Western Kentucky University: SOCIO 302 Study Guide (2015-16)

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When we conceptualize, we specify what we mean by a term. A concept that does not vary is known as a constant. The term variable may be used interchangeably with the term indicator. An operation is... the process of linking abstract concepts to empirical indicants. The primary problem with using available data for new research questions is that there is very little social data available. There can only be one correct definition of a concept. An open-ended question is designed with explicit response choices. When we operationalize, we identify specific observations that we will take to indicate a concept in empirical reality. Open-ended questions are most frequently used for large surveys. A survey asks married people whether their marriage is: very happy, somewhat happy, or not very happy. This is an example of a closed-ended question. a survey asking married people whether their marriage is: very happy, somewhat happy, or not very happy this is an example of what? Qualitative research usually takes an inductive approach to the process of conceptualization. Only open-ended questions need to be exhaustive and mutually exclusive. FalseDirect observation is a method of choice for measuring behavior in natural settings Contrived observation is considered unethical and unreliable, and should not be used in social scientific research. Triangulation weakens measurement considerably because we can achieve similar results with different measures of the same variable. Gender is a good example of a ratio level of measurement. Unlike other levels of measurement, nominal levels of measurement need not be exhaustive and mutually exclusive. Government statistics generated by a central agency usually have higher quality than official data collected by local levels of government and compiled into a single report. At the ratio level of measurement, addition and subtraction are possible. The U.S. Census always included a question in order to categorize the respondent by race. The process by which a researcher defines specifically what he or she means when using a concept is known as: The procedures for identifying or indicating the value of cases on a variable are known as: Which of the following is NOT a problem with using available data? what are the problems with using available data? Which of the following is NOT true regarding closed-ended questions? Open-ended questions are preferable to closed-ended questions in which of the following situations? According to Schutt, which is not a reason why youth gangs are hard to define? Which of the following is NOT an example of a concept? In variables measured at the nominal level of measurement, Which of the following is an example of a variable measured at the nominal level of measurement? Unobtrusive measures can provide a researcher with a wealth of content. Which of the following does NOT involve an unobtrusive measure? Which of the following can NOT be performed on data collected at the ratio level of measurement? A characteristic that doesn't change across cases is known as a/an: What kind of validity is achieved if scores on measures related to one concept are not strongly associated with measures of different concepts? Which of the following statistics is used commonly to measure inter-item reliability? Inter-observer reliability occurs when: Identify the ordinal measure: When researchers measure an unchanging phenomenon at two different times, the degree to which the two measurements are related is called: Reliability refers to which of the following? Questions are often the basis of which type(s) of research? Predictive validity occurs when: To establish concurrent validity, a researcher must include which of the following in a survey that includes a new index of depression? Face validity refers to: Which level of measurement is the most mathematically precise? Which of the following is an example of a variable measured at the interval level of measurement? Which of the following is an example of a variable measured at the ordinal level of measurement? When a respondent is asked to choose among explicit response categories, he or she has been asked what type of question? Using more than one measure of the same variable, such as using a survey and direct observation, is known as: Which of the following type of closed-ended question does not have to have mutually exclusive response categories? Which of the following is NOT a type of unobtrusive measure? The nominal level of measurement is synonymous with which of the following level of measurement: The process of specifying the operations that will indicate the value of cases on a variable is known as: If a respondent misreads a survey question and answers incorrectly, what is the source of measurement error? If responses are affected by factors that are not what the instrument is intended to measure, then what is the source of measurement error? Which level of measurement has a value that signifies absolutely no amount of whatever variable it indicates? Using 24 questions to represent multiple dimensions of the problems associated with alcohol abuse attempts to establish what type of validity? According to the GAO (2006), intimate partner violence was measured in terms of: A sample is always drawn from the target population. The individual members of the population whose characteristics are to be measured are called the elements. The difference between the characteristics of a sample and the characteristics of a population from which it was drawn is the sampling error The larger the sampling error, the more representative the sample. Sampling is unnecessary if all units in the population are identical. In a representative sample, some characteristics are overrepresented or underrepresented when compared to the population. In a census, the probability of selection is ALWAYS less than 1. 