Phil 347: Week 4 Checkpoint Quiz - Answers Are 100% Correct

Document Content and Description Below

Based on what you have read in the text, the lecture, and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding of deductive arguments, explain the structure of a deductive argument in your own wo... rds. Answer: Based on what I have read in the text, the lecture, and other sources to gain an understanding of deductive arguments. In my own words, deductive arguments are statement(s) or claim(s) made that they present as being valid. The arguer presents strong support to guarantee the conclusion is true because the support of the statement is true. Go to the box “Deductive Reasoning” (in the beginning of Chapter 8). Read the last paragraph there. Based on that reading and any other sources you find helpful to your understanding, describe the part that “rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology” (p. 159) play in deductive arguments. Answer: Based on that reading Chapter 8 in our textbook, including the "Deductive reasoning" box, and other sources I found to be helpful to gain a clear understanding of the part that “rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, procedures, and terminology” play in deductive arguments. I would describe that statement as meaning that rules, operating conditions, core beliefs, values, policies, principles, and terminology act as the conjecture truth from a set of beliefs. In an argument, these assumed truths of beliefs lead to a conclusion that must be true and cannot be false if our beliefs are true. Page 159 In the introduction to Chapter 8, the text sets forth a specific definition of the term “valid” as it applies to deductive arguments. What is that definition? Answer The definition of the term valid" as it applies to deductive arguments means that if the assumption that all the premises are true makes it impossible for the conclusion to be false, that is, if the premises entail or imply that conclusion, we will evaluate that argument or inference as valid. Use the following template to create a valid Denying the Consequent argument example: If then It is not the case that Therefore, it is not the case that Answer: If a student were to pass Critical Reasoning class then they would need to receive a 76% or higher. It is not the case that the student will receive a 76% or higher. Therefore, it is not the case that the student passed Critical Reasoning class.If Use the following template to create a valid Affirming the Antecedent argument example: If then Therefore Answer: If I work out then I won't be tired I worked out Therefore, I am not tired Jack says: “I can enroll full time this semester, or I can buy a car. I think going to school full time is the better option for me, so I’ll have to put off buying car.” What name does the text give to this argument structure? Your Answer: Disjunctive Syllogism is what the text names this structure. In addition to if/then and either/or, there are other terms that, when used correctly, can create valid argument templates. Using the three deductive statements below, create five (5) valid deductive arguments. To make your life easier, you can use the key words at the end of the statement to fill in the template. Statement A: Tuition increases 5 percent per academic year. (Tuition increases) Statement B: I must graduate in no more than two years. (Graduate two years) Statement C: I have legal access to unlimited amounts of cash. (Unlimited cash) Example: For a template such as “Either A or B. Not A. Therefore B” you would answer: “Either tuition increases, or I graduate in two years. Tuition will not increase. Therefore, I will graduate in two years.” Do this for all five templates. Templates • Either A, B, or C. Not C. So, A or B. • It is not the case that both A and B are true. So, either A is not true or B is not true. • Neither B nor C is true. So, B is false. • B unless C. Not B. So, C. • A only if B. A. Therefore, B. Check the Logical Strength of each argument you have written. If it lacks logical strength, check the table Grammatically Equivalent Structures (in Chapter 8) to be sure you are interpreting the words correctly. Answer: Either A, B, or C. Not C. So, A or B. o Either I have to graduate in two years or I have unlimited amounts of cash. I do not have unlimited amounts of cash. So, I need to graduate in two years It is not the case that both A and B are true. So, either A is not true or B is not true. o it is not the case that both Unlimited Cash and Tuition Increases are true, So either I have unlimited cash is not true or tuition increases is not true. Neither B nor C is true. So, B is false. o Neither tuition increasing nor my access to unlimited cash is true. So, tuition increasing is false. B unless C. Not B. So, C. o I need to graduate in two years unless I have unlimited cash. I do not need to graduate in two years. So, I have unlimited cash. A only if B. A. Therefore, B. o I need