CPCE Study Guide 1945 Questions with Answers 2023,100% CORRECT

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CPCE Study Guide 1945 Questions with Answers 2023 The Sensorimotor period is part of whose developmental stage theory? - CORRECT ANSWER Piaget Presenting stimuli in different sequences to redu... ce "order of presentation" influences in an experiment is called: - CORRECT ANSWER Counterbalancing The Eskimo word "piblokto" refers to "arctic hysteria," characterized by uncontrolled screaming and crying that is often accopanied by running through the snow naked. This is an example of what kind of disorder? - CORRECT ANSWER Culture-specific Intervention performed with three or more clients at a time is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER Group therapy Who is known for person-centered counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Rogers Research that compares findings across many studies is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER Meta-analysis If a therapist has a good ability to perceive and appreciate his/her client's subjective reality (i.e., emotions and cognitions), the therapist is said to have: - CORRECT ANSWER Empathic understanding Changes in human growth and development which are qualitative are: - CORRECT ANSWER Changes in structure or organization Jim's new therapist believes in the uniqueness of each individual. She talks about the importance of social influences on a person. She tells Jim that everybody has a sense of inferiority, and as a result is always striving to attain superiority. Her counseling goals are to help Jim understand his lifestyle, or unified life plan, which gives meaning to his experiences, and to help him identify social and community interests most appropriate for him. She also wants to explain Jim to himself. The techniques she uses in her therapy include life histories, homework assignments, and paradoxical intentions. Describe the therapeutic modality that best describes this therapist's approach. - CORRECT ANSWER Individual Psychology What is NOT a measure of central tendency? - CORRECT ANSWER Norm (Median, Mean, and Mode are). What is NOT a characteristic of test reliability? - CORRECT ANSWER Predictive (Stability, Equivalence, and Internal consistency are). According to Ginzberg, Ginsburg, Axlerad, and Herma's developmental theory, occupational choice passes through three periods. Which is NOT one of the main periods they identified? - CORRECT ANSWER Transition. (Fantasy, Tentative, and Realistic are). Career counseling based on Bandura's social cognitive theory emphasizes all these concepts EXCEPT: - CORRECT ANSWER Positive uncertainty. (Personal agency, Self-efficacy, and Vicarious learning are). Managing a counseling program requires skills in these areas? - CORRECT ANSWER Program design and development Marketing and public relations Budgeting. What is NOT considered underlying principles of ethical decision making? - CORRECT ANSWER Informed consent and confidentiality (Beneficence and nonmaleficience, Justice, fidelity, autonomy and self-determination are). Pat's therapist tells her that "self-talk" and "crooked thinking" cause emotional disturbances. He believes we all have the potential to think rationally. He uses techniques like role-playing and imagery to help Pat work through some of her issues. He also follows an A-B-C-D-E system. Pat's therapist believes that we are not influenced by the events we experience, but by our interpretation of them. Pat's therapist subscribes to which therapeutic approach? - CORRECT ANSWER Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy (Ellis) How does consultation differ from counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER It is a voluntary, work-related process. What is NOT a common role for a member of a therapy group? - CORRECT ANSWER Autocratic (Facilitative, Maintenance, and Blocking are). Jenny recently lost her job and fell behind in her mortgage payments, so now she is facing foreclosure. She is seeing a counselor to help her cope with the stress in her life. She feels like a failure and wants her self-esteem to be higher, and she feels that she is not living up to her potential. Her counselor tells her that her first priorities are to fulfill her more basic needs, such as applying for food stamps so she will not go hungry and getting help with her housing situation so that she meets her needs for safety and physical security. The counselor tells her that once she has addressed these basic needs, she can then address her higher-order needs for self-esteem and fulfilling her potential as a person. Which theorist has most influenced Jenny's counselor? - CORRECT ANSWER Abraham Maslow Elisabeth Kubler-Ross identified five stages that dying people experience. Which of these accurately identifies these five stages? - CORRECT ANSWER Denial, Anger, Bargaining, Depression, Acceptance What is meant by the term "regression toward the mean?" - CORRECT ANSWER It means that most scoring very high or low on a pretest will score nearer the mean on a posttest. Which neo-Freudian theorist most strongly believed that behavior can be understood best in terms of social interactions and interpersonal relationships? - CORRECT ANSWER Harry Stack Sullivan Four broad stages of development in the first three years of life are identified in Object Relations Theory. What is the correct chronological order of these four stages? - CORRECT ANSWER Fusion with mother; Symbiosis with mother; Separation/Individuation; Constancy of self and object. What represents the beliefs and practices of Carl Rogers? - CORRECT ANSWER The focus of counseling is based on the client's phenomenological world and feelings. What is the difference between classical conditioning and operant conditioning? - CORRECT ANSWER Classical conditioning evokes involuntary responses; operant evokes voluntary responses. What is the correct chronological order of the five stages of development identified by Sigmund Freud? - CORRECT ANSWER Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital Which demographic is projected about the U.S. population by the year 2050? - CORRECT ANSWER All of the minority groups combined will outnumber the Non-Hispanic White population. People born after the year 1976 in America are commonly referred to as: - CORRECT ANSWER Millennials In Donald Super's developmental approach to careers, which vocational developmental task did Super associate with the period of ages 18 to 21? - CORRECT ANSWER Specification What are John Holland's six personality types? - CORRECT ANSWER Realistic and Investigative, Artistic and Social, Enterprising and Conventional Which does use John Hollands's typology for determining a person's career type? - CORRECT ANSWER The Vocational Preference Inventory, The Self-Directed Search, and The Career Assessment Inventory. Counselors should be familiar with the distribution of test scores within the normal, or bell curve. ie.: - CORRECT ANSWER 68% makes up one standard deviation from the mean, 13.5% makes up two, and 4% makes up three. What is true about the correlation coefficient? - CORRECT ANSWER A correlation coefficient shows the relationship between two sets of numbers. What is true of quantitative research? - CORRECT ANSWER This kind of research tends to investigate with a goal of finding causal relationships. What is true of qualitative research? - CORRECT ANSWER This kind of research is descriptive, correlational, and historical. What tools/methods are characteristic of experimental research design? - CORRECT ANSWER Control groups and randomization Who established the very first psychological laboratory in history? - CORRECT ANSWER Wilhelm Wundt In the landmark 1976 Tarasoff case, the California court ruled that failure to warn an intended victim is professionally irresponsible. Out of what event did this ruling come? - CORRECT ANSWER A client of a university psychologist murdered Tatiana Tarasoff and her family sued. Developmental changes do not occur in____________but does occur in Physical, cognitive, and pyschosocial development. - CORRECT ANSWER Sociocultural development An infant first sucks on a nipple to nurse. Then the infant sucks on other things--a toy, Daddy's finger, etc. Later this infant discovers other things to do with objects beyond sucking on them such as grasping them, shaking them, and otherwise manipulating them, for example. These two behaviors were labeled by Jean Piaget with what terms, in order of their occurrence? - CORRECT ANSWER Assimilation and accommodation People are said to be products of five different cultures. Two are inevitable culture sources (a culture of human biology and a culture of ecology, which refers to the climates in which people live). What are the other three? - CORRECT ANSWER Racio-ethnic Regional National Which are a central concept in existential therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER Guilt, Anxiety, and search for meaning are How did Albert Ellis view "self-talk" in his theory? - CORRECT ANSWER As the source of our emotional disturbances Which two psychologist Most emphasize freedom of choice and responsibility in their theories? - CORRECT ANSWER William Glasser and Rollo May Which psychologists' theories completely ignore the unconscious? - CORRECT ANSWER Glasser's Reality Therapy, Rogerian Counseling, and Behaviorism Who is best known for the terms "collective unconscious" and "archetypes?" - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Jung A group that is focused on a central theme, such as anger management or learning job seeking skills, is know as as: - CORRECT ANSWER Structured group What are two contrasting elements of group dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER Content and process Styles of group leadership have been described as_______,_______,and_______. But NOT : - CORRECT ANSWER Autocratic, Democratic, Laissez faire. (But not) Effective. Who developed the Archway Model of self-concept determinants? - CORRECT ANSWER Donald Super What is the correct chronological order of the four career development stages identified by Linda Gottfredson? - CORRECT ANSWER Orientation to size and power, Orientation to sex roles, Orientation to social valuation, Orientation to the internal unique self. What is true regarding validity and reliability of tests? - CORRECT ANSWER A test may be reliable, but not valid. What is an example of noninteractive research? - CORRECT ANSWER Historical ananlysis Theree are many confounding variables that can threaten an experiment's validity, but what is a threat to both internal validity and external validity? - CORRECT ANSWER Selection of subjects What are the four levels of data measurement used to determine the statistics used? - CORRECT ANSWER Nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio Who first established the trait-factor guidance approach? - CORRECT ANSWER Frank Parsons Arnold Gesell believed that: - CORRECT ANSWER Development was genetically pre-ordained and realized via maturation What is correct regarding the notion of world views? - CORRECT ANSWER An etic world view is the belief we are more similar than different. In Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), what do the A, B, and C, stand for in his A-B-C-D-E modalities' taxonomy? - CORRECT ANSWER Action, Belief, Consequent affect In Ellis' Rational-Emotive Behavior Therapy (REBT), what do the D and E stand for in his A-B-C-D-E modalities' classification? - CORRECT ANSWER Disputing, Effect What would G.L. Harrington or William Glasser most likely say regarding transference? - CORRECT ANSWER It impedes progress and need not occur if the therapist is genuine. If a group has co-leaders, what is true - CORRECT ANSWER Different reactions from co-leaders can help stimulate group energy and discussions. What are parts of the process in Frank Parsons' actuarial or Trait-Factor approach to career counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Study the individual, survey occupations, and make a match When E.G. Williamson expanded the trait-Factor approach, he included these steps: - CORRECT ANSWER Synthesis, Counseling, Follow-up John Crites' comprehensive model of career counseling includes three diagnoses of a career problem: - CORRECT ANSWER Differential diagnosis, Dynamic diagnosis Decisional diagnosis Convergent validation and discriminant validation occur within what type of validity? - CORRECT ANSWER Construct validity You are given the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scales (WAIS-IV) by a psychologist. When showing you your results, the tester compares your score on the vocabulary subtest to your score on the digit span subtest and your score on the block design subtest, etc. This type of assessment is: - CORRECT ANSWER Ipsatively interpreted What are the types of Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)? - CORRECT ANSWER One-way, factorial, and multivariate You give a questionnaire to a group of respondents to measure their opinions on certain topics. Each question has seven possible choices: Strongly Agree, Agree Somewhat, Agree, Neutral, Disagree, Disagree Somewhat, and Strongly Disagree. This measurement technique is known as: - CORRECT ANSWER A Likert scale Gilbert Wren's book "The Counselor in a Changing World" (1962) stressed the role of the counseling profession as being focused on: - CORRECT ANSWER Developmental needs What did passage of the Smith-Hughes Act accomplish? - CORRECT ANSWER It granted federal funds for vocational education and guidance Identify the very first professional counseling association and its founding year. - CORRECT ANSWER The National Vocational Guidance Association in 1913 What is accreditation - CORRECT ANSWER A process whereby an institution or program receives public recognition for meeting standards Antony is a child who has lately been having tantrums. His pediatrician tells his mother that this is perfectly normal at his age, as he is trying to assert his independence. At which of Erikson's developmental stages and resulting virtues would this child most likely be? - CORRECT ANSWER Autonomy vs. shame/doubt (positive resolution:will) A survey researcher has asked Larry and Carol about their attitudes toward obeying laws. They are asked what they would do in certain hypothetical situations, for example, if the only way to help someone and/or to avoid harming someone would involve breaking the