0. Probability sampling methods have no systematic bias. The fraction of the total population that a sample contains largely affects the sample's representativeness. The validity of cross-population generalizations can be tested through sampling. The U. S. Government uses tax dollars to conduct the Census. Quota sampling requires that the researcher have some prior knowledge of characteristics in the population. People may refuse to participate in population censes because of political reasons We can mathematically determine the likely degree of sampling error in an estimate based on a random sample, provided we have a reasonable response rate. Qualitative research methods tend to use probability sampling methods When sampling distributions take a normal shape, we can determine confidence intervals around the most common value. The proportion of the whole population that the sample represents is more important than the size of the sample for determining the sample's representativeness. The probability of selection is equal for each element in a simple random sample. Replacement sampling replaces sample elements that have been chosen for the study with newer elements from the population. Sample generalizability depends on the amount of sampling error in order to determine quality of the sample. A list of 1000 students in alphabetical order has been provided to you, and you want a sample of 50. Using systematic random sampling techniques, what is the sampling interval? the proportion of the whole population that the sample represents is more important than the size of the sample for determining the sample's representiveness (T/F) The list from which elements of populations are selected for a sample is known as the: Population The entire set of individuals or other entities to which study findings will be generalized is the: A subset of the population used to study the population as a whole is known as a/an: How can a researcher test the validity of cross-population generalizations? In Metropolitan Region Y, 75% of the population lives in suburban areas, while only 25% remain in the central city. We draw a sample of 50 city residents and 50 suburban residents. This sample is: What new technique did the U. S. Census introduce in 2010 in an attempt to increase the response rate? A survey that takes measurements from all elements of a population is also known as a: Response rates in a random sample should be at least _______ percent, in order to estimate a population parameter: In the population of New Town, 30 percent of the people work for Bigg Corporation, 30 percent work in the public sector (including education), and 40 percent are self-employed. In a survey of 100 residents of New Town, 40 people worked for Bigg Corporation, 40 percent worked in the public sector, and 20 people were self-employed. This sample was: If one third of all elements in a population will be selected for a simple random sample, the probability of selection for each element in the population is: if 1/3 of all elements in a population will be selected for a simple random sample, the probability of selection for each element in the population is: Which of the following is FALSE about probability sampling methods? which of the following is true? When nothing but chance determines the elements selected for a sample, there is no: Which of the following is NOT a procedure for simple random selection of elements? Which of the following is FALSE regarding simple random sampling? A researcher gets a list of all 500 members of Social Club Z that she wants to include in her study. She only has the funding and time to survey 50 members. She takes her list of members, randomly selects a starting point, and then selects every tenth name from the list to be included in her sample. In this example, the sampling interval is: Sampling bias known as periodicity occurs in which type of sampling design? A researcher studying small town religiosity in the United States randomly selected ten states. From these states, he randomly selected one tenth of all counties. From these counties, he randomly selected one tenth of cities with populations smaller than 10,000. From these towns, he obtained lists of all houses of worship and randomly selected three. From these, he selected ten practitioners to be interviewed. In this example, which is NOT a cluster? Which two sampling methods require that the researcher know something about the salient characteristics of the population (such as race, ethnicity, or gender) before selecting samples? When a 1936 Literary Digest poll found overwhelming support for Alfred Landon's presidential bid over Franklin Delano Roosevelt, they made an erroneous prediction that Landon would defeat FDR. What are the probable sources for error in their poll that helps explain their mistake? Which of the following is NOT a means for generating a random sample? Quota sampling is advisable when: In purposive sampling, a researcher should continue to select interviewees until which of the following things have been achieved? A researcher has decided to do a study of people who hunt in a nearby national forest. He asks a friend, whom he knows to be a hunter, if he would consent to an interview. He interviews his friend, and then asks his friend if he could name other people who hunted in the forest. His friend provides him with five names. The researcher contacts those five people, interviews them, and asks each of those people for names of other hunters. This sampling technique is known as: You have a population of 1000 students, of which 75% are male. You want to draw a sample of 100 students, of which 50 are male and 50 are female. What is the probability of selection for men? Which of the following statements is FALSE regarding sample quality? Which of the following is FALSE regarding normal curves? Which of the following is NOT a convention for confidence intervals in the social sciences? You have a population of 100, with 20% of them male and 80% female. The mean income for men is $100,000 