HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2023 with Complete Solution

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HMX Immunology Final Exam Study Guide 2023 with Complete Solution Tissue resident sentinel cells include (3 types) -✔✔ Dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells Circulating leukocytes in... volved in innate response (2 types) -✔✔ Monocytes and neutrophils Phagocytic immune cells (2 types) -✔✔ Macrophages and neutrophils Difference between macrophages and neutrophils? -✔✔ Neutrophils are short lived and will undergo apoptosis after eating a microbe; macrophages are longer-lived and will eat apoptotic cells and waste General cytokine role in innate immune response (and what cells release them?) -✔✔ Released by dendritic cells, macrophages, and mast cells. Pro-inflammatory molecules that interact with blood vessel endothelium to recruit circulating leukocytes, fluid, and proteins into tissue Which tissue-resident sentinel cell will release histamine upon activation? -✔✔ Mast cell Cytokines promote up-regulation of what kind of molecule within blood vessel walls? -✔✔ Adhesion molecules E-Selectin -✔✔ An adhesion molecule that helps to slow down circulating leukocytes in innate immune response (low-affinity interaction) E-Selectin Ligand -✔✔ A ligand expressed by circulating leukocytes that helps them stick to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response ICAM-1 -✔✔ An adhesion molecule that helps circulating leukocytes bind to blood vessel endothelium in innate immune response (high-affinity interaction) Integrins (and the name of a specific one) -✔✔ A class of adhesion molecules expressed on circulating leukocytes; LFA-1 binds to ICAM-1 in a high affinity interaction during the innate inflammatory response Stable Arrest -✔✔ When a circulating leukocyte comes to a stop within the endothelium thanks to adhesion molecule interactions and can enter the tissue Pus -✔✔ Comprised of fluid and apoptotic cells/waste as a result of an inflammatory response (DNA, dead bacteria, apoptotic neutrophils) Psoriasis overview -✔✔ Autoimmune disease that can cause skin plaques and arthritis; Skin plaques are caused by immune cells migrating into the skin and initiating an inflammatory response Psoriasis risk factors -✔✔ History of strep infections, skin injury, first degree relative with psoriasis TNF-alpha in psoriasis -✔✔ A pro-inflammatory cytokine expressed in psoriasis that recruits immune cells into the skin and also acts directly on epithelial cells to produce thickened/raised patches Psoriasis treatment (biologics) -✔✔ Target the pro-inflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha and therefore prevent the expression of adhesion molecules on endothelial cells and prevent TNF-alpha from acting directly on epithelial cells Possible side effects of medications that block adhesion molecules -✔✔ Susceptibility to infection due to inhibiting leukocyte entry into tissue Most abundant leukocyte -✔✔ Neutrophils What kind of infections are neutrophils particularly effective against? -✔✔ Extracellular bacterial infections Plasmacytoid dendritic cell -✔✔ A type of sentinel cell that detects viruses and releases type 1 interferons Type 1 Interferons (Type 1 IFNs) function and the cell that is most efficient at producing them -✔✔ Group of cytokines that activate the antiviral state during viral infection; Plasmacytoid dendritic cells [Show More]

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