law. "Law, schma," responds Carol, "what's important is doing the right thing." "True," concedes Larry, "we should do what's right, but we've also made an agreement with society to follow its rules, and we should try to do that too, but I agree that a lot of it depends on the situation." Identify where Larry and Carol fit in Kohlberg's stages of moral development: - CORRECT ANSWER Larry is in Stage 5 and Carol is in Stage 6 Raphael's family has just moved to a new neighborhood where he is now culturally in the minority. In his old neighborhood, Raphael's culture was the predominant one. Now Raphael is feeling uncertain about his sense of self. He feels some conflict between depreciation and appreciation of his self. According to the Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model, Raphael is experiencing: - CORRECT ANSWER Dissonanace Would Freud's psychodynamic approach and Albert Ellis' REBT favor the emic or the etic approach? - CORRECT ANSWER They would both favor the etic approach Eric's counselor uses Narrative Therapy. Eric has written a "story" to describe his life as his counselor asked him to do. Now the therapist helps Eric to find exceptions and strengths to write a new story that fits better with how Eric would like his life to be. This therapeutic technique is an example of: - CORRECT ANSWER Re-authoring What is an accurate statement regarding integrative counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Integrative counseling synthesizes processes and techniques from various theoretical views. In Existential therapy, what do Umwelt, Mitwelt, and Eigenwelt mean, respectively? - CORRECT ANSWER Physical system; relationships; identity of self Christine's new therapist believes that clients' problems have social and political sources, and that one's personal and social identities are interconnected. The therapist also believes that the therapeutic relationship is a collaborative process between equals, and that androcentric norms are to be rejected. To what type of theory does Christine's therapist likely adhere? - CORRECT ANSWER Feminist therapy Justin has not always had problems, but currently needs some help adjusting to changes in college. His therapist sets specific goals right away. She tells him that he does not necessarily need to entirely understand his problems in order to find solutions. She also uses a scale of 1-10 to measure changes. What type of therapy is Justin undergoing? - CORRECT ANSWER Solution-Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) For a therapy group composed of adults with a single group leader, what is generally considered to be the optimum group size? - CORRECT ANSWER 8 What is an accurate statement regarding the duration of a therapy group? - CORRECT ANSWER When a therapy group is first formed, the leader should set its duration and advise the members What are Donald Super's nine major life roles? - CORRECT ANSWER Child, student, citizen-Spouse, homemaker, parent-Worker, leisurite, pensioner According to Linda Gottfredson, young children around age 6 tend to choose occupations based upon: - CORRECT ANSWER Their sex or gender Ann Roe believed that these elements influenced occupational selection? - CORRECT ANSWER Genetic factors, environmental influences, Parent-child relationships What is the best synonym for the term Appraisal? - CORRECT ANSWER Evaluation If you give two tests and the correlation between them is .80, what is the true variance they have in common? - CORRECT ANSWER 64% What are the coefficient of determination and the coefficient of nondetermination? - CORRECT ANSWER The coefficient of determination is the degree of common variance and the coefficient of nondetermination is the error variance or unique variance. What is NOT true about purposeful sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER The researchers intend to generalize their findings to the population What is stratified sampling? - CORRECT ANSWER This refers to selecting from major subgroups of the population What are suggested minimum sample sizes for the kinds of research named? - CORRECT ANSWER 15 for experimental research, 30 for correlational research, and 100 for survey research What is the difference between confidentiality and privileged communication? - CORRECT ANSWER Confidentiality is an ethical concept and privileged communication is a legal concept What is reciprocity? - CORRECT ANSWER A process whereby one agency accepts another's credentials as equivalent to its own What is correct regarding a release of information? - CORRECT ANSWER This document is signed by the client before confidential information can be given to another professional or agency. What is true about professional liability insurance for counselors? - CORRECT ANSWER This insurance is not required by law, but it is highly recommended Daniel Levinson's work has been criticized as being too limited because: - CORRECT ANSWER He only studied the structure of life for males and excluded females Roger Gould believed that there were different "protective devices" people have. What is an accurate definition of protective devices according to Gould? - CORRECT ANSWER False assumptions Mannie and Moe were Eastern European Jewish brothers who came to America in the early 1920's. Both became naturalized U.S. citizens. Mannie worked in the garment district, enjoyed going to baseball games and eating (kosher) hot dogs, and proudly flew an American flag in front of his house. He also still attended shut (temple) in his new country and celebrated all Jewish holidays, and his wife would light candles every Friday night in observance of the Sabbath. Moe also flew an American flag, went to ball games and ate hot dogs; however, he also altered his last name so it would not sound Jewish, did not attend a synagogue, married a woman who was not Jewish, joined a non-Jewish country club, and worked on Wall Street as a stockbroker. He and his family would put up a Christmas tree and decorations every year. What terms correctly identifies each brother's cultural process? - CORRECT ANSWER Mannie's process was acculturation and Moe's process was assimilation Andrew would like to talk to a counselor about some things he has on his mind. He wonders just what his life means and what the point is to our existence. He feels considerable anxiety over many things, and he frequently feels guilty as well. He is very introspective and is always seeking to understand himself better. Which type of therapy would probably make a good fit for Andrew? - CORRECT ANSWER Existential therapy Robert Carkhuff proposed a five-point scale to measure the quality of a counselor's empathic responses. Which level does the following example best represent? Client: Oh, my wife yelled at me so bad you wouldn't believe it! It just killed me!! Counselor: What did she say? - CORRECT ANSWER Level 1 Madelyn has been in a long-term psychotherapy group for the past five years, and the group's leader often encourages members to explore issues originating in their childhoods. According to Gerald Caplan's model, this would be an example of: - CORRECT ANSWER A tertiary therapy group Kathleen is not excessively troubled, but she is quite shy. She is a member of a counseling group with a focus on minimizing aspects of shyness and preventing their occurrence in social situations. According to Caplan, this would be an example of: - CORRECT ANSWER A secondary group Ken belongs to a group whose aim is to prevent substance abuse among teens and young adults. In this group, the leader teaches members various coping skills and healthy behaviors. According to Caplan, this would be an example of: - CORRECT ANSWER A primary group Donald Super identified four theaters of life in which we play roles. They are: - CORRECT ANSWER Home, community, school, and workplace Jason is a computer programmer. He is an excellent engineer but is not good at technical support because he doesn't know how to converse easily with people. His wife, Sallie, is a teacher and she is great at explaining things. Children and others love her. However, she can never get her computer to work. John Holland would identify Jason and Sallie respectively as which of his six personality types or styles? - CORRECT ANSWER Jason is mainly an Investigative type and Sallie is mainly a Social type What are Ann Roe's eight occupational fields? - CORRECT ANSWER Managerial, general cultural arts and entertainment, technology outdoor work, scientific work Tiedeman's decision-making model saw career decisions as being made up of two phases. What were these? - CORRECT ANSWER Anticipation or preoccupation and implementation or adjustment Dr. Miller wants to investigate certain variables in his college class. He is going to test his statement that all of the students in his class with IQ scores above 120 will finish the term with higher grades than all of the students in his class with IQ scores below 120. This statement is an example of a: - CORRECT ANSWER Directional hypothesis If you are conducting an experiment and you choose a significance level of .01, what does that mean? - CORRECT ANSWER It means you are willing to accept the possibility of erring in accepting or rejecting the null hypothesis one time out of one hundred. What is a Type I (alpha) error? - CORRECT ANSWER A Type I error means rejecting the null hypothesis when it is correct What do "title and practice-control" laws mean? - CORRECT ANSWER These are laws stating one cannot practice counseling without a Professional Counselor license What does Title IX of the educational amendments provide? - CORRECT ANSWER A ban on sex discrimination A formal mental status examination covers which areas? - CORRECT ANSWER It covers: appearance and behavior; thought processes; mood and affect; intellectual functioning; sensorium What are some examples of culture-bound values (vs. class-bound values) in counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Culture-bound values include individual-centered counseling, emotional expression, and intimacy Harry is a little boy whose parents have taken him to a behavior therapist. The parents want some help getting him to clean up his room, go to bed on time, get dressed for school in the morning, and complete other similar daily activities without a struggle or a big fight. The therapist makes a chart for Harry. Every time he completes a desired behavior, he gets a gold star on the chart for that activity. At the end of each week, he and his parents count his gold stars, and he gets a reward based on the number of stars--a pizz or ice cream treat, a movie, etc.--something he values. What is the technique that Harry's therapist is using? - CORRECT ANSWER Token economy Which of the following does NOT correctly pair a model of consultation with the person who developed it? Caplan - mental health consultation model Bandura - social learning consultation model Bergan - process consultation model Schein - purchase consulation model - CORRECT ANSWER Bergan - process consultation model The acronym EMDR stands for: - CORRECT ANSWER Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing What is included in the study of kinesics and proxemics? - CORRECT ANSWER Facial expressions, physical body gestures, seating arrangements B. Tuckman identifies the five states of a therapy group with which words? - CORRECT ANSWER Forming;storming Conforming;swarming Mourning;adjourning Irvin Yalom identified four states of a therapy group. The first stage he identified was Orientation. The other three include all BUT which of the following? - CORRECT ANSWER Definition (Conflict, cohesion, termination, are) In a decision-making model of career development, factors include: - CORRECT ANSWER The person's investment(s) personal values style of taking risks In career self-efficacy theory, what are the three elements that will be influenced by an individual's expectations? - CORRECT ANSWER Choice, performance,and persistence. What is the difference between "undecided" and "indecisive" in terms of career counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER An undecided individual needs more information The Standard Error of Measurement is: - CORRECT ANSWER A measure of reliability, The Confidence Band, and confidence Limits How is the Standard Error of Measurement used? - CORRECT ANSWER It is calculated after the test has been taken and scored Which intelligence test has multiple forms for administration to differently aged subjects? - CORRECT ANSWER Wechsler Intelligence Scales What correctly states the relationship between significance level and Type I error? - CORRECT ANSWER As the significance level decreases, so does the level of Type I error. What correctly states the relationship between significance level and Type II error? - CORRECT ANSWER As the significance level decreases, the level of Type II error increases What correctly states the relationship between Type I and Type II error? - CORRECT ANSWER Type I error will decrease and Type II error will increase if the significance level goes down What is true of an EAP? - CORRECT ANSWER It may be inside or outside a company In the steps of developing a counseling program, which of the following should come FIRST? - CORRECT ANSWER Conduct a pilot study What accurately identifies the five axes of the DSM-IV-TR with the srets of disorders that they respectively describe? - CORRECT ANSWER Axis I: Clinical; Axis II: Personality and MR; Axis III: General medical; Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental; Axis V: GAF - Overall functioning In Stanley Stron's Social Influence model of counseling, what are the characteristics of the counselor that Strong identified as those a client might view as valuable? - CORRECT ANSWER Expertness, Attractiveness, and Trustworthiness In Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy, there are_______between family subsystems; if these are too rigid, they lead to ______, and if they are too diffuse, they can lead to ________. - CORRECT ANSWER Boundaries; disengagement; enmeshment What are major common features between Nathan Ackerman's psychodynamic theory of family counseling, Carl Whitaker's experiential family counseling, Salvador Minuchin's structural family therapy, and narrative family therapy? - CORRECT ANSWER The goal of making changes in the family and the counselor's interactive role in the family. Identify the units of study for each of the following