and for women is $68,000. To estimate the mean income for the entire population, what is the weight you should use for the male population? Cross-sectional research collects data at one point in time. If a contextual effect exists, then causality cannot be established. Time order cannot be established in cross-sectional research designs. A trend study has a repeated cross-sectional design. Quantitative research generally seeks to test idiographic causal explanations using either experimental or non-experimental designs. Interviewing survivors of the 9-11 attacks is an example of a cohort study. In some studies, the unit of analysis and the unit of observation are the same. The unit of analysis is the level of social life from which data is collected. If a study contains an ecological fallacy, it has drawn conclusions about individuals from group-level data. If a study contains a reductionist fallacy, it has drawn conclusions about individuals based on group-level data. A nomothetic causal explanation is deterministic. A counterfactual situation is a hypothetical one, in which researchers must estimate what the situation would have been in the absence of variation in the independent variable. Idiographic causal explanations seek to specify which conditions led to a particular outcome in a particular case or event. Association in causal explanations requires that variables vary together. Randomization is a technique used to ensure spuriousness in experimental designs. Retrospective data tends to be reliable when measuring past psychological states and behaviors. The goal of a trend study is to determine if a sample has changed over time. A panel design is better than a repeated cross-sectional design for testing causal hypotheses. In experimental designs, statistical control reduces the risk of spuriousness. Research that collects data at more than one point in time is called: Longitudinal research designs are generally superior to cross-sectional research designs because they more readily establish: Which of the following is NOT a circumstance in which it is reasonable to draw conclusions about time order based on cross-sectional data? In a nomothetic causal explanation, the focus is on which of the following as the cause? Individual respondents in a repeated cross-sectional study: Fixed sample panel studies are distinguished by which of the following designs: Attrition in panel studies refers to which of the following? A cohort has which of the following characteristics? The narrative is a critical element in which of the following? Most sociological and psychological studies use which unit of analysis? Conclusions drawn about individuals based on family-level data (such as income. may or may not be correct, due to the possibility of an error known as a/an: The belief that the variation in an independent variable will be followed by variation in the dependent variable, when all other things are equal, is known as: While investigating why juveniles commit murder, a researcher extensively interviews one thirteen-year-old who was convicted of this crime. The researcher paid careful attention to the specific conditions of this juvenile offender that led to his crime, such as: his relationship with his parents, his peers, his previous delinquency, his psychological health, his biological health, his educational experiences, his contact with role models, his exposure to media, and his history of violent behavior. This study is a good example of what type of causal explanation? In a true experiment, how is association established? Researcher K is interested in the effects of gender on educational attainment, so she asked one member of 100 households to provide the gender and number of years of education completed for adults in the household. In K's study, the unit of analysis is: After consulting factory records, Researcher P finds that factories with higher proportions of male workers are more likely to be union shops. P concludes that in future research on union activism, the focus should be on male individuals. What methodological error has P committed? To say that variables have an association is to say that: Researcher M found that when temperatures rise, so does the crime rate. Researcher M has satisfied which criterion for causality? To establish time order, which of the following must come first? By definition, a cross-sectional study: In non-experimental research designs, which technique is usually used to establish non-spuriousness? Which causal criteria is the most difficult to establish when using cross-sectional designs? The process through which the independent variable creates changes in a dependent variable is known as a/an: In cross-sectional research, which of the following is assumed to come before current attitudes? in cross-sectional research, what is assumed to come before current attitudes? What technique reduces the risk of spuriousness in non-experimental designs? Historically, Southern cities have been more spatially integrated by race than have Northern cities. This is an example of: Dr. Smith is exploring the effects of bullying on children's self-esteem. In order to conduct her research, she decides to interview children at a local high school about their experiences with bullies. What are the units of analysis for this study? John found that freshman girls at a local high school were more likely than freshman boys to get detention. In his paper, he concludes that overall high school girls are more likely than boys to get in trouble. This is an example of: Katherine is creating a mock research design that examines the effect of college on religiosity among students. She wishes to interview a random sample of incoming freshmen and do subsequent interviews with the same group at the end of each semester for four years. This is an example of: The problem of panel members growing weary of repeated interviews, which could cause participants to drop out of the study or give thoughtless answers to standard