NURS611 / NURS 611 Exam 1 Study Guide Advanced Pathophysiology - Questions & Answers

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NURS611 / NURS 611 Exam 1 Study Guide Advanced Pathophysiology - Questions & Answers-Describe the characteristics of apoptosis. - cell death that is regulated or programmed Necrosis - characterized... by rapid loss of the plasma membrane structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction. Hypoxia is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis especially to the kidneys and heart. (Myocardial infarction) Page 52: What's new: Current research supports that after muscle heart injury that stem cells exist in the heart and differentiate into various cardiac cell lineages and is profoundly changing the understanding of myocardial biology!!! Atrophy: - Physiologic: thymus gland atrophy (childhood) Hypertrophy - (increase in size of cell) Another cellular adaptation that can actually be beneficial is hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training - this is referred to as physiologic hypertrophy. Versus Pathologic hypertrophy that occurs secondary to HTN. Hyperplasia: (increase in # of cells) - Compensatory: removal of 70% of liver - can regenerate in about 2 weeks. Pathological: endometrial hyperplasia Metaplasia - (replacement of cells) normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the bronchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells. Can be reversed if irritant stopped Cellular metabolism - During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the adenosine triphosphate (ATP) level have on cells? ATP=energy - Needs Oxygen - aerobic metabolism A reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium (Na+, K+) pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. (The Na+, K+ pump is discussed in Chapter 1.) Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. What happens when oxygen reserves are depleted? - Anaerobic metabolism (glycolysis) Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - A free radical is an electrically uncharged atom or group of atoms having an unpaired electron. Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; thus to stabilize, it gives up an electron to another molecule or steals one. Therefore, it is capable of injurious chemical bond formation with proteins, lipids, carbohydrates—key molecules in membranes and nucleic acids. Cardiovascular, HTN, IHD. Emerging data indicate that reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression of cardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, and chronic heart failure. What is a consequence of leakage of lysosomes during chemical injury? - :Enzymatic digestion of cellular organelles, including the nucleus and nucleolus, ensues, halting synthesis of DNA and ribonucleic acid (RNA). How does ethanol injure the cell? - Liver enzymes metabolize ethanol to acetaldehyde which causes hepatic cellular dysfunction. Peroxisomes helps detoxify ethanol - if not functioning properly the ethanol is turned to Fat in the liver (Thus the term "Fatty Liver) Which cell component is the most vulnerable target of radiation? - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Aging and the cell/tissues. - Every physiologic processes can be shown to function less efficiently. o Muscular atrophy (Sarcopenia) [Show More]

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