theoretical models of family therapy by selecting from the options provided below. The Psychodynamic model has a ________ unit of study; the Experiential model has a _______ unit of study; the Transgenerational model has a ______ unit study; and the Strategic model has a ______ unit of study. - CORRECT ANSWER Monadic; dyadic; triadic; dyadic and triadic Irvin Yalom specified that the functions of a therapy group leader should include: emotional stimulation; caring; meaning attribution; and executive leadership. Zander Ponzo found support for these same factors, and he also identified other factors found in successful groups. The factors Ponzo identified include: - CORRECT ANSWER Participation, risk-taking, and conflict-confrontation Jacob Moreno is known for the following: - CORRECT ANSWER The Theater of Spontaneity, psychodrama, and group psychotherapy In career development and counseling, what is meant by the Compensatory vs. Spillover theory of leisure? - CORRECT ANSWER Individuals who are dissatisfied with their jobs compensate by engaging in excessive leisure What is an issue for adults in career transition, which counselors should sensitively address during counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Not wanting to undergo job transition Obsolete job skills/a need for retraining Lack of information/job-seeking skills What tests is the most likely to be used in career counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Myers-Briggs Type Indicator What kind of tests are the Rotter Incomplete Sentences Blank and the Draw-A-Person Test? - CORRECT ANSWER Specialized personality tests What are examples of intrusive or reactive measurement? - CORRECT ANSWER Questionnaires, interviews, and open observation Dr. Stanwyck has used two different counseling approaches with two different groups of college students. Both groups had similar scores on a pre-test of self-efficacy. He gives each group the same post-test to measure their self-efficacy levels following the course of counseling. What kind of test would he most likely use to see if there is a statistically significant difference between the two group' post-test scores? - CORRECT ANSWER A t-test Dr. Stanwyck has determined that his two groups of students have significantly different scores on the post-test of self efficacy he gave to them after two different courses of counseling. Now he wants to find out whether there is also a statistically significant interaction between the two groups' mean scores. What kind of test would he be likely to use to determine this? - CORRECT ANSWER A factorial ANOVA (factorial Analysis of Variance) Dr. Stanwyck has determined that not only was there a statistically significant difference in the scores of his two groups of students following two different courses of counseling, but also that these scores had a statistically significant interaction with each other. Now he wants to see if, in addition to tested levels of self-efficacy, his subjects' levels of optimism have changed following the two kinds of counseling. Accordingly, he gives both groups a questionnaire to assess their level of optimism. (Dr. Stanwyck had planned ahead and had given both groups a pre-test assessing their baseline optimism levels before the counseling courses began) To make his analysis of the students' levels of both self-efficacy and optimism following the counseling, what kind of test will he need to use? - CORRECT ANSWER MANOVA (Multivariate Analysis of Variance) Dr. Stanwyck has found a significant difference in the mean test scores of his two student groups. He has also found significant interaction between their scores. He subsequently tested for significance on a second dependent variable as well. Now he wants to make one more analysis based on the information he has obtained related to the first dependent variable he tested - that of self-efficacy. In pretesting, he noticed that the college seniors in each group had higher average scores in self-efficacy than the college juniors in each group. Therefore, he now adjusts the groups' scores statistically to control for these initial differences before he compares his two test groups. What kind of test is he using? - CORRECT ANSWER ANCOVA (Analysis of covariance) What is correct about insurance laws related to counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER In some states, insurance laws now require licensed counselors to be reimbursed for treating certain mental illnesses. Many mental health professionals apply to HMOs and PPOs to be on their provider lists. What is the reason for their doing this? - CORRECT ANSWER To allow clients to be referred to them What is correct regarding ethical issues in group counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER Informed consent should be obtained from prospective group members before starting What is correct regarding ethical issues in family counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER If the counselor diagnoses a family member, it could be used later on in a court of law True or False: IDEA has a wider range of eligibility than section 504 under Rehabilitation act of 1973 - CORRECT ANSWER False. The Rehabilitation act of 1973 has the broader definition of disability What is a key difference between IDEA and Section 504 of Rehabiltation Act of 1973 - CORRECT ANSWER IDEA only applies to educational institutions, while RA1973 applies to any organization or employer in the US receiving government funding. Who qualifies for eligibility under Rehabilitation Act of 1973 section 504? - CORRECT ANSWER Anyone who has a disability, physical or psychological, that impair at least one major life activity. Individuals must have documentation of their disability True or False: under both section 504 and IDEA, if a student is eligible for disability services, the student will have a multi-disiplinary team put together a plan. - CORRECT ANSWER True. In IDEA it's called Individualized Education Plan (IEP) and in 504 it's called a 504 plan HIPPA was designed to...? - CORRECT ANSWER protect privacy of individuals medical and mental health records What year were agencies supposed to be HIPPA compliant? - CORRECT ANSWER 2003 Under HIPPA patients have the right to a. control who can view their health records b. inspect their health records c. request changes to health records d. all of the above - CORRECT ANSWER D HIPPA applies to _____ ______ _____. - CORRECT ANSWER health care providers What rights are delineated in the HIPPA privacy policy? - CORRECT ANSWER who their protected health information (PHI) is given to, might use it, and the procedure for requesting information not be shared with certain companies/individuals If there is a discrepancy between what the patient believes should be in the medical record and what the organization believes should be in the record what must be done? - CORRECT ANSWER the discrepancy must be noted in the file. How does Child Abuse Prevention and Treatment Act (CAPTA) define child abuse and neglect? - CORRECT ANSWER Any recent act or failure to act on the part of a parent or caretaker which results in death, serious physical/emotional harm, sexual abuse or exploitation; or an act or failure to act which presents an imminent risk of serious harm True or False. Anyone who reports suspected child abuse will not be found liable, even if CPS dismissed the case. - CORRECT ANSWER True Name the key aspects of informed consent when working with minors. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. what they can expect from counseling 2. limitations to confidentiality 3. right to withdraw from treatment at any time Why is receiving assent from a child important before starting counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER It establishes boundaries, gives buy in on the part of the client, and gives the minor respect. What is the percentage range of elder abuse? - CORRECT ANSWER 2%-10% depending on type, definition, and degree of reporting True or False: in some states, if an older adult is neglecting themselves, nothing can be done because this is not considered elder abuse - CORRECT ANSWER Both. Some states do consider neglect of self a form of elder abuse, however, some do not. Mark all that are correct Collectively Title II, Elder Abuse Prevention and Services, and Title VII, Vulnerable Elder Rights Protection, include: a. long-term care b. legal assistance c. greater coordination with law enforcement and court system d. access to specific food banks e. financial assistance to those being abused f. allotment of funds for detection, assessment, and intervention - CORRECT ANSWER a, b, c, f What does CACREP stand for? - CORRECT ANSWER Counsil for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs How often do CACREP colleges have to undergo the re-accreditation process? - CORRECT ANSWER Every 8 years When was CACREP established? - CORRECT ANSWER 1981 What are the steps an educational institution needs to go through to become CACREP? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. complete an application an submit a self-study report (tells why do they qualify) 2. CACREP reviews self-study report 3. get a visit from CACREP administrators 4. Accreditation decisions made by board Define advocacy counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Concerned with supporting and promoting the needs of clients and the counseling profession at all levels (state, local, regional, national) True or False: in the ACA code of ethics counselors are told they must advocate for themselves and their clients. - CORRECT ANSWER True T or F: when a client is part of an HMO they don't need a referral from their primary care physician before visiting a specialist. - CORRECT ANSWER False. List an advantage and disadvantage for a counselor to being on an HMO board. - CORRECT ANSWER advantage: they get a steady influx of clients disadvantage: they must provide a diagnosis and detailed history of each client. They are limited in the amount of time they can treat. Have specific guidelines for treatment modalities. As counselors why do we have liability insurance? - CORRECT ANSWER To protect our assets. Even good or well-intentioned counselors make mistakes and they may be found negligent or in guilty of malpractice. define malpractice - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when professional counselors fail to follow acceptable professional standards and do not provide the expected standard of care, resulting in injury to the client. define negligence - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when a professional counselors fails to use reasonable care and/or protect a client from foreseeable harm, resulting in injury o define licensure - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which a government agency grants a counselor permission to practice and/or render specific counseling services. A license protects the public by ensuring that only qualified professionals can legally provide counseling services. When did licensure in counseling first appear? - CORRECT ANSWER The 1970s What year and what state first had a licensing for professional counselors? - CORRECT ANSWER Virginia; 1976 What is meant when someone says "portability would establish reciprocity for licensed counselors"? - CORRECT ANSWER Portability of professional counseling license would allow counselors who are licensed in one state to practice in another without additional requirements. What is the chief credentialing organization in the US for counselors, and what year was it founded? - CORRECT ANSWER National Board for Certified Counselors (NBCC); 1982 What is the premier credential for NBCC? - CORRECT ANSWER National Certified Counselor (NCC) Which is not one of the options to become eligible for NCC? a. Have practiced for 5 years as a LPC or state equivalent b. be a current student in a counseling program that participates in the graduate student application c. Have earned a master's degree from a CACREP accredited program d. Have earned a master's degree from a non-CACREP-accredited program and have studied the 8 basic competencies e. Hold a counseling license conferred by the candidate's state board and posses at least a master's degree in a mental health field. - CORRECT ANSWER A The American Counseling Association was originally named. a. American Association of Counseling and development b. American Personnel and Guidance Association. c. National Vocational Guidance Association d. American Counseling Association - CORRECT ANSWER B When counseling minors, the legal right to confidentiality belongs to a. the child b. the counselor c. the parent or legal guardian d. both the parent and the child - CORRECT ANSWER C The Buckley Amendment is also known as a. HIPPA b. section 504 of the U.S. Rehabilitation Act c. IDEA d. FERPA - CORRECT ANSWER D define professional counselor - CORRECT ANSWER A professional who works with individuals and families to overcome development and unexpected life changes in order to facilitate client wellness and personal growth. Specifically, professional counselors work to prevent psychological problems and promote healthy human development. Which act of 1963 provided funding to Clinical Mental Health Counselors so that they could practice? a. Clinical Mental Health Act b. American Mental Health Act c. Community Mental Health Act d. Chronic Mental Health Act - CORRECT ANSWER C. The rest are made up. What areas are clinical mental health counselors trained in? - CORRECT ANSWER assessment, diagnosis, treatment planning, psychotherapy, substance abuse treatment, prevention and intervention, crisis counseling, and brief therapy. Name the ACA mental health counselors division. - CORRECT ANSWER American Mental Health Counselors Association (AMHCA) What do college admission counselors do? - CORRECT ANSWER Focus on helping students maneuver through college admissions process to select and secure entry into suitable postsecondary education. Name the division of College Admission Counselors that exists in the NBCC. - CORRECT ANSWER National Association for College Admission Counseling True of False: College Counselors and College Admission Counselors essentially do the same thing. - CORRECT ANSWER False. College Counselors work in counseling centers on college campuses and help students who are struggling with mental health and educational concerns. What does a Certified Rehabilitation Counselor (CRC) do? - CORRECT ANSWER Help individuals with disabilities work through personal and vocational issues they may encounter as a result of their impairment. May involve connecting client with health care or occupational training. What nonprofit organization formed in 1974 certifies rehabilitation counselors? - CORRECT ANSWER The Commission on Rehabilitation Counselor Certification (CRCC). What is the name of the ACA division for school counselors? - CORRECT ANSWER American School Counselor Association (ASCA) What is school counselors job? - CORRECT ANSWER to work in elementary, middle, and high school to serve the personal-social, career, and academic needs of the school's students. Define mental health practitioner - CORRECT ANSWER a person trained to treat individuals with mental health issues and mental illness. This includes psychologist, psychiatrist, psychoanalysts, social workers, psychiatric nurses, MFTs. True or False: Other than getting a masters in the mental health field, there is no other specifications that are required to become a psychoanalyst - CORRECT ANSWER False. They need specialized training from a psychoanalysis institute after they get their masters in mental health and usually have to engage in psychoanalysis themselves by a trained professional. Which professional is characterized by social reform, social justice, and affecting public policy. a. psychologist b. marriage and family therapist c. psychiatric nurses d. social worker - CORRECT ANSWER d Define crisis - CORRECT ANSWER any event that disrupts a person's previously effective coping mechanisms. List the steps for psychological first aid. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Address essential survival needs (food, shelter, safety) 2. address psychological needs using counseling skills 3. connect with family/friends to mitigate feelings of isolation What does a crisis counseling program do? - CORRECT ANSWER Assist individuals after a crisis to restore a sense of safety. They work in crisis teams (interdisciplinary teams that consist of mental health professionals and medical professionals) to identify problems and inventory the available resources. Developmental supervision appraoches - CORRECT ANSWER approaches that emphasize counselor-trainee's progress through a series of stages as they become more experienced, competent, and independent. Discrimination model of supervision - CORRECT ANSWER a model that requires the supervisor to be aware of the supervisee's intervention, conceptualization, and personalization skills and addresses supervisees needs by adopting the role of either teacher, counselor, or consultant as needed. live observation (supervision) - CORRECT ANSWER sit in during a supervissee session with a client Founded in 1986 the American Association of State Counseling Boards (AASCB) does what? - CORRECT ANSWER to connect states that have licensure boards in order to promote communication to the public and collaboration among states regarding licensure laws and legal matters. ACCA stands for what? - CORRECT ANSWER American College Counseling Association founded in 1991 When was the ACA established? - CORRECT ANSWER 1993 though it went through many iterations. American Personnel and Guidance Association 1952, when 4 different associations joined American Association of Counseling and Development 1983 American Mental Health Counselors was established in what year? - CORRECT ANSWER 1978 AADA does what? - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Adult Development and Aging promotes services available to older adults AARC stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Assessment and Research in Counseling, created in 1965 ACES stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Counselor Education and Supervision ACEG - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Counselors and Educations in Government, established in 1978 ACC - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Creativity in Counseling established in 2004 AHC - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Humanistic Counseling formed in 1931 ALGBTIC - CORRECT ANSWER Association for LGBT Issues in Counseling, est. 1975 AMCD - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Multicultural Counseling, est 1972 ASGW - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Specialist in Group Work, est 1973 ASERVIC - CORRECT ANSWER Association for Spiritual, Ethical, and Religious Values in Counseling, est 1993, though gone through many iterations CSI - CORRECT ANSWER Chi Sigma Iota, formed in 1985 CSJ - CORRECT ANSWER Counselors for Social Justice, est 2002 IAAOC - CORRECT ANSWER International Association of Addiction and Offender Counselors, est 1974 IAMFC9* - CORRECT ANSWER International Association of Marriage and Family Counselors, founded 1986 NCDA - CORRECT ANSWER National Career Development Association, founded 1913 NECA - CORRECT ANSWER National Employment Counseling Association, est 1966 NRCA - CORRECT ANSWER National Rehabilitation Counseling Association, est 1958. Works to uphold standards set by CRCC The ______ is NOT a founding member of the ACA a. Counseling Association for Humanistic Education and Development (C-AHEAD) b. American School Counselor Association. c. National Career Development Association d. Association for Counselor Education and Supervision - CORRECT ANSWER B Ethics - CORRECT ANSWER moral principles that guide an individual's behavior. For professional counselors, ethics, and the code of ethics, are what guide professional practices to ensure the welfare and safety of clients and counselors. mandatory ethics - CORRECT ANSWER The lowest standard to which all members must comply to behave ethically Aspirational ethics - CORRECT ANSWER best practices professionals can inspire members to work on continually improving their own knowledge base and skill to advance their practice and the reputation of the profession itself. list the five ethical principles - CORRECT ANSWER autonomy, nonmaleficense, beneficence, justice, fidelity the ethical principle of autonomy refers to.... - CORRECT ANSWER the ability of clients to exercise free will and act independly the most important ethical principle is _______, which means to ___ ____ ______. - CORRECT ANSWER nonmaleficense; do no harm beneficense - CORRECT ANSWER doing only good justice is characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER fairness, this means we will not discriminate against a client fidelity menas - CORRECT ANSWER being faithful and loyal. This means keeping one's word, facilitating trust, and fulfilling obligations to clients list the steps to the Herlihy and Corey ethical decision making model - CORRECT ANSWER 1. ID problem 2. Study codes and do ethical research 3. Reflect on 5 ethical principles, (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, fidelity) 4. consult 5. be aware of own emotions so as not to be clouded by them 6.include client in decision making process 7. brainstorm courses of action and decide how you would like to see situation resolved 8. examine consequences for courses of action 9. Assess your choosen course of action. 10. Take action When was the first ethical code for the ACA created? - CORRECT ANSWER 1961 What are the 8 sections of the ACA code of ethics? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. counseling relationship 2. confidentiality, privileged communication, and privacy 3. professional relationship 4. relationship with other professionals 5. evaluation, assessment, and interpretation 6. supervision, training, and teaching 7. research and publication 8. resolving ethical issues Which section of the ACA code deals with informed consent, record keeping, avoiding romantic relationships with clients, termination, advocating for clients, and rules around gifts from clients? a. Confidentiality, Privileged Communication, and Privacy b. Resolving ethical issues c. The counseling relationship d. professional responsibility - CORRECT ANSWER C What are some of the limitations to confidentiality listed in the ACA code? - CORRECT ANSWER protecting clients from serious or forseeable harm, disclosure of communicable disease, court ordered, child/elder abuse Which section of the ACA Ethical Code deals with scope of practice, continuing education, and truthfulness in advertising? a. relationship with other professionals b. research and publication c. the counseling relationship d. professional responsibility - CORRECT ANSWER D When giving client an assessment, which one of these is NOT in the ACA Code of Ethics a. Only use test with an interrate reliability score above 0.7 b. explaining results in a way clients can understand c. only using assessment tools that we are trained and qualified to use d. take into account who the population was normed on and report in an appropriate way - CORRECT ANSWER A What is NOT listed as an ethical concern in the ACA code of Ethics Research and Publication section a. the principal researcher is held at the greatest responsibility for ensuring ethical conduct b. in accordance with HIPPA, if any client if found to have a mental health issue, the research must find treatment for the participant c. Avoid using deceptions, unless necessary, justifiable, and it will not cause harm d. keep confidential information and dispose of in a timely manner. e. publish enough info so that it can be replicated - CORRECT ANSWER B T or F: any counselor certified by NBCC must also follow their ethical code - CORRECT ANSWER True T or F: the ACA code of ethics provides both mandatory and aspirational ethics, while the NBCC code only provides aspirtational eithics - CORRECT ANSWER False. NBCC only provides mandatory ethics List the 7 areas The NBCC code of ethics covers. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. take appropriate action to prevent harm 2. Provide only services you are qualified for 3. promote welfare of people you provide service to (supervisees, clients) 4. communicate truthfully 5. avoid actions that will reasonably damage trust of the counseling profession 6. encourage active participation of those receiving services 7. be accountable and adhere to recognized professional standards and practices Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves informed consent, protection of records, gatekeeping responsibilities, handling of assessments and research? a. encouraging active participation b. scope of practice c. communicate truthfully d. prevent harm - CORRECT ANSWER D. Which part of the NBCC code of ethics involves multicutural competencies? a. prevent harm b. scope of practice c. promotion of welfare of clients d. comunicate truthfully - CORRECT ANSWER B. T or F: According to NBCC sexual or intimate relationships can occur after 2 years - CORRECT ANSWER True. (I know, right?) liability - CORRECT ANSWER the legal responsibility of the counselor to act with due care in professional practice. If you practice without due care, you may be vulnerable to legal action against you tort - CORRECT ANSWER a legal response to harm against an individual person or property. If a client believes they have been injured or wronged by a counselor they may file a tort. unintentional tort - CORRECT ANSWER the counselor did not plan or aim to cause harm to the client. Usually malpractice or negligence are considered an unintentional tort intentional tort - CORRECT ANSWER if it seems obvious that the counselor's actions would result in harm to the client, even if the counselor did not intent to harm What are the 4 criteria that must be proven to claim negligence in a court of law. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. defendant owed the plaintiff some kind of legal duty (counselor-client relationship) 2. The defendant breached that legal duty 3. The plaintiff has an authentic injury (physical, financial, psychological) 4. the defendant's breach of duty caused the plaintiff's injury In a malpractice case, the counselor would be compared with who, and why would they be compared? - CORRECT ANSWER They would be compared with other counselors because malpractice is trying to prove that the expected standard of care, that most professionals would provide, was not given Defamation (type of tort) - CORRECT ANSWER intentional maring of someone's reputation through spreading of falsehoods. There are two types Libel and Slander Libel - CORRECT ANSWER defamation through writing slander - CORRECT ANSWER defamation through a spoken statement confidentiality - CORRECT ANSWER refers to counselors' ethical duty to keep client's disclosures private privileged communication - CORRECT ANSWER legal term that protects certain counselor-client communication in the court system T or F: Privileged communication rights belong to the client, but not confidentiality - CORRECT ANSWER False, both belong to the client subpoena - CORRECT ANSWER a legal document that orders a person to appear in court to serve as a witness or to provide the court with certain documents If the client does not want the counselor to divulge information asked for in a subpoena, the counselor should ask the client's attorney to do what? - CORRECT ANSWER file a motion to quash the subpoena T or F: if the counselor receives a subpoena he or she must provide the information to the court - CORRECT ANSWER False. If the counselor receives a court order and a subpoena, he or she must comply or be held in contempt. culture - CORRECT ANSWER the human experience mediated by biological, psychological, historical, and political events. It includes behaviors, attitudes, feelings, and cognition related to our identities living within the world Culture exists on three levels. They are .... - CORRECT ANSWER Universal, group, and individual cultural encapsulation - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the dominate cultural view is regarded in counseling as more important than minority values. This may lead to counselors treating clients from the dominant perspective, disregarding client's individual and cultural values. multicultural counseling - CORRECT ANSWER the integration of cultural identities within the counseling process cultural identity - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the degree to which individuals identify belonging to subgroups of various cultural groups or categories. This can be the combination of various cultural group memberships for the client and counselor interaction to affect the