questions, is called: el atun el bistec la carne de cerdo la chuleta la carne picada los huevos el jamon el pavo turkey la salchicha el tocino el aguacate los championes el durazno las espinacas la fresa los frijoles los guisantes peaces la manzana la toronja grapefruit las uvas la zanahoria el arroz la galleta el pan la leche la mantiquilla los dulces el flan el helado el pastel la cebolla la lechuga las papas el coco los camorones shrimp el pescado el jugo reliability is a prerequisite for what measurement? domestic violence is an example of a concept (T/F) how do values measure in variables measured at the nominal level? (addition/subtraction, greater than/less than, multiplication/division, ratios) which of these can NOT be performed on data collected at the ratio level of measurement? when a measure can predict scores on a criterion measured in the future what is occurring? the apparent appropriateness of how a concept is measured is referred to as: (military rank, birth order of siblings, age measured as a child/teen/adult/elderly, order in which subjects complete a given task) which is an example of a variable measured at the ordinal level of measurement? (archives, contrived observation, indexes, physical trace evidence, simple observations) which is NOT a type of unobtrusive measure? the individual members of the population whose characteristics are to be measured are called: what sampling method has no systematic bias? what kind of sampling requires that the researcher have some prior knowledge of characteristics in the population? why may people refuse to participate in population censes? when sampling distributions take a normal shape what can we determine? the list from which elements of population are selected for a sample is known as the: response rates in a random sample should be at least ___%, in order to estimate a population parameter: there is no sampling error in probability sampling methods (T/F) which two sampling methods require that the researcher know something about the salient characteristics of the population? a counterfactual situation is a hypothetical one, in which researchers must estimate what the situation would have been in thee absence of variation in the independent variable (T/F) this type of explanation seeks to specify which conditions led to a particular outcome in a particular case or event association in causal explanations requires what? a repeated cross-sectional study is also known as what? this design is better than a repeated cross-sectional design for testing causal hypotheses in experimental deigns, statistical control reduces the risk of spuriousness (T/F) it is NOT reasonable to draw conclusions about time order based on cross-sectional data when: in a nomothetic causal explanation, the focus is on what as the cause? fixed sample panel studies are distinguished by: a cohort has what in common: conclusions drawn about individuals based on family-level data, may or may not be correct, due to the possibility of an error known as: to say that variables have an association is to say that: researcher M found that when temps rise, so does the rate of crime. researcher M has satisfied study that collects data from two or more samples in non-experimental research designs, what technique is usually used to establish nonspuriousness? historically, Southern cities have been more spatially integrated by race than have Northern states. this is an example of: require random assignment of subjects to two or more groups true experiments can only two comparison groups: an experimental and a control group (T/F) this group receives no treatment in an experiment this group receives the treatment in an experiment: what two tests are required for all true experiments? indicated if subjects are not randomly assigned to comparison groups in experimental research, the researcher controls the causal mechanism (T/F) a fixed sample panel design is the same thing as a before-and-after quasi-experimental design (T/F) time order cannot be assured in? although gross-population generalizability is difficult to achieve using experiments, a true experiment usually has high sample generalizability (T/F) ethically, a researcher may deceive subjects to persuade them to participate in an experiment as long as no harm comes to the subject (T/F) contamination occurs when a researcher deliberately tampers with the results of the posttest after an experiment is complete (T/F) what does the posttest measure in an experiment? a true experiment allows the establishment of non-spuriousness through: A researcher randomly assigns people into two groups: one that will receive the experiment treatment and one that will not: the group that receives the treatment is called: A researcher is concerned gender response to an experimental stimulus. So subjects are paired with another subject who has the same gender, and one member from each pair is assigned by a flip of a coin to the experimental group and one to the control group. This method of assigning subjects to groups is called field experiments have particular difficulty controlling for: in nonequivalent control group designs, the comparison group is selected by using: a common feature of all before-and-after designs is: two types of before-and-after experimental designs in which multiple pretest and posttest researcher V wants to compare similar drunk driving laws in several states. she elects states that have similar median incomes, automobile fatalities per capita, and car ownership per capita. She has attempted to match states using what technique? a study of a policy change that affects all members of your organization is best done using what technique? true experiments are designed to maximize: differential attrition in comparison and experimental groups creates what type of internal invalidity ? B collects # of new building permits issued every month for five yrs prior to the establishment of a new development controls, and for 5 yrs after development controls were