to graduate in two years only if tuition increases. Tuition increases. Therefore, I need to graduate in two years. Transivity, reflexivity, and identity refer to what kind of reasoning? Answer: Transivity, reflexivity, and identity refer to deductive reasoning. We rely on these when making a valid argument by giving facts that provide logical reasoning. reasoning about relationships Using what you learned in Chapter 8 section Applying a Generalization, construct an argument proving that your Chamberlain major will place you in the category of healthcare worker. Answer: Using what I have learned in Chapter 8 section Applying a Generalization. I can construct an argument proving that my Chamberlain major will place me in the category of healthcare workers. My major is Nursing and individuals with nursing majors will end up becoming nurses once they graduate. Therefore, I will become a Nurse working in healthcare once I graduate. Question 10 A local newspaper serving a mid-sized U.S. city whose population is about 300,000 surveyed 40 retail businesses. Of the businesses surveyed, 70% said they were planning little or no hiring of extra workers during the coming Christmas season. The newspaper concluded that consumer spending would likely be down for Christmas this year, since retailers were not anticipating extra holiday business. Evaluate the newspaper’s generalization about consumer holiday spending using what you have learned in Chapter 9, including the four questions suggested by the text: • Was the correct group sampled? • Were the data obtained in an effective way? • Were enough cases considered? • Was the sample representatively structured? Answer: After evaluating the newspaper's generalization about consumer holiday spending using what I have learned in Chapter 9, I believe the newspaper's generalization was flawed. • Was the correct group sampled?The correct group to sample if you were going to look at consumer holiday spending would have been the consumers, not the business owners • Were the data obtained in an effective way?The data was not obtained in an effective way because they interviewed the business owners. They also did not ask about how many hours workers would be working during the holidays. Otherwise, there is not a lot of information about how the data was obtained. • Were enough cases considered? The sample size is too small. The Study only surveyed 40 retail businesses out of a population of 300,000. • Was the sample representatively structured?The sample used business owners and only 40 of them. Compared to the rest of the population, these samples may not represent the entire population Go to Individual Exercises at the end of Chapter 9. Example 9 concludes that “the American people are opposed to the President’s health care reform legislation” (p. 190). Using the Four Tests for Evaluating Arguments found in Section 7.2 of the text, and keeping in mind all that you have learned from Chapters 7-9, evaluate the worthiness of Example 9, beginning with the Test of Logical Strength. Remember, if the argument fails a test, you do not need to go further. Give a detailed explanation in support of your evaluation. If the argument contains a fallacy, explain what you think the fallacy is. Answer: Logical strength: The data given does not make sense since 54% say they're worried about the cost but 73% say they want universal healthcare. Unless there were two separate surveys/questions or if this was multiple choice then the data does not make sense. Thus it false the test of logical strength. Truthfulness of the premises: We must take the speaker's word on the truthfulness of his data. Thus, it passes this test. Relevance: It would be nice to understand what the presidential policy or legislation was but, Based on the current president, This statement would be false as President Biden reinstated Obama care. Furthermore, this book was established in 2016 under Obama who attempted to grant universal healthcare so thus it passes the test of relevance. non-circularity: This argument is non-circularity. It presents data and draws a conclusion based on the data. and thus passes the test of non-circularity What is a correlation? What is a statistically significant correlation? Answer Our textbook defines correlations as "calculated using statistical analyses, describe the degree to which two different sets of events are aligned." (Facione & Gittens, 2016). Our textbook defines statistically significant correlation as, "the relationship between the two kinds of events is viewed as not likely to be happenstance or chance" (Facione & Gittens, 2016). Go to Individual Exercises at the end of Chapter 9. Go to Example 12. What test does this argument fail? What fallacy does the argument contain? Answer In Chapter 9, example 12 argument under Individual Exercises fails the est of logical strength and contains the fallacy of relevance. [Show More]

Last updated: 1 year ago

Preview 1 out of 6 pages