counseling relationship what are the three components of the tripartite model of multicultural counseling? - CORRECT ANSWER awareness (self-awareness, of values and biases) knowledge (understanding the client's wordview), and skill (intervention in a culturally appropriate manner). etic - CORRECT ANSWER viewing the client from a universal perspective emic - CORRECT ANSWER using counseling approaches that are specific to a client's culture high context communication - CORRECT ANSWER relaying messages by relaying heavily on surroundings: many things can be left unsaid low context communication - CORRECT ANSWER individuals communicating primarily verbally paralanguage - CORRECT ANSWER refers to verbal cues other than words; volume, tempo, prolongation of sound, pitch Kinesics - CORRECT ANSWER involves postures, body movement, and position chronemics - CORRECT ANSWER how individuals conceptualize and act toward time monochromic time - CORRECT ANSWER orientation toward time in a linear fashion (use schedules, advanced planning of activities) polychromic time - CORRECT ANSWER the value of time as secondary to relationships among people proxemics - CORRECT ANSWER the use of personal physical distance. This can include intimate distance (0-18 inches), personal distance (18in - 4 feet), social distance (4-12 feet), and public distance (12 feet +) Acculturation - CORRECT ANSWER the process in which an individual makes sense of a host culture's value systems in relationship to his or her own What are the four models of acculturation identified by Paniagua - CORRECT ANSWER 1. assimilation model (highly acculturated; primarily identify with the new culture) 2. separation model (refuse to adapt to new cultural values) 3. integration model, or biculturalism (identify with both cultures) 4. marginalization model (reject both cultures) worldview - CORRECT ANSWER individuals' conceptualization of their relationship with the world Locus of responsibility - CORRECT ANSWER a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behaviors. This refers to what system is accountable for things that happened to the individuals. It can be internal responsibility, this means that success/failure are an individuals own doing. External locus of responsibility refers to the idea that social environment or external systems are responsible for what happens to an individual locus of control - CORRECT ANSWER a Sue and Sue concept of how individuals guide their behavior. the degree of control individuals have over their environment. Internal locus of control means that people believe that consequences are dependent on an individual. External locus of control refers to the notion that consequence result by chance, outside of an individual's control. What are the 5 Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck components that create a unique cultural worldview - CORRECT ANSWER 1. human nature: humans are good, bad, or a combination of the two 2. relationship to nature: how individuals view the power of nature; harmony with, power over, or power of nature 3. sense of time: where do you focus, past, present, future 4. activity: how self-expression occurs for individuals 5. social relationships: What are the three components of Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's activity component? - CORRECT ANSWER being (present oriented, internal focus) being in becoming (present and future oriented goal development) doing (Actively engaging in activities that are important by external standards) What are the three categories in Kluckhohn and Strodtbeck's social relationship component? - CORRECT ANSWER lineal-hierarchal (traditional cultures with hierarchal positions) collateral-mutual (collectivist focus) individualisitc (needs of the group are secondary to those of individuals) race - CORRECT ANSWER describes how groups of people are thought to be identified by physical characteristics, historically based on genetic and biological background Hispanic/Latino is a _____; not a ______ - CORRECT ANSWER ethnicity; race color blindness - CORRECT ANSWER treating individuals equally by ignoring their racial group, or color of their skin, as a component of their identity color consciousness - CORRECT ANSWER the process of how Whites, in response to their role in perpetuating racial discrimination for racial minorities, focus predominantly on racial differences colorism - CORRECT ANSWER the judgment of worth based on how closely an individual's skin color approximates that of Whites. Typically valuing more European features Biracial individuals - CORRECT ANSWER children of parents from two different racial background mestizo - CORRECT ANSWER a biracial individual from a native american parent and a Caucasian parent eugenics movement - CORRECT ANSWER trying to keep the Caucasian race "pure" by directing who could marry and reproduce multiracial - CORRECT ANSWER someone who's family includes more than two racial lineages, may include children who are adopted into a family not of their race ethnicity - CORRECT ANSWER refers to people who have a similar social or cultural backgruond ethnic identity - CORRECT ANSWER self perceived sense of membership in an ethnic group, including feelings and attitudes associated with that membership ethnocentrism - CORRECT ANSWER a belief that one's culture is superior in comparison to all other cultures Socioeconomic class or status (SES) - CORRECT ANSWER includes income, financial status, educational background, resource availability, job held generational poverty - CORRECT ANSWER when poverty has occurred for many generations situation poverty - CORRECT ANSWER lack of resources due to an extenuating circumstances classism - CORRECT ANSWER a form of discrimination founded on a person's social status modern classism - CORRECT ANSWER proposes that those of the lower statuses may exhibit classism as well structural classism - CORRECT ANSWER promotes a current status quo or arrangement of classes internalized classism - CORRECT ANSWER the result of a person's feeling shame for teh class to which they belong gender - CORRECT ANSWER the social categories of masculinity or femininity, with placement heavily guided by culture sex roles - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on a person's physiological functioning, ex: a woman's sex role would include her ability to conceive and birth a child gender roles - CORRECT ANSWER societal expectations put on a person about how someone should behave, think, and be treated, and what beliefs he or she should hold gender expression - CORRECT ANSWER how an individual portray their gender gender schema theory - CORRECT ANSWER Created by Bem, it tries to determine the "why" behand an individuals placement of genders into certain categories. Children learn gender roles The four components of sexual identity by Chaney and Marszalek - CORRECT ANSWER physical identity (biological) gender identity social sex role identity (the sex roles an individual adopts due to culture) sexual orientation identity (who are you attracted to) Affectional orientation - CORRECT ANSWER acknowledges that all relationships involve attraction, emotional stability, communication style, and other interpersonal factors and feelings in addition to sexual attraction homoprejudice - CORRECT ANSWER similar to homophobia, but used because it appears to be more of a prejudice than phobia spirituality - CORRECT ANSWER meaningful experiences that can include a relationship with a divine entity, the universe, or nature religion - CORRECT ANSWER the ritualized practice that may involve a church or other organizations, authority figures, and religious mores li - CORRECT ANSWER the proper mannerisms, traditions, ethics, and regulations in confucianism spiritual bypass - CORRECT ANSWER misusing spiritual beliefs, practices, or experiences rather than addressing the struggle at the level at which it occurs. A maladaptive practice. EX: a person who is insecure, driven to cover this up by becoming overly involved in outreach to others disability - CORRECT ANSWER a mental or physical challenge that greatly limits a person's ability to function in activities of daily living Rehabilitation Act of 1973 - CORRECT ANSWER prohibits discrimination against those with disabilities Americans with Disability act of 1990 - CORRECT ANSWER prohibits discrimination of people with disabilities in employment, public service, telecommunications, and accomodations social justice - CORRECT ANSWER teh belief in an equitable world for all individuals and corresponding goal of promoting fairness by addressing privilege and oppression Crethar's four main foci of social justice - CORRECT ANSWER Equity: balanced allocation of services, rights, and duties within a society Access: fair access to services, resources, and education that allow individuals to reach a good quality life Participation: the right of an individual to have their opinion to take into consideration on decisions that will influence their lives Harmony: working for the greater good privilege - CORRECT ANSWER the ability of a group to receive benefits and prestige that are not readily available to other groups Opression - CORRECT ANSWER may occur by force or deprivation. Oppression by force refers to imposing a role, experience, or condition on someone. Oppression by deprivation refers to not providing someone with necessary experiences or resources Hanna, Talley, Guindon's levels of oppression - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Primary: obvious acts by either force or deprivation 2. secondary: individuals do not get directly involved by from which the may benefit 3. Tertiary: when the minority group member adopts a majority opinion so they fit in. double or triple jeopardy - CORRECT ANSWER discrimination faced because of an individuals possession of multiple minority statuses structural violence - CORRECT ANSWER the result of individuals being marginalized by political, economic, and social institutions prejudice - CORRECT ANSWER making assumptions about an individual What are the five stages of prejudice? - CORRECT ANSWER Antilocution: sharing harmful views with others of the same belief Avoidance: don't want to be around discrimination: denying access to resources physical attack: acting violently or making physical threats extermination: demolishing certain groups racism - CORRECT ANSWER the belief that a group of people are inferior to one's own group due to recognized or perceived differences covert racism - CORRECT ANSWER not directly obvious, but done insidiously overt racism - CORRECT ANSWER an obvious and focused prejudice what are the three levels of racism? - CORRECT ANSWER individual: an individual's belief that another race is less than institutional: racism perpetuated by an institution cultural: devaluing cultural artifacts that do not approximate white culture values racial worldview - CORRECT ANSWER a defining cultural characteristic in which individuals and group perceive and understand each other resilience - CORRECT ANSWER a person's ability to maintain equilibrium, adjust to distressful or disturbing circumstances, or to bounce back Hays and Gray's common stages of racial identity development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. unawarness/denial 2. conflict or anxiety when encountering those who are different 3. retreat into one's own cultural group, start cautious interactions with others 4. integration of one's own cultural identity 5. advocation for those who belong to cultural group membership racial identity - CORRECT ANSWER orientation to one or more racial groups Stages of Cross's nigrescene model - CORRECT ANSWER 1. preencounter: race or anti-black attitudes are not seen as important 2. Encounter: an encounter that prompts notice of racial identity 3. immersion-emersion: response from previous stage, prompts retreat and embracing symbols of Black identity 4. Internalization: black individual is more accepting of their racial identity 5. internalization-commitment: becoming and advocate for black issues. Helm's people of color racial identity development model (POCRID) stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. conformity 2. Dissonance: awareness that racism exists 3. Immersion/Emersion: reject white culture, increase racial pride 4. internalization: increasingly identify with other oppressed people 5. Integrative awareness: develop more complex view of all racial groups Helm's White racial identity development (WRID) stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. contact: unaware racism exists 2. disintegration: uncomfortable with idea of racism 3. Reintegration: demonstrate intolerance and anger toward other racial groups due to discomfort 4. Pseudo-Independence: make a superficial commitment to racial issues 5. Immersion/Emersion: renew efforts to address racism 6. Autonomy: strive to relinquish white privilege Helm's racial interaction theory states that there are 3 type of racial interactions, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Parallel interactions: people are at similar stage in their racial identity 2. regressive interactions: one individual is at a lower stage of racial identity than the other 3. Progressive interactions: the white person (or higher social power person) is higher in their racial identity. In counseling, this creates interactions that help with development The stages in Hardiman's White racial identity development - CORRECT ANSWER naivete: white person categorizes and transmits messages about power and privilege acceptance: believe equal opportunity for all; but believe white values as gold standards resistance: experience conflicts about belief of equal opportunity for all redefinition: increase understanding of their racial identity and of their attitudes towards others internalization: define themselves independently of anxiety and resistance in earlier stages Gender idenity - CORRECT ANSWER the degree to which individual endorse gender role expressions associated with their perceived gender Downing and Roush feminist idenity development model explaining how women come to know themselves in a sexist society has these 5 stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Passive acceptance: internalizing traditional gender roles 2. Revelation: experience a sexist event, that make them rethink. May lead to duelist thinking (all men=bad; all women =good) 3. embeddedness-emanation: women developing support network with other women to deal with neg feelings 4. synthesis: integrating feminist principles 5. Active commitment: women advocating for other women Gender self confidence - CORRECT ANSWER the degree to which individuals define him/herself according to traditional views of masculinity and femininity and accepts those views. Hoffman's model of gender self confidence has 4 statuses. What are they? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Unexamined Female Identity: acceptance of traditional gender roles 2. Crisis: women become aware of societal discrimination 3. Moratorium/equilibrium: actively committed to a feminist identity search 4. Achieved female identity: synthesis of new feminist identity Cass's gay identity development six stages are - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Conscious awareness: feel different, note not hetero 2. identity comparison: accept/reject aspects of gay identity 3. Identity tolerance: connect with other sexual minorities; distance from heterosexuals 4. identity acceptance: more active commitment to gay community 5. Identity pride: gay activism 6. Identity synthesis: gay ID integrated with other cultural identities Troiden gay identity development model has 4 stages which are? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. sensitization: awareness of same sex attraction 2. identity confusion: uncertainty about sexual orientation 3. Identity assumption: exploration within gay community 4. Commitment: active in gay community McCarn and Fassinger gay identity development has 4 stages taht are discrete yet parallel, and were used to describe not only gay men but lesbian women as well. What are the stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Awareness: individual feels different 2. Exploration: begin to have strong same-sex attraction 3. deepening commitment: confirms gay identity 4. Identity integration: internalize gay idenity Weinberg, Williams, and Pryor have 4 stages of bisexual identity development which are... - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Initial confusion: experience anxiety about sexual ID 2. Finding and applying the label of bisexuality: become more comfortable being attracted to both sexes 3. Settling into the identity: individuals increased acceptance of bisexual identity 4. continued uncertainty: individuals feel intermittent uncertainty about bisexual identity Worthington, Bielstein-Savoy, Dillion, and Vernaglia have 5 stages in heterosexual identity development which are... - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Unexplored commitment: no exploration of sexuality 2. Active exploration: more active identification with heterosexuality 3. Diffusion: no commitment or exploration at the individual or group level 4. Deeping and commitment: show greater commitment to heterosexuality 5. synthesis: development of an overall sexual self-concept Poll and Smith's 4 stages of spiritual identity development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Pre-awareness: do not view spirituality as relevant to life 2. Awakening: becomes aware of self as spiritual being 3. Recognition: integrated throughout life experiences 4. : integration: synthesized with an overall self-concept This is not an East Asian country a. China b. Sri Lanka c. Japan d. Taiwan e. Philippines f. Korea - CORRECT ANSWER B. This is not a South Asian country a. Pakistan b. Sri Lanka c. India d. Cambodia e. Nepal f. Bhtan g. Bangladesh - CORRECT ANSWER D This is not a Southeast Asian country a. China b. Vietnam c. Laos d. Hmong e. Cambodia - CORRECT ANSWER A Personalismo - CORRECT ANSWER having compassion and caring for those in their communities in families. This is seen in Latin America marianismo - CORRECT ANSWER feminine version of machismo found in Latin America. Traditional female traits such as nurturing, emotional, and sexually pure Native Americans were not considered US citizens until.... a. 1905 b.1930 c. 1924 - CORRECT ANSWER C _______ comprises the smallest percentage of the U.S. population a. Native Americans b. Arab Americans c. Asian Americans d. European Americans - CORRECT ANSWER b Filial peity regarding family applies most closely to which cultural group? a. Latin America b. African Americans. c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans - CORRECT ANSWER d __________ are considered the fastest growing racial and ethnic group a. African Americans b. Arab Americans c. Native Americans d. Asian Americans - CORRECT ANSWER d This form of therapy is trying to change a person who is gay into a heterosexual. It has been banned by ACA. - CORRECT ANSWER reparative therapy or conversion therapy transgenderist - CORRECT ANSWER person who lives the life of the opposite sex without biological intervention gerontological counseling - CORRECT ANSWER an area of counseling geared toward individuals 65 years or older What are the stages of culture shock put out by Pedersen? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Honeymoon phase 2. Crisis or Disintegration phase: being frustrated or let down by host culture 3. Reorientation and Reintegration Phase: seeing culture as having both good and bad aspects 4. Adaptation or Resolution Phase: feeling of belonging to multiple cultures and having a sense of well-being Trauma - CORRECT ANSWER a long-term crisis for which there is no resolution or balance of stressors and available resources. microagression - CORRECT ANSWER an aggressive act against a minority. Not necessarily overtly violent but rather more insidious act that builds up and occurs within everyday social interactions. neglect - CORRECT ANSWER the most prevalent type of abuse, involves not taking care of a child's needs: physically, medically, educationally, or emotionally sexual exploitation - CORRECT ANSWER forcing a child into prostitution or pronography Rich 4 stages of divorce - CORRECT ANSWER 1. shock and disbelief 2. initial adjustment: practical adjustments 3. active reorganization. after legal proceedings; connecting with new individuals 4. life reformation: integrating one's old life and new life list the 5 forms of crisis - CORRECT ANSWER 1. developmental (childbirth, aging) 2. environmental (Katrina) 3. existential (what's it all mean?) 4. situational (loss of job) 5. psychiatric (substance abuse, mental illness) What are the steps in crisis intervention (Gilliland) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Define the problem: how does the client conceptualize it? 2. Ensure client safety: mentally and physically 3. Provide support: use unconditional positive regard 4. Examine alternatives: trauma brain; can't think clearly; help them 5. make plans 6. obtain commitment: ensure client will stick to plan Symptoms of PTSD - CORRECT ANSWER hypervigilance, change in sleep patterns, intrusive thoughts, flashbacks, numbness, memory issues, avoiding places, triggers, or people that remind them of the trauma Judith Herman has 3 stages to recovering from trauma. She believes that not all of them are ever fully achieved, but rather integrated into life. What are the stages - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Establishment of safety: client has an opportunity to show control over life by making decisions 2. Remembrance and mourning: tell the story of the trauma 3. Reconnection with ordinary life: begin to reintegrate into a more regular existance True or False: most suicides occur at either the early years in life or the later years. - CORRECT ANSWER True. Highest rates are before 35 and after 65 What steps should a counselor take to help a suicidal client? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. assess risk 2. remove any method of harm (gun, pills, etc...) 3. involuntary hospitalization or voluntary if needed 4. for less risky cases --connect client with social network, someone to check on them negotiation - CORRECT ANSWER compromise by involved individuals power negotiations - CORRECT ANSWER individuals vie to have the strongest influence on the outcome and may involve deceitful tactics such as relying false information and cheating rights negotiations - CORRECT ANSWER the legality of what is right and uses norms, policies, and rules interest-based negotiations - CORRECT ANSWER finding a commonality between the individuals involved transformation-based negotiations - CORRECT ANSWER deals with promoting empowerment and recognition of involved persons empowerment - CORRECT ANSWER elevates people's sense of what they can do and their personal value recognition - CORRECT ANSWER deals with being able to connect to the situation and engage in true listening mediation - CORRECT ANSWER the use of an objective, uninvolved person to help with conflict resolution with the goal of working toward determining specific desires and good solutions facilitation - CORRECT ANSWER the use of counseling-related skills, especially in groups, to analyze the conflict, find compromise, and solutions, and elicit commitment among individuals arbitrations - CORRECT ANSWER the use of a third party to make decisions that resolve a conflict for the involved individuals. This may be legally binding med-arb - CORRECT ANSWER uses both mediation and arbitration; The objective individual listens to both sides, problem-solves to incorporate mediation, and then lets individuals make the final decision Peer mediation - CORRECT ANSWER used frequently in school systems, involves an objective third party individual who helps individuals to negotiate, compromise, and problem-solve when issues arise. This uses three stages: 1. making operational decisions 2. introducing the program to stakeholders 3. obtaining support for its use additction - CORRECT ANSWER a preoccupation and dependency on a drug or process, resulting in increased tolerance, withdrawal, and repeated patterns of relapse Minnesota model is different than motivational interviewing how? - CORRECT ANSWER MM takes a more respectful and person-centered approach, yet is distinctly directive, used initially in addiction counseling. MI is heavily supported by research, unlike MM Motivational Interviewing focuses on FRAMES, which stands for what? - CORRECT ANSWER Feedback: give immediate input of what is happening Responsibility: client's take charge Advice: give direction Menu: offer options in treatment Empathy: based on Rogers Self-efficacy: the client perceives his or her own ability to overcome challenges Motivational Interviewing focuses on OARES, which stands for what? - CORRECT ANSWER Open ended questions Affirm: encourage client Reflective listening Elicit self motivational statements: make client feel comfortable so that he/she can move toward goals in supportive environment Summarize: show counselor understands Feminist theory - CORRECT ANSWER began as a political movement and is concerned with equality of women. This theory is not heavily technique laden, but promotes values from multicultural counseling, politics, and social advocacy. It finds fault with "gendercentric" psychological development models that operate on the assumption that males and females advance differently. This theory does not focus on pathology, but rather sees mental health issues stemming from the skills a person uses to cope with their world Liberal Feminism - CORRECT ANSWER came about in 18th and 19th century. Focuses on human rights and desires to be treated, like men, as "rational" human beings. radical feminism - CORRECT ANSWER 1960s-1980s. Focused on discrimination against women in capitalism. This provided the building block for feminist therapy. Introduce birth control pills, enabling women to choose their bath to or away from motherhood cultural feminism - CORRECT ANSWER focused on workplace environment, polices, sexual identity, and sexual harassment of women. Began in the mid 1980s women of color feminism - CORRECT ANSWER promotes embracing all women regardless of the color of their skin black feminism - CORRECT ANSWER puts forth that African American women are teh targets of both sexism and racism social feminism - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the whole of society, which pertains to particulars such as women's roles ecofeminism - CORRECT ANSWER the believe that women understand the balance between humans and nature better than men do social idenity theory - CORRECT ANSWER was created to understand discrimination within groups. People sort themselves into groups on the basis of similar characteristics. This theory contains in-group and out-group. Self-categorization in this theory states that people are categorized into groups as a result of birth characteristics, however some group memberships are choosen social influence model - CORRECT ANSWER Posits that counselors who are viewed as having expertise and being attractive will have greater influence on clients. It was created by Stanley Strong and encompassed two counselor pieces 1. credibility: expertise and truthworthiness 2. Interpersonal attractiveness: how the counselor shows the client that the counselor is similar to the client Sociometry - CORRECT ANSWER a scientific and visual way to analyze and display relationships among people, groups, or how people relate to one another Multiculturalism is considered the ____ force in counseling whereas social advocacy is considered the ___ force of counseling - CORRECT ANSWER fourth; fifth the other forces psychoanalytic, cognitive behaviorism, and humanistic biological aging - CORRECT ANSWER involves how the body functions and changes over time, this includes anabolism and catabolism anabolism - CORRECT ANSWER the body building to peak potential. varies by age catabolism - CORRECT ANSWER the body's usually slow deterioration from peak to an individual's death psychological aging - CORRECT ANSWER one's perception of personal age social aging - CORRECT ANSWER how one is chronological age is viewed within the societal or cultural context and is affected by vocation and socioeconomic status Their are multiple ways a developmental theory can be categorized, such as continuous vs discontinuous, nature vs. nurture, or active vs reactive. Define reactive vs active. - CORRECT ANSWER Active theories (ex: Erikson) portray people as being active in regulating or governing their behavior Reactive theories (ex: Skinner) people are seen as passive and react to environmental stimuli to accommodate change cross-sectional design studies - CORRECT