in place. B wants to know if the development controls changed the number of the new building permits. B's research design is: university conducts series of surveys; subjects drawn from 1st yr and grad students; finds grad students demonstrate higher rates of approval for the university. university then claims that more experience with the university leads to higher approval. what source of internal invalidity has univ. not considered What is not an example of endogenous change, in which internal validity is compromised because of natural developments in the subjects, independent of experimental treatment? While participating in a lengthy experiment involving job training for welfare recipients, the economy enters into a major recession. Posttest measurements found that job training was unsuccessful in helping participants locate jobs. However, the experiment's designers claim that the findings were inconclusive because of internal invalidity. Which of the following sources of internal invalidity would they be most likely to name as the problem? If a control group realizes they are being denied some advantage, which two processes may create invalid experimental findings: What is NOT a source of non-comparability between comparison groups? After they had failed the writing exam that was required of all students before graduation, fifteen students were placed in a class in which they received additional tutoring. After completing this class, all fifteen students retook the exam and earned higher scores. Their success was held up as an example that the class curriculum really works. What source of internal invalidity has not been considered? Research Assistant Z is particularly enthusiastic when working with subjects who are receiving SUPER treatment, but less animated when working with subjects who are receiving a placebo. Z's actions may introduce what type of internal invalidity into the research on SUPER treatment? Schutt indicates that the “Achilles heel” of true experimental design is: The potential for interaction of testing and treatment creates the least concern in which of the following designs: Factorial surveys have the potential for interaction of testing and treatment creates the least concern in which of the following designs (T/F) If researchers have evidence that some treatment will produce benefits for participants, but they do not have the financial resources to administer it to all subjects, what is an ethical way to distribute the benefits without compromising the strength of experimental design? A researcher is asked to distribute medication to the participants of a study. Although each cup of medication is labeled with the participant's number, neither the researcher nor the participants know who is getting the placebo and who is getting the actual treatment. What type of experimental method does this example illustrate? Survey research accounts for more than a third of published research articles in sociology, economics, and social psychology. (T/F) The general social survey is what kind of survey? Survey research involves the collection of information from a sample of individuals through direct observation. (T/F) The following is an example of a double-negative question: Do you agree or disagree that taxes should not be raised again this year? (T/F) Survey methods have difficulties collecting data from large populations (T/F) In survey questions, when response choices fall on a continuum, the number of positive and negative response categories should be equal. (T/F) people who are neutral but will choose an answer if not given a neutral response choice Questions are the centerpiece of survey research (T/F) The survey instrument used in an in-person interview is known as a questionnaire. (T/F) Previously published questions do not usually need to be pretested when used in a new Questionnaires should minimize the amount of “white space” between questions so that surveys don't seem long to respondents. (T/F) Using shorter and less complex words on a survey will insult respondents with more education and so should be avoided. (T/F) A context effect refers to how questions on a survey influence how subsequent questions are interpreted. (T/F) The central concern in a mailed survey is maximizing the response rate. (T/F) Cover letters should be distributed to respondents in a group-administered survey. (T/F) Phrasing rarely affects the way a person responds to a question when using fixed-choice questions. (T/F) The number of positive and negative response categories should be balanced to avoid biased responses. (T/F) Filter questions should be minimized on self-administered surveys. (T/F) A weighted index is also known as a scale. (T/F) In-person interviews are the strongest survey design and are preferable when sufficient resources and a trained staff are available. (T/F) Deception is most often the primary focus of ethical concern in survey research. (T/F) Anonymity requires that no identifying information is EVER recorded to link respondents with their responses. (T/F) Mailed surveys have the lowest response rates. (T/F) Telephone response rates have increased in recent years because of the widespread use of cellular phones. (T/F) Survey research is most appropriate when which of the following is a central research goal? Surveys are considered efficient because they: To save costs, the GSS asks certain questions to subjects in subsamples, allowing more questions to be asked in the overall sample. This technique is known as: Survey questions should generally be kept to less than how many words? If you think people have an opinion but are reluctant to express it, it's a good idea to use which type of questions? Behavior coding involves which of the following? A good way to determine if a questionnaire contains a context effect is to: What is the minimum acceptable response rate for a mailed survey? Six to eight weeks after an initial survey mailing, a survey researcher should do which of the following to