the cervix is made possible by actions of progesterone on the cervical mucus. C. Of the several hundred million sperm in an ejaculation, only about 100 to 200 reach the fallopian tube. D. Sperm are able to fertilize an egg from the instant they arrive in the female reproductive tract. E. Sperm can survive for up to 2 weeks in the mucus of the cervix. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.05 Explain why changes in cervical mucus can predict a woman’s monthly fertility. HAPS Objective: R07.01 Describe conception, including sperm capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration, cortical reaction, and fusion of pronuclei. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 44. The acrosome reaction is triggered by: A. deposition of sperm into the female reproductive tract. B. capacitation of sperm. C. estrogen. D. binding of the heads of sperm to the zona pellucida. E. the first meiotic reduction division of the ovum. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R07.01 Describe conception, including sperm capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration, cortical reaction, and fusion of pronuclei. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 45. The blastocyst implants in the uterus on about the day of the 28-day menstrual cycle. At this time, the endometrium is __ and progesterone levels are ___ . A. 21st; thick and secretory; high B. 28th; thick and secretory; low C. 14th; thick and secretory; low D. 28th; thin and proliferating; high E. 21st; thin and proliferating; low Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.16 Section: 17.19 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 46. The implanting blastocyst "rescues" the corpus luteum by secreting: A. large quantities of FSH and LH. B. GnRH, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete FSH and LH. C. human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) D. progesterone and estrogen. E. cortisol. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.13b In the placenta, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. HAPS Objective: J05.13c In the placenta, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 47. Which is a TRUE statement about implantation of a blastocyst? A. When it occurs outside the uterus, it is called a myopic pregancy. B. It normally occurs midway through the luteal phase. C. It is a result of digestion of myometrial cells by enzymes in the trophoblast. D. It occurs at a time in the cycle when plasma estrogen concentration is higher than progesterone concentration. E. It occurs at the same time as, and is caused by, the LH surge. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.14 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 48. The placenta is: A. formed solely from the outermost layers of the embryonic trophoblast, and serves as an exchange organ between mother and fetus. B. formed from interlocking fetal and maternal tissues, and allows the mother's blood to flow freely into the fetal circulation and back. C. formed solely from the endometrial layer of the uterus, and allows the mother's blood to flow freely into the fetal circulation and back. D. formed from interlocking fetal and maternal tissues, and serves as an exchange organ between mother and fetus. E. formed from maternal circulatory stem cells, and serves as an exchange organ between mother and fetus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.04a With respect to the fetal circulation, describe the role of the placenta and umbilical blood vessels in fetal circulation. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 49. Which of the following is NOT a function of estrogen during pregnancy? A. stimulation of myometrial growth B. maintenance of the endometrium C. stimulation of prolactin secretion D. stimulation of breast development E. stimulation of milk synthesis Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.13d In the placenta, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.16 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 50. Which is TRUE about hormonal control during pregnancy? A. The corpus luteum must remain functional for 38 weeks, because it is the main source of estrogen and progesterone. B. The placenta responds to estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum, but does not secrete them. C. The placenta produces estrogen without any contribution from the fetal adrenal cortex. D. The placenta is provided with androgens by the maternal ovaries and adrenal glands, and by the fetal adrenal glands. E. The placenta secretes only steroid hormones, while fetal and maternal pituitary glands secrete pregnancy-specific protein hormones. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.13b In the placenta, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 51. Which of the following does progesterone INHIBIT during pregnancy? A. the sensitivity of the myometrium to stimuli that promote contraction B. plugging of the uterus by thickened cervical mucus C. growth of the mammary glands D. secretion of estrogen E. regression of the corpus luteum Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.13d In the placenta, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.16 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 52. Which of the following statements is TRUE? A. The mother and the fetus exchange nutrients by exchanging blood in the placenta. B. Human chorionic gonadotropin maintains the corpus luteum. C. Human chorionic gonadotropin levels are the highest at the end of pregnancy. D. From the time of implantation through delivery, the corpus luteum is the major source of progesterone. E. Maternal plasma progesterone levels decline in the weeks leading up to the birth of her baby. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.13c In the placenta, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: K13.04a With respect to the fetal circulation, describe the role of the placenta and umbilical blood vessels in fetal circulation. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 53. Which is NOT a function of the hormone human placental lactogen in pregnancy? A. inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues B. promote breast growth C. increase maternal metabolism of fatty acids D. inhibit glucose utilization by maternal tissues and promote breast growth E. prevents the corpus luteum from degenerating Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.13d In the placenta, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R07.06 Describe the functional changes in the maternal reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems during pregnancy. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 54. Which is NOT a normal physiological consequence of pregnancy in a woman? A. increased appetite B. increased blood volume C. hypoventilation D. hyperventilation E. cardiac output increases Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: O01.03 Discuss appetite control, including its regulation by hormones. HAPS Objective: R07.06 Describe the functional changes in the maternal reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, and urinary systems during pregnancy. HAPS Topic: Module O01 Nutrition HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 55. Which of the following is a hormonal change that occurs near the end of a normal pregnancy? A. Plasma progesterone levels decrease while the levels of estrogen continue to increase. B. Estrogens stimulate connexin synthesis in the myometrium. C. Plasma estrogen levels decrease while the levels of progesterone continue to increase. D. Estrogen blocks the synthesis of oxytocin receptors on uterine smooth muscle. E. There is a surge in the LH concentration. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 56. Parturition: A. is the delivery of the infant and placenta. B. normally occurs between the 27th and 28th weeks of pregnancy. C. is an example of negative feedback. D. occurs within 24 to 48 hours of ovulation. E. is a pathological condition in which a pregnant woman retains too much fluid (edema), and it can lead to seizures. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 57. Which of the following statements regarding the control of parturition is FALSE? A. Oxytocin secretion is stimulated by cervical dilation. B. Coordinated uterine contractions cause the cervix to dilate. C. Oxytocin decreases the expression of myometrial estrogen receptors. D. Prostaglandins stimulate myometrial contractions. E. Stretching of the myometrium is one signal that begins uterine contractions. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 58. Which of the following statements regarding endocrine regulation of breast function in females is FALSE? A. During puberty, ductal growth is stimulated by increasing estrogen levels in plasma. B. During puberty, progesterone stimulates the growth of breast alveoli. C. During pregnancy, the main source of plasma prolactin is secretion from the maternal anterior pituitary gland. D. Prolactin is the main hormone mediating the milk ejection reflex. E. Breast development fluctuates with changing blood concentrations of estrogen and progesterone during each menstrual cycle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.03 Compare and contrast the events and endocrine regulation of female and male puberty. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R09.01 Describe the structure and the function of the mammary glands. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 59. Lactation normally does not occur during pregnancy because A. the breast ducts do not develop until after a baby is born. B. the high levels of estrogen and progesterone in maternal plasma inhibit prolactin effects on the breasts. C. maternal plasma levels of prolactin are low during pregnancy. D. high levels of androgens inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts. E. the low levels of circulating estrogen and progesterone during pregnancy inhibit milk synthesis by the breasts. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R09.01 Describe the structure and the function of the mammary glands. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 60. Which of these bests describes colostrum? A. It is composed of dark-colored solid waste ejected from a fetus's bowels shortly after it is born. B. It is a hormone secreted by the hypothalamus that inhibits prolactin secretion. C. It is the watery remnant of breast milk that continues to be expelled from the breasts after a baby is weaned. D. It is a watery, protein-rich fluid secreted from maternal breasts after delivery of a baby. E. It is an estrogen-rich fluid that fills the antrum of a mature ovarian follicle. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R09.01 Describe the structure and the function of the mammary glands. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 61. Which of the following statement is FALSE regarding oxytocin? A. It is secreted by the posterior pituitary. B. It is synthesized by the hypothalamus and promotes contraction of myoepithelial cells in the breasts. C. It facilitates the birth process. D. It stimulates uterine contractions. E. It stimulates synthesis of breast milk. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J04.04 Explain the role of the hypothalamus in the production and release of posterior pituitary hormones. HAPS Objective: J05.01b Identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module J04 Control by the hypothalamus and pituitary gland. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 62. Which is LEAST important for supporting continuing lactation after a baby is born? A. the suckling stimulus B. emptying milk from the breast C. the secretion of oxytocin D. the secretion of prolactin E. high levels of estrogen and progesterone Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 63. Menopause: A. is the cessation of menstrual cycles. B. results in high plasma levels of estrogens. C. occurs as a result of cessation of gonadotropin secretion. D. is the cessation of ovulation while a baby is nursing. E. is the pause in development of ovarian follicles occurring between the birth of a baby girl and when she reaches puberty. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R06.06 Define menopause, describe the physiological changes associated with menopause, and explain the fertil ity changes that precede menopause. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.20 Section: 17.20 Topic: Effects of aging on the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 64. The major source of estradiol and progesterone in a non-pregnant woman is the: A. thyroid gland. B. adrenal gland. C. testis. D. ovary. E. uterus. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.02b In the thyroid gland, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce the hormones thyroxine, triiodothyronine, calcitonin. HAPS Objective: J05.04d In the adrenal gland, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in glucocorticoids (cortisol), mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), gonadocorticoids, epinephrine and norepinephrine levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 65. Which of the following hormones is NOT secreted by the placenta during pregnancy? A. human placental lactogen B. androgens C. estradiol D. progesterone E. inhibin Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 66. Following crossing-over in meiosis I, which of the following is NOT true? A. Maternal and paternal chromatids will always orient to opposite poles of the cell, remaining segregated from one another. B. Random orientation of maternal and parental chromatids to either pole of the cell allows mixing of these in resultant gametes. C. It is extremely unlikely that all 23 maternal and paternal chromosomes will end up in the same gamete. D. A resulting gamete may have millions of possible different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes. E. Chromatid pairs lined up in the cell are separated so that half end up in each daughter cell when division occurs. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 67. Which of these results from the second meiotic division? A. two diploid daughter cells with 46 chromosomes each B. two haploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each C. two diploid daughter cells with 23 chromosomes each D. a single daughter cell with 46 chromosomes, and a polar body with no genetic material E. two haploid daughter cells with 46 haploid chromosomes Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 68. During in utero (fetal) development of the ovary, which of these occurs? A. Cell division of primary oogonia results in the production of 2 to 4 million primary oocytes, which are present at birth. B. Cell division of primary oogonia, which all complete the first meiotic division before birth. C. Cell division of primary oogonia, which all complete both meiotic divisions before birth. D. The mitotic division of primary and secondary oocytes produces cells with 23 chromosomes each. E. A single primary oogonium remains dormant, which then undergoes rapid mitosis after birth. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 69. The time span over which sexual intercourse is most likely to result in conception is from __ day(s) before ovulation to _ _ day(s) after ovulation. A. 0, 3 B. 1, 1 C. 2, 4 D. 1, 5 E. 5, 1 Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R07.02 Define fertilization. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 70. Implantation of a blastocyst: A. normally occurs within the oviduct (fallopian tube). B. normally begins around day 21 of the typical menstrual cycle. C. occurs within 24 hours of fertilization of the oocyte. D. takes place at a time in the typical menstrual cycle when estrogen concentration in the blood is higher than progesterone concentration in the blood. E. requires the presence of high concentrations of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.01 Describe the pathway of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 71. When an embryo implants in the wall of the fallopian tube, it is called: A. stillbirth. B. erythroblastosis fetalis. C. ectopic pregnancy. D. endometriosis. E. placenta previa. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 72. Umbilical arteries: A. deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the mother to the placenta. B. deliver oxygen and nutrient-rich blood from the fetus to the placenta. C. carry blood with low oxygen and high metabolic wastes away from the fetus to the placenta. D. carry highly oxygenated blood from the placenta to the fetus. E. carry blood with low oxygen and high metabolic wastes from the placenta to the mother's circulation. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.04a With respect to the fetal circulation, describe the role of the placenta and umbilical blood vessels in fetal circulation. HAPS Objective: K13.04d With respect to the fetal circulation, for each umbilical vessel and the major fetal blood vessels, state whether each vessel carries oxygen-rich, oxygen-poor or mixed blood, and explain why the different oxygen levels occur in these vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system True / False Questions 73. One way in which gametogenesis in males differs from gametogenesis in females is that mitosis of primordial germ cells occurs in males only during fetal life. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R03.03 Contrast the process and the final products of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 74. Meiosis results in germ cells with 23 maternal chromosomes in one daughter cell and 23 paternal chromosomes in the other. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 75. The testes are located outside the abdomen because spermatogenesis requires a temperature lower than core body temperature. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.01 Discuss the relationship between the location of the testes and sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Section: 17.05 Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 76. In the testis, spermatogenesis takes place in the seminiferous tubules and testosterone is produced by the Leydig cells. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the testis in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Section: 17.05 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 77. Prostaglandins are secreted in high concentration into semen by the prostate gland. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.04 Identify and describe the organs involved in semen production. HAPS Objective: R05.05 Discuss the composition of semen and its role is sperm function. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Section: 17.05 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 78. The products of the first meiotic division of spermatogenesis are spermatids. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.06 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 79. Conversion of spermatids to spermatozoa involves cell division. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.06 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 80. The part of the spermatozoan that enables it to swim through fluid is the acrosome. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R07.01 Describe conception, including sperm capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration, cortical reaction, and fusion of pronuclei. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.06 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 81. The only cells of the testis that can secrete hormones are the Leydig cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02a Identify and describe the reproductive and supporting cells of the seminiferous tubules of the test is in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Learning Outcome: 17.06 Section: 17.05 Section: 17.06 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 82. One function of semen is to buffer the acidic secretions of the vagina. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R05.05 Discuss the composition of semen and its role is sperm function. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.05 Section: 17.05 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 83. The primary storage site for sperm is the seminal vesicles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Objective: R05.04 Identify and describe the organs involved in semen production. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Gross anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 84. Vasectomy results in sterility because it inhibits sperm production. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R05.03 Describe the pathway of sperm from the seminiferous tubules to the external urethral orifice of the penis. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 85. Erection of the penis is a result of vasodilation brought about by a reflex involving nonadrenergic, noncholinergic autonomic neurons. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H13.06 Describe visceral reflex arcs, including structural and functional details of sensory and motor (autonomic) components HAPS Objective: R06.05 Compare and contrast female and male sexual responses. HAPS Topic: Module H13 Functions of the autonomic nervous system HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.07 Section: 17.07 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 86. Luteinizing hormone stimulates testosterone secretion by the Leydig cells of the testes. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: J05.05a In the testis, describe the stimulus for release of testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.02 Compare and contrast endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.04 Learning Outcome: 17.08 Section: 17.04 Section: 17.08 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 87. Spermatogenesis and testosterone production are interdependent events, meaning that neither process can occur without the other. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05c In the testis, name the target tissue or cells for testosterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.02 Compare and contrast endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.08 Section: 17.08 Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 88. The female external genitalia are collectively called the vulva. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. Learning Outcome: 17.12 Section: 17.12 Topic: Gross anatomy of the female reproductive system 89. At birth, the ovaries of a female baby contain less than one million oogonia. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 90. Most of the primordial follicles a woman is born with eventually are ovulated. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 91. With respect to hormonal control and secretion, theca cells in the ovary are analogous to Leydig cells in the testis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.05a In the testis, describe the stimulus for release of testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.05b In the testis, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce testosterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R05.02 Explain the role of the sustentacular cells and interstitial cells in sperm production. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.02 Compare and contrast endocrine regulation of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R05 Specific roles of the male reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the male reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 92. Inhibin secreted by granulosa cells selectively inhibits secretion of FSH by the pituitary. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J03.02 Describe the roles of negative and positive feedback in controlling hormone release. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.06b In the ovary, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J03 Control of hormone secretion. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.14 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 93. Atresia of all but the dominant follicle is in part a result of the diminished secretion of FSH during the second week of the follicular phase. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Learning Outcome: 17.14 Section: 17.13 Section: 17.14 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 94. The secretory phase of the uterine cycle coincides with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.13 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 95. Progesterone increases the thickness of the myometrium in preparation for implantation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 96. Cervical mucus secreted under the influence of estrogen alone is clear and nonviscous, while that secreted under the influence of progesterone is thick and sticky. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R04.05 Explain why changes in cervical mucus can predict a woman’s monthly fertility. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 97. Most of the hormonal effects on female accessory sex organs and secondary sex characteristics are attributable to progesterone. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R06.04 Define secondary sex characteristics and describe their role in reproductive system function. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Section: 17.16 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 98. Dysmenorrhea refers to pain or discomfort during menses. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.15 Section: 17.15 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 99. The mechanisms underlying the physiological response of females to sexual stimulation are similar to those resulting in erection in males. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R06.05 Compare and contrast female and male sexual responses. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. Learning Outcome: 17.18 Section: 17.18 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 100. The fertilization of an egg normally occurs in the uterus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R07.02 Define fertilization. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Gross anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 101. Detection of LH in the urine or blood of a woman is an indicator that she is pregnant. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.13b In the placenta, identify the gland or endocrine tissue/organ and the cells within that gland/tissue/organ that produce estrogen, progesterone and human chorionic gonadotropin. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 102. While passing down the oviduct, the zygote undergoes several meiotic cell divisions. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Gametogenesis 103. Blood in the umbilical arteries is well oxygenated, whereas that in the umbilical vein is poorly oxygenated. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K13.04d With respect to the fetal circulation, for each umbilical vessel and the major fetal blood vessels, state whether each vessel carries oxygen-rich, oxygen-poor or mixed blood, and explain why the different oxygen levels occur in these vessels. HAPS Topic: Module K13 Pattern of blood circulation throughout the body, including systemic, pulmonary, coronary, hepatic portal, and fetal circulations Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 104. Amniocentesis is the removal of a sample of amniotic fluid for diagnosis of genetic or chromosomal disorders of the fetus. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: S03.01 Describe examples of prenatal and postnatal genetic testing. HAPS Topic: Module S03 Genetic testing. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 105. Symptoms of preeclampsia generally include glucose in the urine, abnormal fluid retention, and hypertension. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: Q08.01 Predict factors or situations that would lead to a disruption of homeostasis by affecting the volume or composition of body fluids. HAPS Objective: Q08.03 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the volume and composition of body fluids were not maintained with normal homestatic ranges. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module Q08 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 106. Oxytocin stimulates myometrial contractions most strongly when plasma progesterone levels are low relative to estrogen. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R08.01 Explain the hormonal events that initiate and regulate labor. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R08 Parturition and labor. Learning Outcome: 17.16 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.16 Section: 17.19 Topic: Microscopic anatomy of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 107. The major constituents of human breast milk are water, protein, fat, and glucose. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R09.01 Describe the structure and the function of the mammary glands. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 108. Milk ejection is a neural reflex arc involving afferent input to the hypothalamus from receptors in the nipples and a neural efferent output to the myoepithelial cells in the ducts of the mammary glands. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: H11.02 Describe reflex responses in terms of the major structural and functional components of a reflex arc. HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: J05.01c Name the target tissue or cells for the hormone and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin. HAPS Objective: R09.01 Describe the structure and the function of the mammary glands. HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Topic: Module H11 Reflexes and their roles in nervous system function HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 109. A woman cannot become pregnant while she is lactating. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.01a Describe the stimulus for release of growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, prolactin, adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin, and antidiuretic hormone (or vasopressin). HAPS Objective: R09.02 Describe the hormonal regulation of lactation. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R09 Mammary glands and lactation. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 110. A compound that inhibits the binding of progesterone to its receptor would be an effective contraceptive. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R04.06 Provide examples of how birth control methods relate to normal reproductive function. HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R07.04 Describe the formation and function of the placenta and extraembryonic membranes. HAPS Objective: R07.05 Describe the hormonal changes during pregnancy and the effect of these hormones. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 111. Combination oral contraceptives act by inhibiting ovulation, interfering with endometrial proliferation, and inducing changes in the composition of the cervical mucus. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02c Identify and describe the histology of the uterine wall in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.03 Describe the events of the uterine cycle. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R04.05 Explain why changes in cervical mucus can predict a woman’s monthly fertility. HAPS Objective: R04.06 Provide examples of how birth control methods relate to normal reproductive function. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 112. The gene on the Y chromosome that determines whether gonads will be testes or ovaries codes for a protein called Müllerian-inhibiting substance. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: S02.05 Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module S02 Gene inheritance and expression. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Development of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 113. The presence of sex chromatin in a smear of epithelial cells indicates that the donor of the cells is a genetic female. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: S02.05 Discuss the role of sex chromosomes in sex determination and sex-linked inheritance. HAPS Topic: Module S02 Gene inheritance and expression. Learning Outcome: 17.02 Section: 17.02 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 114. An individual with androgen insensitivity syndrome is a genetic male with female internal reproductive organs. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R06.01 State the functions of gonadotropin releasing hormone, follicle stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone, inhibin, testosterone, estrogen and progesterone. HAPS Objective: R07.03 Describe the major events of embryonic and fetal development. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.03 Section: 17.03 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 115. The onset of puberty may be delayed in girls who are very thin. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.12d In adipose tissue, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in leptin and resistin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: R06.03 Compare and contrast the events and endocrine regulation of female and male puberty. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.17 Section: 17.17 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Effects of aging on the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 116. Postmenopausal women are at increased risk, compared to premenopausal women, for osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: F05.02 Explain the hormonal regulation of skeleton growth. HAPS Objective: F05.04 Contrast the remodeling processes of a child (birth to adolescence) and an adult (middle to old age). HAPS Objective: F10.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the skeletal system and articulations that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: F10.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the skeletal system and articulations could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06d In the ovary, predict the larger effect that fluctuations in estrogen, progesterone and inhibin levels will have on conditions (variables) within the body. HAPS Objective: J09.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the endocrine organs that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: J09.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the various endocrine organs could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the cardiovascular system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: K16.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the cardiovascular system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R06.06 Define menopause, describe the physiological changes associated with menopause, and explain the fertil ity changes that precede menopause. HAPS Objective: R11.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the reproductive system that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module F05 Physiology of bone growth, repair, and remodeling HAPS Topic: Module F10 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module J09 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. HAPS Topic: Module K16 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders HAPS Topic: Module R06 Regulation of reproductive system functions. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.20 Section: 17.20 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Effects of aging on the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 117. Steroid hormones generally bind with receptors inside target cells and control the rate of formation of mRNAs that lead to the synthesis of proteins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J02.03 Compare and contrast the types of receptors (cell membrane or intracellular) that each class binds to. HAPS Objective: J02.04 Compare and contrast the mechanism of response that each class elicits (i.e., change in gene expression or change in an intracellular pathway via phosphorylation mechanism) and relate the response mechanism to the biochemical nature of the hormone molecule. HAPS Topic: Module J02 Chemical classification of hormones and mechanism of hormone actions at receptors. Learning Outcome: 17.04 Section: 17.04 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system 118. During meiosis crossing-over results in the exchange of homologous genes from one of a pair of chromatids to the other with no net change in possibilities for genetic expression. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: C13.01 Describe the events that take place in each stage of meiosis I and meiosis II. HAPS Topic: Module C13 Reproduction and cell division Learning Outcome: 17.01 Section: 17.01 Topic: Gametogenesis 119. Within the ovary, there are always a large number of ovarian follicles poised to release an ovum at ovulation. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R03.02 Relate the general stages of meiosis to the specific processes of spermatogenesis and oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R03 Gametogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Gametogenesis Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 120. Many (10-25) antral follicles begin the process of development but only one will usually progress to the point of ovulation. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 121. Infertility treatments most often involve the injection of aromatases, leading to enhanced numbers of developing early ovarian antral follicles. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: J05.06a In the ovary, describe the stimulus for release of estrogen, progesterone and inhibin. HAPS Objective: J05.06c In the ovary, name the target tissue or cells for estrogen, progesterone and inhibin and describe the effect(s) of the hormone on the target tissue or cells. HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Objective: R04.04 Analyze graphs depicting the typical female monthly sexual cycle and correlate ovarian activity, hormonal changes, and uterine events. HAPS Objective: R11.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the reproductive system could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module J05 Identity, source, secretory control, and functional roles of the major hormones produced by the body. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R11 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 17.04 Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.04 Section: 17.19 Topic: Clinical applications of the reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 122. 99.9% of the ovarian follicles a woman produces in her lifetime are viable and capable of being fertilized. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.02b Identify and describe the different stages of follicular development in the ovary, including the preovulatory follicle and the corpus luteum in reference to microscopic anatomy. HAPS Objective: R04.02 Describe the ovarian cycle and relate the events of the ovarian cycle to oogenesis. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. Learning Outcome: 17.13 Section: 17.13 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system 123. If an egg is present in the oviduct, fertilization is promoted only after several hours of capacitation have passed for sperm cells. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: R02.01 With respect to the gross anatomy, identify and describe the anatomy of the male and female reproductive system, including the gonads, ducts, accessory glands, associated support structures, and external genitalia. HAPS Objective: R04.01 Describe the pathway of the ovum from the ovary to the uterus. HAPS Objective: R07.01 Describe conception, including sperm capacitation, acrosomal reaction, sperm penetration, cortical reaction, and fusion of pronuclei. HAPS Topic: Module R02 Gross and microscopic anatomy of the male and female reproductive systems. HAPS Topic: Module R04 Specific roles of the female reproductive organs. HAPS Topic: Module R07 Conception, pregnancy, and embryological and fetal development. Learning Outcome: 17.19 Section: 17.19 Topic: Physiology of the female reproductive system Topic: Physiology of the male reproductive system Chapter 18 The Immune System Multiple Choice Questions 1. The immune system destroys or neutralizes: A. bacteria. B. viruses. C. nonmicrobial foreign substances. D. cancer cells that arise in the body. E. All of the choices are correct. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.02 Define immunity and the immune system. HAPS Topic: Module L04 Introduction to innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 2. Which is NOT true about viruses? A. They consist of a nucleic acid surrounded by a carbohydrate shell. B. They require a host cell in order to reproduce themselves. C. They may reside in a host cell for years without killing it. D. They may cause a host cell to become cancerous. E. They may have genetic information in the form of RNA. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 3. The killing of cancerous cells by the immune system is called: A. immune oversight. B. immune surveillance. C. tissue immunity. D. phagocytosis. E. hemostasis. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.02 Define immunity and the immune system. HAPS Topic: Module L04 Introduction to innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 4. Which is TRUE regarding the immune system cells? A. Plasma cells are derived from T cells. B. Macrophages are derived from basophils. C. Macrophages are derived from monocytes. D. The immune cells found within the bloodstream are called erythrocytes. E. Neutrophils are classified as lymphoid cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.03 Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive body defenses. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 5. Which of the following statements about the immune system is TRUE? A. Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes originate in bone marrow. B. Natural killer cells produce specific antibodies that kill bacteria and viruses. C. Mast cells are derived from monocytes. D. Plasma cells are derived from T lymphocytes. E. Macrophages are derived from neutrophils. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.03 Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive body defenses. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 6. Which of the following statements regarding the chemical mediators of inflammatory responses is NOT true? A. They may be secreted by cells residing in the area of injury. B. They may be secreted by cells that enter the affected area. C. They may be generated by enzymatic cleavage of proteins in plasma. D. They are all peptides. E. They may be chemotaxins. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L05.07b Summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 7. After initial entry of bacteria into a cut in the skin, vasodilation of local blood vessels and increased capillary permeability occur. Which of the following events is NOT part of the adaptive immune response to the infection? A. antigen interaction with lymphocytes B. production of antibodies that bind to antigens C. B-cell differentiation into plasma cells D. vasodilation of local blood vessels E. activation of lymphocytes Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L04.01 Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) defenses with adaptive (specific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L06 Overview of adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Nonspecific immunity 8. Chemotaxis: A. refers to the chemical attraction of neutrophils to a site of inflammation. B. is important only for innate immune responses. C. is important only for adaptive immune responses. D. refers to the engulfing of microbes and foreign molecules by macrophages. E. refers to dilation of blood vessels by chemicals released by damaged tissue cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.02 Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complex and explain their importance for innate defenses. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 9. Which of the following cell types binds to antigens on plasma membranes of target cells and directly destroys the cells? A. neutrophils B. NK cells C. cytotoxic T cells (CD8 cells) D. helper T cells (CD4 cells) E. B cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Topic: Module L06 Overview of adaptive (specific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.01 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 10. Which of the following statements regarding phagocytes and phagocytosis is true? A. Macrophages, monocytes, and mast cells are phagocytes. B. Contact of phagocytes with microbes stimulates the phagocytes to release chemicals that mediate the inflammatory response. C. Phagocytosis is stimulated by the presence of proteins called rhodopsins. D. Phagocytosis is the process by which leukocytes exit the bloodstream. E. Phagocytosis is a process that only occurs within the bloodstream. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.03 Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis and provide examples of important phagocytic cells in the body. HAPS Objective: L05.07b Summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.01 Section: 18.02 11. Which of the following statements regarding phagocytosis is TRUE? A. Macrophages are the only phagocytes in the tissues. B. The microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by lysosomal enzymes and hydrogen peroxide. C. Phagocytosis is controlled by a negative feedback mechanism whereby phagocytes release chemicals that inhibit further phagocytosis. D. The microbe engulfed by the phagocyte is killed by the membrane attack complex (MAC). E. Antibodies found inside lysosomes attack and kill microbes that are engulfed by phagocytosis. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L05.03 Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis and provide examples of important phagocytic cells in the body. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.01 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 12. Cells of the immune system capable of phagocytosis include: A. macrophages, NK cells, and basophils. B. B cells, T cells, and macrophages. C. monocytes, neutrophils, and plasma cells. D. macrophages, neutrophils, and dendritic cells. E. macrophages, mast cells, and lymphocytes. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.07b Summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 13. Which of the following statements regarding complement is FALSE? A. Certain complement proteins are always circulating in the blood in an inactive state. B. Activated complement can form a membrane attack complex, which forms pores in microbe membranes. C. Activated complement can stimulate cells to secrete inflammation-mediating chemicals. D. The complement pathway is always dependent upon activation of the first complement protein, C1. E. Some activated complement proteins activate other complement proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.02 Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complex and explain their importance for innate defenses. HAPS Objective: L05.05 Explain how complement and interferon function as antimicrobial chemicals. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 14. After activation of C3 of the complement system, which of these is a role of its component part, C3b? A. It acts as an enzyme to convert nitric oxide into hydrogen peroxide. B. It causes vasodilation of local blood vessels. C. It acts as a chemotaxin for macrophages. D. It stimulates the conversion of monocytes to neutrophils. E. It acts as an opsonin that is recognized by phagocytes targeting the microbe for destruction. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.02 Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complex and explain their importance for innate defenses. HAPS Objective: L05.05 Explain how complement and interferon function as antimicrobial chemicals. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 15. Which applies to the classical complement pathway, but NOT to the alternative complement pathway? A. Activation of C3 results in the formation of C3b. B. There is a cascade of proteins activated, which results in the killing of microbes. C. Complement proteins serve as opsonins that facilitate phagocyte binding to microbes. D. Antibodies activate the first complement protein (C1). E. Complement activation leads to the development of a multiunit protein called the membrane attack complex (MAC). Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.02 Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complex and explain their importance for innate defenses. HAPS Objective: L05.05 Explain how complement and interferon function as antimicrobial chemicals. HAPS Topic: Module L06 Overview of adaptive (specific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity 16. Colony-stimulating factors are produced by and target cells in the __ _, which results in ___ . A. macrophages; bone marrow; stimulation of proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes B. B cells; thymus; conversion of B cells to T cells C. NK cells; blood vessel walls; vasodilation D. monocytes; blood vessel walls; vasoconstriction E. basophils; bone marrow; release of histamine Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.03 Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive body defenses. HAPS Topic: Module K03 Identity, microscopic anatomy, numbers, formation, and functional roles of the formed elements of blood. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 17. Which does NOT accurately describe interferons? A. They are proteins produced by most cells of the body in response to infection by a virus. B. They interfere with viral replication in cells. C. They play a role in the killing of tumor cells. D. They kill bacteria by forming pores in the cell membrane. E. They bind to surface receptors on cells, and trigger cellular production of antiviral proteins. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L05.05 Explain how complement and interferon function as antimicrobial chemicals. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 18. Which of the following statements regarding the lymphoid organs is NOT true? A. The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus. B. The thymus secretes protein hormones, collectively called thymopoietins. C. Large numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes and spleen. D. The tonsils contain lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells that respond to microbes in food. E. Once a lymphocyte reaches a secondary lymphoid organ, it remains there for its lifetime. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L03.02d Describe the function of the lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, tonsils and other aggregations of mucosae-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT). HAPS Objective: L08.02b In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the sites where the cells originate and achieve their immunocompetence, and the primary location of the immunocompetent cells in the body. HAPS Topic: Module L03 Lymphatic cells, tissues, and organs. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 19. Which of the following statements regarding major histocompatibility proteins (MHCs) is TRUE? A. Class I MHCs are found on all cells of the body except erythrocytes. B. Class II MHCs are normally found in the cell membranes of bacteria. C. Cytotoxic T cells require class II MHCs to recognize foreign antigens. D. All humans have identical sets of MHC proteins. E. MHC proteins are the same thing as antibodies. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L07.03b Describe where class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) and MHC proteins are found. HAPS Topic: Module L06 Overview of adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity 20. Helper T cells: A. are activated by antigen presented with MHC II proteins. B. secrete antibodies that target specific antigens. C. secrete perforin when activated. D. convert to plasma cells after they are activated. E. do not interact with MHC proteins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L07.03c Explain the function of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in adaptive immunity. HAPS Objective: L07.05 Explain the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and provide examples of cells that function as APCs. HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Topic: Module L07 Antigens and antigen processing. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 21. Cytotoxic T cells: A. secrete perforin, which kills bacteria and viruses by perforating the membrane or coat that surrounds them. B. are activated by interleukin 1. C. require Class I MHC proteins to recognize foreign antigens. D. are converted to plasma cells when activated by MHC proteins. E. secrete proteins that neutralize bacterial toxins. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L07.05 Explain the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and provide examples of cells that function as APCs. HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Objective: L08.02d In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the defense mechanisms and functions. HAPS Topic: Module L07 Antigens and antigen processing. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 22. Which of the following statements regarding the secretions of immune system cells is TRUE? A. Type 2 interferons are only secreted by macrophages. B. Interleukin 2 is a cytokine secreted by most immune cells. C. Type 1 interferons are also called interferon-gamma. D. Colony-stimulating factors are secreted mainly by plasma cells. E. Antibodies are produced and secreted by macrophages. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.03 Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive body defenses. HAPS Objective: L08.02d In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the defense mechanisms and functions. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 23. After phagocytosis of a microbe, vesicles called phagosomes combine with intracellular organelles called ___ _ , resulting in destruction of the microbe. A. autosomes B. ribosomes C. nucleosomes D. mitochondria E. lysosomes Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.03 Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis and provide examples of important phagocytic cells in the body. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 24. Natural killer cells: A. are activated by IL-2 and interferon-gamma. B. only attack bacteria. C. cannot interact with antibodies. D. secrete interferon-gamma to activate helper T-cells. E. have primary responsibility for mass-manufacturing antibodies against foreign antigens. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.04 Describe natural killer cells and discuss their function. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.01 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity Topic: Nonspecific immunity 25. Which is NOT a function performed by activated macrophages? A. They perform phagocytosis. B. They secrete cell-killing chemicals. C. They present antigens to T-cells. D. They secrete cytokines involved in inflammation. E. They produce antibodies that bind to specific antigens. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.03 Describe the roles of various types of leukocytes in innate and adaptive body defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L06 Overview of adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Nonspecific immunity 26. Antibodies are: A. secreted by helper T cells. B. cytokines. C. immunoglobulins. D. composed of two polypeptide chains - a heavy chain and a light chain. E. phagocytes. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L06.01 Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. HAPS Objective: L09.03 List the five classes of antibodies and discuss structural and functional features that distinguish each class. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity 27. Which is NOT true regarding antibodies? A. They are secreted by plasma cells. B. They protect against viruses by binding to them and presenting them to phagocytes. C. They protect against viruses by binding to them and neutralizing them. D. They activate complement. E. They are the main mediators of the innate immune response. Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L09.02 Describe mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity 28. When an antigen is bound to an antibody, it binds to: A. the heavy immunoglobulin chain only. B. the light immunoglobulin chain only. C. a specific antigen-binding site formed by heavy and light chains. D. a hypervariable region of immunoglobulin DNA. E. gamma immunoglobulin only. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L07.01 Define antigen and antigen receptor. HAPS Objective: L09.02 Describe mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions. HAPS Topic: Module L07 Antigens and antigen processing. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity 29. B cells that differentiate during an initial immune response but remain dormant until being activated during a subsequent exposure to an antigen are called: A. T cells. B. memory cells. C. macrophages. D. monocytes. E. cytokines. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.02d In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the defense mechanisms and functions. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 30. Which class of antibodies are commonly called gamma globulin? A. IgM B. IgE C. IgG D. IgA E. IgD Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L09.03 List the five classes of antibodies and discuss structural and functional features that distinguish each class. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity 31. Which of these correctly describes a systemic response to infection? A. Appetite generally increases compared to normal. B. The body's set point temperature is reset so that body temperature is maintained lower than normal. C. The liver retains iron and zinc so plasma levels are decreased from normal. D. There is reduced breakdown of triglycerides in adiopse tissue and a decrease in plasma free fatty acids compared to normal. E. Secretion of cortisol by the adrenal cortex is decreased. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L11.02 Explain how the lymphatic and immune systems relate to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. Learning Outcome: 18.04 Section: 18.04 32. Which of the following is NOT a systemic effect of IL-1 and other cytokines in response to infection or tissue injury? A. increased plasma levels of amino acids B. increased secretion of colony-stimulating factors C. decreased appetite D. secretion of acute-phase proteins by the liver E. stimulation of helper T cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L11.02 Explain how the lymphatic and immune systems relate to other body systems to maintain homeostasis. Learning Outcome: 18.04 Section: 18.04 33. Which is NOT true about AIDS? A. It is caused by a retrovirus. B. It is caused by a virus that contains RNA. C. It is transmitted by intimate contact with infected blood, sexual intercourse with an infected partner, or by an infected mother to her fetus or breast-fed infant. D. Certain unusual cancers such as Kaposi's sarcoma co-occur with relatively high frequency. E. The HIV virus preferentially enters and disables B cells. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the lymphatic and immune systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module L12 Predictions related to homeostatic imbalance, including disease states and disorders. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 34. What two cell types are mainly responsible for graft rejection? A. B cells and helper T cells B. natural killer cells and B cells C. marcrophages and natural killer cells D. cytotoxic T cells and helper T cells E. B cells and plasma cells Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 35. Which is normally present in a subject with type O blood? A. erythrocytes carrying type A antigen B. erythrocytes carrying type B antigen C. both anti-A and anti-B antibodies in the plasma D. erythrocytes with both type A antigen and type B antigen E. plasma that has neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K05.02 List the type of antigen and the type of antibodies present in each ABO blood type. HAPS Topic: Module K05 ABO and Rh blood grouping. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 36. Which of the following statements regarding blood-type incompatibilities between a mother and her fetus is TRUE? A. An Rh-negative fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-positive. B. An Rh-positive fetus may be at risk if its mother is Rh-negative. C. A fetus with type B blood may be at risk if its mother has type O blood. D. The risk to an Rh-positive fetus of an Rh-negative mother is lessened if she has previously carried an Rh-negative fetus. E. The greatest risk to a fetus occurs when both mother and fetus are Rh-positive. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K05.05 Predict which blood types are compatible and what happens when the incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused. HAPS Topic: Module K05 ABO and Rh blood grouping. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 37. Which type of allergy/hypersensitivity occurs independent of antibodies? A. immune-complex hypersensitivity B. immediate hypersensitivity C. cytotoxic hypersensitivity D. delayed hypersensitivity Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the lymphatic and immune systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 38. Which is NOT an example of an autoimmune disease? A. AIDS B. multiple sclerosis C. myasthenia gravis D. rheumatoid arthritis E. type 1 diabetes mellitus Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L12.01 Predict factors or situations affecting the lymphatic and immune systems that could disrupt homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 39. Individuals who have been infected by the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV): A. always manifest symptoms early in the disease process. B. can be diagnosed only when they develop certain rare forms of cancer. C. succumb to the disease in a relatively brief period of time after infection due to massive loss of T lymphocytes. D. generally are diagnosed by detection of anti-HIV antibodies or HIV RNA in their blood. E. have normal B-cell and cytotoxic T-cell function. Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology 40. Which of the following is NOT normally a route of transmission of HIV/AIDS? A. unprotected sexual intercourse with an infected partner B. kissing or contact with items contaminated by the saliva of an infected individual C. across the placenta from an infected mother to her fetus during pregnancy or delivery D. via breast milk during nursing E. transfer of contaminated blood or blood products from one person to another Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology 41. The rationale behind the drugs used to treat HIV/AIDS is to reduce the number of viruses present in the body to infect otherwise healthy cells. Which of these is NOT a therapy that acts in this way? A. inhibition of the reverse transcriptase enzyme B. interference with the processes involved in expression of viral nucleic acid by the host cell C. blocking an alpha protease enzyme associated with the assembly of the virus D. chemical agents directed at interruption of mitosis in host cells for the virus E. blocking the attachment and fusion of the HIV viruses with T lymphocyte host cells Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology True / False Questions 42. Immune surveillance refers to the search for and destruction of bacteria in the blood. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L04.01 Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) defenses with adaptive (specific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.01 Section: 18.01 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 43. The body's first line of defense against invasion by microbes is a physical and chemical barrier. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.01 Name the surface membrane barriers and describe their physical, chemical, and microbiological mechanisms of defense. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 44. The local response to injury in the body is called infection. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.01 Name the surface membrane barriers and describe their physical, chemical, and microbiological mechanisms of defense. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 45. Histamine is a mediator of inflammatory responses that is generated by enzymatic cleavage of a plasma precursor. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.07b Summarize the cells and chemicals involved in the inflammatory process. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 46. A consequence of inflammation is increased capillary filtration and edema, which causes swelling and pain. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.07c and explain the cause of the four cardinal signs of inflammation. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 47. A chemical that causes binding of a phagocyte to a microbe is called a chemotaxin. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.02 Define diapedesis, chemotaxis, opsonization, and membrane attack complex and explain their importance for innate defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 48. A phagocyte can kill a microbe only after phagocytosis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.03 Describe the steps involved in phagocytosis and provide examples of important phagocytic cells in the body. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 49. Adaptive immune responses differ from innate immune responses in that the former are mediated by lymphocytes. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L04.01 Compare and contrast innate (nonspecific) defenses with adaptive (specific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L04 Introduction to innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive (specific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.02 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Nonspecific immunity 50. Bone marrow is the primary site of B lymphocyte maturation. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.02b In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the sites where the cells originate and achieve their immunocompetence, and the primary location of the immunocompetent cells in the body. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 51. T lymphocytes mature primarily in the thymus. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.02b In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the sites where the cells originate and achieve their immunocompetence, and the primary location of the immunocompetent cells in the body. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 52. Antibody-mediated responses and humoral responses are two different categories of adaptive immune responses. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L06.01 Distinguish between humoral and cell-mediated immunity. HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Objective: L09.02 Describe mechanisms of antibody action and correlate mechanisms with effector functions. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity 53. In cell-mediated immune responses, immune cells directly kill antigen-bearing cells. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Objective: L08.02d In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the defense mechanisms and functions. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Adaptive immunity 54. Cytotoxic T cells kill body cells by phagocytosis. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Objective: L08.02d In relation to B cells and T cells, compare and contrast the defense mechanisms and functions. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 55. Helper T cells bind to antigen complexed with class II MHC proteins, while cytotoxic T cells bind to antigen complexed with class I MHC proteins. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L07.03c Explain the function of class I and class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in adaptive immunity. HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Topic: Module L07 Antigens and antigen processing. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 56. Helper T cells are important only for cell-mediated immune responses. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L08.01 Distinguish among the various types of lymphocytes, including helper T cells, cytotoxic T cells, regulatory (or suppressor) T cells, B cells, plasma cells, and memory cells. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity 57. Unlike cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells do not require antigen to be complexed with class I MHC proteins in order to bind to the antigen. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L05.04 Describe natural killer cells and discuss their function. HAPS Objective: L07.05 Explain the role of antigen-presenting cells (APCs) and provide examples of cells that function as APCs. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. HAPS Topic: Module L07 Antigens and antigen processing. HAPS Topic: Module L08 Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antigens and antigen processing Topic: Lymphocytes and their role in adaptive immunity Topic: Nonspecific immunity 58. A person who receives a vaccine made from killed virus particles will, if the vaccination is successful, acquire passive immunity against that virus. FALSE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L10.02 Describe natural and artificial examples of both active and passive immunity. HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Applied immunology 59. The primary difference between active and passive immunity is that in active immunity, antibodies are produced in response to the presence of an antigen, while in passive immunity, pre-formed antibodies are provided from one person to another. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L10.01 Distinguish between active and passive immunity. HAPS Topic: Module L09 Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.03 Section: 18.03 Topic: Antibodies and their role in adaptive immunity Topic: Applied immunology 60. HIV preferentially attacks cytotoxic T cells. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology 61. Drugs that block the production of cytokines, like cyclosporin, may be useful for treating autoimmune disorders. TRUE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 62. A person with type B blood can generally accept a transfusion of type AB blood. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K05.05 Predict which blood types are compatible and what happens when the incorrect ABO or Rh blood type is transfused. HAPS Topic: Module K05 ABO and Rh blood grouping. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 63. People lacking Rh factor are born with circulating antibodies against it. FALSE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: K05.03 Describe how the presence or absence of Rh antigen results in blood being classified as positive or negative. HAPS Topic: Module K05 ABO and Rh blood grouping. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 64. Passive immunization of an Rh-negative woman with anti-Rh factor antibodies within a few hours of giving birth to an Rh-positive baby is helpful in preventing hemolytic disease of the newborn in a subsequent pregnancy. TRUE Bloom's: Level 1. Remember HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module K05 ABO and Rh blood grouping. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.06 Section: 18.06 Topic: Applied immunology 65. The skin constitutes a good barrier for foreign chemicals that are nonpolar. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: L05.01 Name the surface membrane barriers and describe their physical, chemical, and microbiological mechanisms of defense. HAPS Topic: Module L05 Innate (nonspecific) defenses. Learning Outcome: 18.02 Section: 18.02 Topic: Nonspecific immunity 66. A patient with AIDS would be likely to react to an infection with a greater elevation of plasma cortisol than a person without the disease. FALSE Bloom's: Level 3. Apply HAPS Objective: L12.02 Predict the types of problems that would occur in the body if the lymphatic and immune systems could not maintain homeostasis. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology 67. Treatment of individuals with HIV infection focuses upon early detection by interfering with the processes involved in replication and assembly of the virus by T lymphocytes, rather than attacking infected host cells directly. TRUE Bloom's: Level 2. Understand HAPS Objective: L10.03 Provide examples of how applied immunology can be used to diagnose, treat and prevent. HAPS Topic: Module L10 Applied immunology. Learning Outcome: 18.05 Section: 18.05 Topic: Applied immunology [Show More]

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