ANSWER simultaneously examine several groups from differing levels of development (5-year-olds compared to 10-year-olds). These studies are usually less expensive and require less time than longitudinal studies. However, the changes could be due to the "cohort effect" meaning people born during the same time may have similar lived experiences that make them qualitatively different from those born years later/earlier Time-lag studies or cohort sequential studies - CORRECT ANSWER involve replication of previous studies on a modern-day cohort using the same parameters as the previous study central nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the brain and spinal cord peripheral nervous system - CORRECT ANSWER the network of nerves that connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body List the three parts of the brain - CORRECT ANSWER 1. hindbrain (brain stem; is highly developed at birth) 2. midbrain (highly developed at birth) 3. forebrain (cerebral cortex; mostly undeveloped at birth) hindbrain - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for life maintenance and survival functions. it includes medulla oblongata, cerebellum, pons, reticular activating system medulla oblongata - CORRECT ANSWER regulates heart and breathing cerebellum - CORRECT ANSWER balance (Sarah is the bell of the ball and she balances on her tip toes) pons - CORRECT ANSWER connects the left and right cerebellum reticular activating system - CORRECT ANSWER regulates arousal and attention midbrain - CORRECT ANSWER connects the hindbrain and forebrain, control's eye muscles, and relays auditory and visual information to the brain's centers for higher-level thinking forebrain - CORRECT ANSWER It consists of the cerebral cortez, which is responsible for higher-roder ehavior and conscious thought. It contains left hemisphere, right hemisphere, corpus callosum, cerebral cortex left hemisphere - CORRECT ANSWER controls right side of body. responsible for language and writing abilities, and logical and systematic thought right hemisphere - CORRECT ANSWER controls left side of body. responsible for muscle abilities, imagination, and emotional expression corpus callosum - CORRECT ANSWER a bundle of nerve cells that connects the two hemispheres and allows them to integrate cognitive, emotional, and bodily functions cerebral cortez - CORRECT ANSWER covers the two hemispheres, is responsible for memory, concentration, problem solving abilities, and muscle coordination and is divided into four lobes: occipital, parietal, temporal, and frontal occipital lobe - CORRECT ANSWER helps the brain interpret sensory information through the eyes parietal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER controls spacial reasoning and sense of touch temporal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER responsible for hearing and storage of permanent rmemory frontal lobe - CORRECT ANSWER regulates teh sense of smell, body control, and movment thalamus - CORRECT ANSWER relays nerve impulses from sensory pathways to the cerebral corgez limbic system - CORRECT ANSWER emotions and motivation, contain hypothalamus, amygdala, hippocampus hypothalamus - CORRECT ANSWER center for pleasure and pain, regulates hunger, thirst, sexual functions, body temperature through hormones. Is part of the limbic system amyddala - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral and activities, such as sexual interest, feeding, and anger --part of limbic system hippocampus - CORRECT ANSWER memory --part of the limbic system Autosomal diseases - CORRECT ANSWER genetic disorders that involve chromosome other than the sex chromosomes. These include phenylketonuria, sickle cell anemia, and tay-sachs disease phenylketonuria - CORRECT ANSWER 1 in 8000 births, involves the inability to neutralize the amino acid phenylalaine which is found in many proteins tay-sachs disease - CORRECT ANSWER 1 in 3500 births to Jews of European decent. Involves the inability to metabolize fatty substances in neural tissue, leading to central nervous system degenration X-linked diseased - CORRECT ANSWER passed on by the X Chromosome. X linked characteristic are numerous, ex: male pattern baldness or hemophilia. Sex Chromosomal diseases - CORRECT ANSWER involves some genetic anomaly occuring on the sex-determining pair of chromosomes, usually affecting male or female characteristic displays or sexual reproduction. Ex: turner's syndrome, Klinefeler's syndrom Klinefeler's syndrom (XXY) - CORRECT ANSWER involves an extra X chromosome. Individuals are usually tall, have higher amounts of body fat, have incomplete sex characteristics at puberty Turner's syndrom (XO) - CORRECT ANSWER females in which all or part of the second X chromosome is missing. Individuals usually have underdeveloped or undeveloped ovaries and incomplete sexual development at puberty, are short in stature, having webbed neck and show impaired spatial intelligence learning - CORRECT ANSWER a relatively permanent change in behavior or thinking resulting from an individual's experience. Learning theories can be divided into stimulus -response theories (classical conditioning by Pavlov, Watson, Wolpe OR opperant conditioning via Skinner and Thorndike) and social learning theories (Bandura and Rotter) Extinction - CORRECT ANSWER In classical conditioning the repeated display of hte CS without presenation of the UR/CR spontaneous recovery - CORRECT ANSWER in classical conditioning occurs when the CS/CR connection is reestablished, turning the weakened response very quickly into the formerly strong learned response This person prefromed the Little Albert experiment and is considered the father of American Behaviorism - CORRECT ANSWER John B. Watson Joseph Wolpe is known for this technique which lead to this treatment style - CORRECT ANSWER reciprocal inhibition (we can't engage in to mutually exlusive events simultanously; ex we cannot feel relaxed and ansious at the same time) This lead to Systematic desensitization which involves developing a fear hierarchy (using SUDS). Counterconditioning - CORRECT ANSWER a strong pleasant stimulus is paired with a weak aversive stimulus flooding - CORRECT ANSWER a stimulus that provokes anxiety is continuously presented until the client unlearns the response or becomes too fatigued to respond Edward L. Thorndike is known for studying cats. His main contribution came in the.... - CORRECT ANSWER Law of Effect: when a response accompanying some stimulus is followed by a satisfying reward, a connection is make and the response is likely to be repeated. The opposite is also true. primary reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER from operant conditioning; satisfies a primary need (food, sleep) secondary reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER from operant conditioning; anything that becomes associated with a primary need (money, coins from token economy) fixed ratio schedule - CORRECT ANSWER from operant conditioning; a reinforcer is administered each time a participant makes a certain number or responses (every 5th time). May lead to high quantity with low quality variable ratio - CORRECT ANSWER reinforcements are presented periodically so that, on average, they occur every nth time. These produce high response rates and more resistant to extinction fixed interval - CORRECT ANSWER reinforcements are preented after a fixed period of time (every 30 minutes, every 2 hours) Produce low rates of responding since administation of the reinforcer is dependent on the passage of time rather than frequency of responding variable interval - CORRECT ANSWER from operant conditioning; the time interval of reinforcement administration is varied (Ex pop quizes) social learning theory, developed by Albert Bandura states - CORRECT ANSWER people learn through observations, imitation, and modeling observational (vicarious) learning - CORRECT ANSWER part of social leraning; learning through passive observation modeling - CORRECT ANSWER is demonstarted how a behavior is performed so that it may be learned and passed on. It is more likely if the observer and models are similar in demographic characteristics or have positive interpersonal attributes Has 4 components 1. Attention: learning has to be paying attention 2. Retention: learner must store info in memory 3. Reproduction: must be able to accurately reproduce 4. Motivation: internal or external reinforcement increase likelihood of mastery self efficacy - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Bandura, refers to an individual's confidence in his/her ability to preform a given behavior or accomplish a given task John Dollard and Neal Miller are considered drive or incentive theorist and believe that anxiety and psychological disturbances are learned. Which is not a part of their theory? a. Habits (stable characteristics patterns) b. primary drives (innate drives) c. secondary drives (learned such as parental approval) d. tertiary drives (learned drives from society as a whole) - CORRECT ANSWER D. They did not extend it past secondary drives approach-avoidance conflict - CORRECT ANSWER from Dollard and Miller; it occurs when a person wants something appealing but fears being punished. Dollard and Miller also have approach-approach conflicts and avoidance-avoidance conflicts This developmental theorist rejected the notion that learning was primarily biologically or environmentally determined. His comprehensive model included terms such as adaptation, assimilation, and accommodation a. Piaget b. Vygotsky c. Freud d. Erikson - CORRECT ANSWER A Piaget's organization - CORRECT ANSWER growth in mental development depended on one's ability to order and classify new informaiton Piaget's adaptation - CORRECT ANSWER involves assimilation and accommodation; the process that change in cognitive structure occurs Piaget's assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER when an individual perceives and interprets new information in terms of previously existing context; adding a thought to an existing framework Piaget's accommodation - CORRECT ANSWER when an individual perceives and interprets new information in a way that causes restructuring or change in mental organization so that new information or categories of information can be added to the existing cognitive framework; a change in perspective Schema - CORRECT ANSWER a term developed by Piaget; a mental structure that processes or integrates experiences, infromation, or perceptions. Schemas sometimes change as new information is taken in and new insight are derived Piaget believed that learning occurs when an individual experiences _________ because of some conflict or challenge to his or her way of thinking or understanding - CORRECT ANSWER disequilibrium; equilibration is ordinarily accomplished through a combination of assimilation and accomodation Piaget's first stage - CORRECT ANSWER sensorimotor stage (birth-2): infants and toddlers use their senses and developing motor abilities to learn about their environment. here children learn cause and effect, trial and error problem solving, and object permanence Piaget's second stage - CORRECT ANSWER Preoperational stage (2-7 years) Children develop symbolic representation that allows them to use language and engage in imitative play (like going on a safari in living room). This stages is marked by egocentric thinking (cannot see other's perspective), centration/centering (capable of focusing on one facetof a situation), irreversibility (some actions can be undone/reversed),and animism (attribution of life or human characteristics to inanimate objects) Piaget's third stage - CORRECT ANSWER concrete operational stage (7-11) Children can now readily use symbols to engage in mental operations involving logic, and the yare able to classify, seriate, conserve (quantity remains the same regardless of the configuration), and understand reversability. This stage is marked by reduced egocentrism, relational terms (the plant is bigger today than it was last week). Still can not reason abstractly Piaget's fourth stage - CORRECT ANSWER Formal operational stage (11 +) individuals are able to think abstractly and relativistically, engage in hypothetico-deductive reasoning (deducing a conclusion given a premise), and systematically prove/disprove multiple alternative explanations. Not everyone reaches this stage Lev Vygotsky - CORRECT ANSWER a Russian psychologist who developed a constructionist, cognitive developmental theory that integrated language as well as social and cultural influences zone of proximal development - CORRECT ANSWER created by Vygotsky; the gap between what children are able to learn on their own and what they are potentially able to learn with help Scaffolding - CORRECT ANSWER created by Vygotsky; the support that must be put in place to help children learn in order to reach their potential. Once potential has been reached, scaffolding can be removed Vygotsky's stages of language development are - CORRECT ANSWER 1. birth-3 is aimed at controlling others in the environment 2. 3-7 speech is very egocentric; children talk and think out loud to guide their own actions 3. 