attempt to get non-respondents to complete their survey? Which of the following is NOT a problem for phone surveys? A computer-assisted telephone interview (CATI) has all of the characteristics below EXCEPT Which of the following is NOT a problem for maximizing response rates in in-person interviews? Interactive Voice Response surveys require which of the following: If sufficient resources and a trained staff are available, which survey design is almost always preferable? Group surveys differ from other types of surveys in the following way: Which of the following is a good idea for making the questionnaire attractive to respondents: Political Party X calls voters and asks them the following question: How concerned are you with the corruption that plagues both major political parties today? What kind of survey is this? To identify floaters, include which of the following response categories? Anonymity exists when: In a survey, a contingent question always follows a/an: Filter questions are primarily used to: To improve respondents' memories about specific past events: The best option for reducing idiosyncratic variation in survey questions that measure a concept is to: An index that weighs items based on importance is known as a/an: The best way to improve response rates on a mailed survey is: When questions in an index cluster into correlated subsets, the index is called a/an: In a phone survey or an in-person survey, the list of questions is referred to as: The single most important requirement for obtaining an adequate response rate to a mailed survey is: The design of the overall questionnaire is important. Researchers should attend to all of the following features of questionnaire construction EXCEPT: What guideline does the following question violate in terms of guidelines for writing questions: Do you agree that families with children are happier? What guideline does the following question violate in terms of guidelines for writing questions: Would you support or oppose penalties against gas-guzzling vehicles? What guideline does the following question violate in terms of guidelines for writing questions: Do you favor or oppose tougher drug fines and longer mandatory sentences? What guideline does the following question violate in terms of guidelines for writing questions: Do you disagree that there should not be a quiz on Chapter 8? The popularity of survey research is due to The systematic collection of data from individuals using responses to standardized questions Focus groups that result in guided discussions Data cleaning is most important when downloading secondary data files (T/F) Precoding refers to assigning numeric codes to response categories on a survey prior to letting respondents complete the survey. (T/F) Three features of a shape are important in a univariate distribution: mean, median, and mode. (T/F) A frequency polygon displays number and percentage of cases per cell in a table. (T/F) The beginning point of axes on graphs should be zero unless clearly marked (T/F) In bar charts and histograms, bars should be of unequal width to facilitate comparing between categories. (T/F) If a variable contains more than 20 potential categories, it should be grouped in a frequency distribution. (T/F) A combined frequency display eliminates unnecessary percentages, such as those corresponding to the second value of a dichotomous variable. (T/F) A unimodal distribution has a single value that is selected most often (T/F) The median is the arithmetic average of the values on a given variable. (T/F) The median is not affected by skewness of a variable's distribution.(T/F) The median is most suited to measure the central tendency of variables measured at the ordinal level, but it can be used at the interval and ratio levels as well. (T/F) is computed by subtracting the highest value from the lowest value and adding one. Researchers usually evaluate skewness by eyeballing what? The standard deviation is the average squared deviation of each case from the mean. (T/F) In a normal distribution, about 68 percent of all cases will fall between plus or minus one standard deviation from the mean. (T/F) A bivariate distribution is another name for regression analysis.(T/F) Frequency distributions may contain frequencies, percentages, or both (T/F) Cross-tabulation can reveal the existence of an association, but not its strength or direction. (T/F) If the value of cases consistently decrease on one variable as the value on another variable increases, the pattern is called curvilinear. (T/F) The strength of an association in crosstabs is usually measured by what? The statistical significance of a pattern in crosstabs can be measured with what? Introducing control variables into a bivariate relationship in order to better understand that relationship is known as what? A scatterplot displays a continuous line that connects points representing the number of percentage of cases with each value. (T/F) Statistics used for estimating the degree of confidence that can be placed in generalizations from a sample to the population from which it was selected are known as: Quantitative data that vary along a continuum are best displayed as which type(s) of graphs? Data should be grouped in distributions in all of the following situations EXCEPT: If you want to display the percentage of men in eight team sports as compared to women in the most efficient table, use a: The probability average is also the: Which are used to summarize the central tendency of quantitative variables? If the mean is greater than the median, what must also be true? If the purpose of a statistic is to report the middle position in one or more distributions, what is the appropriate statistic? A standard deviation is the square root of the: Unique combinations of row and column variables in a cross-tabulation can be found in the table: Gamma measures the strength of association in: Third variables can be entered into a bivariate relationship for all of the following reasons EXCEPT: In a regression analysis, if r = 0, then: Adding an intervening variable in a bivariate analysis allows us to understand what potential part of the relationship? To consider context in a bivariate crosstabs, add what? What data displays would be the most appropriate for displaying the distribution of the highest year of school completed? Which of the following is NOT a guideline for constructing graphs? The total number of cases in a distribution is called: A measure of variation that looks at the upper limit in a distribution minus the true lower limit is? Which summary statistic should be used for nominal variables? An alternative to the histogram, which is particularly useful for displaying variables with a In a normal curve, roughly what percent of all cases fall within plus or minus two standard deviations? When a standard deviation is calculated from sample data, the denominator in the formula SHOULD be: N-1 Which of the following are statistical measures of variation? Typical standards in frequency table construction allow people to: Three features of a distribution's shape are: bar chart is best used to display what kind of data? All of the following are ways of defining the median of a distribution EXCEPT: Estimating the probability that an association between two variables is not due to chance in a cross-tabular analysis is based on an inferential statistic called: The direct product that a program delivers is the outcome. (T/F) The type of evaluation research that determines if a new social program is needed or an old social program is still needed is called an impact assessment. (T/F) Stakeholders objectively define needs in a needs assessment. (T/F) Evaluability assessments generally rely on quantitative methods. (T/F) The investigation of how a social program works is called a mechanism evaluation. (T/F) Researcher should always emphasize a strict social science orientation when conducting evaluation research. (T/F) A scientific evaluation study can only measure one outcome. (T/F) In order to allocate potential program benefits fairly, researchers should evaluate participants and give the benefits to those who need it the most. (T/F) Evaluation research is unlike traditional social science research because: Evaluation research began and developed in which time period? The economic value of a social program when compared to the costs of that program is established in: Theory-driven evaluation does which of the following? The Government Performance and Results Act of 1993 requires what of government programs? Which of the following is not a typical input in social programs? The services delivered or new products produced by social program are: To find out if a new program is needed in a community, conduct a/an: One important difference between evaluation research and other social scientific research is: When evaluating their program, in which group exercise classes tended to increase several measures of participant health, researches concluded that it didn't really matter how the group classes worked, just so long as it worked. This is an example of: If a program evaluation is written without regard to whether the program had the intended effect, but with very careful attention to how it will be received by other social science peers, it has what kind of orientation or approach? Evaluability assessments tend to rely on: Project New Hope... This example demonstrates the importance of: A community hires a researcher to determine whether a community center would be a benefit, in terms of reducing delinquency, promoting community service, and developing networks. To provide an answer, the researcher would conduct what sort of evaluation on community services? A study specifically designed to investigate whether a program can be evaluated is known as a: Which of the following is a typical reason why a program cannot be evaluated? Evaluation research that investigates the process of delivery is known as: The preferred method for maximizing internal validity in impact analysis is: Impact analysis generally relies on what sort of research design? cost-benefit analyses and cost-effectiveness analyses are both what kind of evaluation research? To lessen the potential detrimental impact of social programs, researchers should do all of the following EXCEPT: The historical growth of evaluation research by social scientists is linked to which of the following? If an evaluation takes a black box approach, which is least important? in the DARE program, which of the following was NOT a stakeholder? If a researcher wants to find out how a program actually produces its outcomes, she or he could develop a/an:Appreciative inquiry does NOT do which of the following? when the goal of evaluation is to compare alternative programs, it may be preferable to: If a researcher takes a social science approach to conducting a program evaluation, the people who will assess the quality of that researcher's report will be: who is eliminated from the research process in appreciative inquire? qualitative data analysts should never read text literally. (T/F) a typical research question in qualitative data analysis is explanatory. (T/F) analysts focus on the variables instead of the case. (T/F) To read text interpretively, a researcher must focus on how his or her own orientation shapes the research. (T/F) Concepts and analytic insights are usually derived from field notes and interviews after the observation period has ended. (T/F) the credibility of the informants cannot be assessed in qualitative research. (T/F) the goal of grounded theory is to disprove deductive hypotheses. (T/F) Anthropologists call the intention of representing a setting under study in the participants' own terms: progressive focusing involves: there are three ways to read any text for analysis: which of the following is NOT a common for of text used in qualitative analysis? if a researcher believes that the text can never be judged to be true or false, the researcher has what type of perspective? to interpret text literally, what must a researcher focus on? although the volume of data collected in qualitative analysis can overwhelm an inexperienced researcher, Schutt recommends which of the following to keep control of your data? in qualitative analysis, the first analytic step is: the "centerpiece" of the qualitative analysis process is: examining relationships between concepts is important in qualitative analysis because it allows the researcher to: tacit knowledge is best defined as: the goal of qualitative comparative analysis is to do which of the following? grounded theory requires analysts to: what identifies the combination of factors that had to be present across multiple cases to produce a particular outcome? if you are concerned with how people construct reality more than describing that reality, which form of qualitative analysis would be most appropriate? the focus of enthnomethodologists is: one important goal of qualitative analysis is to inductively build up a systematic theory that is based on observations. this type of theory is known as: which of the following is FALSE regarding computer-assisted qualitative data analysis? the focus of narrative analysis is: one researcher examined how people greeted one another on the street by paying careful attention to their verbal exchanges. This type of research is probably: a type of ethnomethodological research that concentrates on talk is: a case-oriented understanding attempts to understand something from which perspective? which of the following is NOT useful for assessing the quality of qualitative analysis? what is developed inductively and is based on observations that are summarized into conceptual catergories? if a researcher wants to use an interpretive research philosophy that is not geared to identifying causes but provides a different way to explain social phenomena, then the research wishes to engage in? what strategy increases the reliability of observational data by using explicit rules that standardize coding practices across observes? topics for concern regarding ethics in qualitative data analysis include all of the following EXCEPT: sociologists developing methods to learn how others "see" the social world and to create images for further study are concerned with: which of the following is NOT a popular program used by sociologists in order to analyze texts such as notes, documents, and interview transcripts? a researcher has concerns about having a duty to help his or her findings to be used appropriately. This ethical concern focuses on: qualitative research usually uses deductive reasoning. (T/F) qualitative research emphasizes variables over cases in causal explanations. (T/F) qualitative researchers use extraordinary efforts to make sure objectivity is achieved in research. (T/F) participant observers can increase rapport by faking social similarity with their subjects. (T/F) field notes refer to those notes taken while a researcher is in the field. (T/F) a grand-tour question is designed to elicit a description of the field site. (T/F) ethnography means the same thing as netnograohy. (T/F) online interviewing creates a written record of the entire interaction with a participant, forgoing the need to transcribe the interview later (T/F) which of the following is NOT a qualitative method? which of the following is NOT a feature of qualitative research designs? in qualitative research, the interpretation of data and its analysis emerge at what point in the research process? which of the following is FALSE about participant observation? reactive effects in participant observation can be reduced by: which of the following is NOT a limitation associated with covert participation? a member of a social setting who can provide access to that setting for a researcher is known which of the following best describes the experience sampling method? when an observer immerses himself or herself in a group for a long time, gradually establishing trust and experiencing the social world as do the participants, the observer is engaging in the process of: intensive interviews are weaker than participation on which of the following? a grand tour question is designed to elicit what type response? which professionals were the first to adopt focus groups as a widespread methodology? Julie studies an Overeaters Anonymous group for several years. In her book on the subjects, she mentions the location of the meetings. This violates which one of the main ethical issues in field research? focus groups are usual for all of the following EXCEPT: thick description attempts to convey a sense of what it is like to experience something from the standpoint of the: which role makes it difficult for researches to get info because they cannot ask questions that will arouse suspicion about themselves? which of the following is FALSE regarding the use of tape recorders during focus groups or intensive interviews? intensive interviewing and focus groups should be conducted until: a researcher who goes to a coffee shop and clandestinely observes behavior, while taking jottings, is doing what kind of qualitative fieldwork? writing field notes: intensive interviews are generally based on: a researcher who "goes native" does which of the following: the setting under investigation in an qualitative study is known as the: in order to develop and maintain relationships in the field, Schutt suggests all of the following EXCEPT? in qualitative research, the sample is usually: RALPH field notes generally use what as a means of jogging the researchers memory? according to Schutt, the primary weakness of qualitative research is: a researcher should avoid using focus groups when: talking to Second Life members through their avatars actually involves: which of the following is NOT a disadvantage of online interviewing? Qualitative research has strength in its ability to consider context. [Show More]

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