7+ children develop private speech (inner speech) that help guide their personal behavior for the rest of their life sensory memory (trace memory) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to all the environmental stimuli to which one is exposed to at any given moment in time; normally only retained for a few seconds short-term memory - CORRECT ANSWER temporary information storage system that allows information to be retained for seconds to minutes if the information if focused on and received properly. Normal limit is 7+ or - 2 long term meory - CORRECT ANSWER enables a person to store a large amount of info for relatively permanent amounts of time encoding - CORRECT ANSWER transfer from short term to long-term memory Retrieval theory (poor retrieval theory) - CORRECT ANSWER information is held in long-term memory forever but that we often have insufficient cues to retrieve info; tip of the tongue phenomenon is used as an example of this theory decay of memory theory - CORRECT ANSWER information held in memory simply decay over time and that the memory eventually disappears forever interference theory - CORRECT ANSWER learned information is inhibited by other learning experiences retroactive inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER part of interference theory; loss of memory that occurs with new information learned previously proactive inhibition - CORRECT ANSWER part of interference theory; refers to a loss of memory that occurs when old information interferes with newly learned information. method of loci - CORRECT ANSWER a guided visual imagery procedure in which an individual images objects or concepts to be remembered in a familiar environment and in a given sequence eidetic memory (photographic memory) - CORRECT ANSWER uses visual images to recall visual information with clarity and detail Yerkes-Dodson law - CORRECT ANSWER learning hapens when an individual attains a moderate stae of arousal, as low and high states tend to suppress performance massed learning - CORRECT ANSWER cram sessions; not as effective as spaced learning spaced learning - CORRECT ANSWER learning over several small incremental periods Attribution theory - CORRECT ANSWER proposed by Fritz Heider, used to explain why things happen. Includes: stability: outcomes have a stable cause locus: internal or external control: outcomes are controllable or uncontrollable personal fable - CORRECT ANSWER adolescent belief of absolute uniqueness. Thus an adolescent believes he can engage in reckless, dangerous acts because bad things only happen to others crystallized intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER proposed by Raymond B. Catell; includes verbal and mathematical capabilities and experiences that are learned fluid intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER proposed by Catell; includes non-verbal problem solving and pattern recognition. g - CORRECT ANSWER Spearman; generalized intelligence s - CORRECT ANSWER Spearman; specialized abilities creativity involves ______ thinking to come up with as many possibilities and ______ thinking for picking the best solution - CORRECT ANSWER divergent; convergent Individuals can think logically and abstractly when they reach the ______ stage of Piaget's theory of cognitive development a. sensorimotor b. preoperational c. concrete operational d. formal operational - CORRECT ANSWER d learning theory of language - CORRECT ANSWER children aquire language skills by observing and imitating others who are using language; does not explain novel speech nativist approach of language - CORRECT ANSWER Chomsky; human brain is genetically programmed to enable people to create and understand language. Language acquisition device exist in humans that allow the production of speech, sound, grammar, and invention of novel sentences psycholinguistics - CORRECT ANSWER study of language development speech - CORRECT ANSWER the physical act of forming and sequencing sounds of oral language language - CORRECT ANSWER the system of grammatical rules and semantics that allows similar individuals to be understood by each other semantics - CORRECT ANSWER the study of word meanings syntax - CORRECT ANSWER the proper use of grammar pragmatics - CORRECT ANSWER how language is used in the social context phonology - CORRECT ANSWER what a language sounds like; a pheneme is a language most basic sound element --English has 40 basic sounds morphology - CORRECT ANSWER governs the rule of world formation; morpheme is the smallest meaningful language unit (boys has 2 boy and s) dialect - CORRECT ANSWER variation in language the two areas of the brain specifically related to speech are... - CORRECT ANSWER Broca's area (speech production; if damaged can cause aphasia --speech is slow and labored) Wernicke's area (speech comprehension, if damaged can cause sensory aphasia --difficulty understanding language through sense organs) Arcuate fasciculus is the bundle of nerve fivers that connects the two language disorders - CORRECT ANSWER DSM disorder diagnosed if a person experiences difficulty in the acquisition of use of spoken or written language skills that are long-term and enduring speech disordes - CORRECT ANSWER the most common type of communication disorder diagnosed; involves difficulty in producing developmentally expected speech sounds social communication disorder - CORRECT ANSWER a pragmatic language impairment in which an individual displays difficulties understanding and using verbal and nonverbal social cues language rules that transcend specific languages and cultures are called a. surface structures b. global structures c. deep structures d. intrinsic structures - CORRECT ANSWER C id - CORRECT ANSWER present at birth, operates on the pleasure principle; strives to reduce tention by seeking immediate gratifictation of needs ego - CORRECT ANSWER Freud believes this emerged during first year of life; operates on the reality principle; purpose is to make socially acceptable, reality-based resolutions. Failure to resolve issues may lead to use of defense mechanisms superego - CORRECT ANSWER operates on the morality principle, emerges at about 5 years of age and displays the moral values and standards internalized through social interactions from societal rules and mores the 8 defense mechanisms - CORRECT ANSWER 1. repression 2. regression 3. displacement: can't yell at boss, so I yell at my husband 4. projection 5. rationaliztaion; justify one's behavior with logical-sounding reasons 6. compensation: substituting a successful experience for one that produced failure 7. Denial 8. Reaction formation: expressing the opposite motive that was originally intended in order to help prevent unwanted attitudes or feelings from becoming expressed (methinks the lady protests too much) fixation - CORRECT ANSWER in Freudian stages undergratification or overgratification may cause fixation Freud's 5 stages of development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. oral: birth-1 year; source of pleasure is through the mouth 2. anal: 1-3 years; source of pleasure is through releasing or holding feces/urine 3. phallic: 3-5; gratification is through genitals; Oedipus/Electra complex (can be resolved by identifying with same sex parent) 4. Latency: 6-11: sexual desire becomes dominant as individual focuses on mastery of social skills, this is where relief of anxiety can come in through defense mechanisms 5. Genital: 11 +; reemergence of sexual impulses; individuals show interest in sex and emergence of the capability of real love Erikson's 1st stage - CORRECT ANSWER trust vs mistrust (Birth to 1 or 2) caretaker must provide trusting environment for positive relationship with infant; if infant is not comforted, encouraged or handled in a caring manner they will move to mistrust Erikson's 2nd stage - CORRECT ANSWER Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt (1 or 2 to 3) Positive interactions with care taker helps toddler develop a sense of autonomy; forcing a child to comply results in shame and doubt Erikson's 3rd stage - CORRECT ANSWER Initiative vs guilt (3-5) children show a sense of ambition and responsibility and parents can help foster these characteristics by helping a child set goals and carry out their plans without being too controlling Erikson's 4th stage - CORRECT ANSWER Industry vs inveriority (6-11) productivity in work and play is emphasized and children of all cultures strive for compencncy; if children don't master social and academic tasks while learning to cooperate they develop a sense of inferiority Erikson's 5th stage - CORRECT ANSWER Identity vs Role Confusion (adolescents) characterized by "who am I?" question. Adolescents who do not choose goals experience confusion and question their purpose Erikson's 6th stage - CORRECT ANSWER Intimacy vs Isolation (young adults) establish intimate bonds of love and friendship rather than isolation and self-absorption. Must learn to trust others and trade some independence for intimacy and love Erikson's 7th stage - CORRECT ANSWER Generativity vs Stagnation (middle adulthood) consider family relations, partners, and intimate friendships to be of greatest importance and people seek to enhance future generations through child rearing; work production is important; negative outcomes reflect feelings of meaninglessness in one's accomplishments Erikson's 8 stages - CORRECT ANSWER Integrity vs Despair (late adulthood/old age) come to terms with their own mortality and limitations in order to reflect on their life with a sense of pride/achievement/satisfaction or reflect on life with regret List Abraham Maslow's hierarchy of needs - CORRECT ANSWER 1. physical 2. safety 3. belongingness 4. esteem 5 self-actualization Ethological theories - CORRECT ANSWER emphasize the role of instinct in human development and use naturalistic observation; believe people are born with innate capacities imprinting - CORRECT ANSWER termed by Konrad Lorenz; the process of which a duck or gosling attached to the first moving object; ducklings lead to concept of critical period John Bowlby - CORRECT ANSWER known for his theory on infant bonding; his 3 stages are 1. protest; infant refuses to accept separation and cries 2. despair: infant seems to give up all hope in somoning caretaker 3. detachment: infant begins to accept attention form others and seems less unhappy Mary Ainsworth's 4 patterns of attachment - CORRECT ANSWER 1. securely attached: normal; child explore environment and protests separation 2. avoidantly attached: withdrawn; child explores without regard for caretaker 3. Ambivalently attached: clinging behaviors in which child refused to explore environment 4. Disorganized attachment: show little emotion at separation and mostly confused at reunion stranger anxiety - CORRECT ANSWER occurs at 6 months of age when infants become fearful oin the presence of strangers normative identity - CORRECT ANSWER identity consistent with the values/expectations of society/culture deviant identity - CORRECT ANSWER inconsistent with the values and expectation of society or cultlure achieved identity - CORRECT ANSWER an identity that has been earned through effort and ability ascribed idenitity - CORRECT ANSWER given by others as teh result of another's efforts and achievements (the president's daughter) Marcia's 4 times of identity - CORRECT ANSWER 1. identity achievement: committing to goals/taking a course of action to reach goals 2. identity moratorium: continuing to take in and analyze information without agreeing on goals or a course of action 3. identity foreclosure: occurs when others have determined the goals 4. Identity diffusion: occurs when teens procrastinate or become so confused that the are unable/unwilling to even take in and analyze identity-related information so that they might form goals What are the four developmental theories for gender - CORRECT ANSWER 1. social learning theory: we learn by observing 2. Cognitive-developmental: as we develop we become aware of gender 3. biological: stresses the role of hormones 4. psychoanalytic: stresses Oedipus and Electra complexes that children work through to then identify with same sex parent What are the two type of distructive play, that are normal, for infants to display? - CORRECT ANSWER instrumental aggression: aimed at acquiring territory hostile aggression: aimed at another person sociodramatic play - CORRECT ANSWER the imitation of adult play and facilitating more mature social interactions among children. Has 4 categories 1. nonsocial: toddlers play by themselves 2. Parallel play: children play near each other 3. associative play: engage in separate activities while talking with each other 4. cooperative play: play with each other to attain a common goal disengagement theory (detatchment theory) - CORRECT ANSWER is a theory on aging that propose that withdrawal from social systems is a natural process percipitated by the need for reflection, self-preoccupation, and lower need for emotional connectedness activity theory - CORRECT ANSWER a theory on aging that suggests as people age they prefer to remain soically active in order to resist self-preoccupation and maintain closer relationships Atchley's 4 stages of retirement - CORRECT ANSWER 1. pre-retirement: making plans 2. immediately after retirement: honeymoon phase 3. Period of disenchantment: novelty of retirement wears off; individual realizes plans were unrealistic 4. reorientation: putting together a satisfactory and realistic lifestyle Elisabeth Kubler-Ross's stages of grief - CORRECT ANSWER 1. shock and denial 2. anger 3. bargaining and guilt 4. hopelessness 5. acceptance thanatology - CORRECT ANSWER the study of grief moral development - CORRECT ANSWER involves an individuals growing ability to distinguish right from wrong and to act in accordance with those distinctions. Kohlberg's theory has been most influential, although it has been criticized as being male-centered. Gilligan's moral development theory focuses on stages women progress through Kohlberg's first level of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Preconvential level: individuals have little awareness of socially acceptable moral behavior and follow rules primarily to avoid punishment or reap rewards stage 1. obedience and punishment: weak must avoid displeasing or work to please the strong; individuals focus on themselves stage 2. Morality focuses on pleasure as a motivator, seeing oneself as paramount; you take into consideration the perspectives of others, so long as you still get what you want; more focused on satisfying personal needs Kohlberg's second level of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER 2. conventional level: people conform to rules to avoid social disapproval/criticism stage 3: good boy, good girl: try to please everyone; the correct action is likely to get the most approval stage 4: law and order: rules are rules. follow them. No examination necessiary Kohlberg's third level of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER 3. Postconventioanl level: people examine and select moral codes to live by, though not shared by everyone; behavior respects dignity of everyone stage 5: social/moral contract and systems of lawas: general individual rights and standards that have been agreed on by society stage 6: universal ethics: moral behavior is determiend by individuals decision of consciousness based on universal ethical principles; individuals are not seen as a means to an end Gilligan's first stage of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER orientation to individual survival: focuses on the self and the goal is for individual survival; next stage occurs when selfishness is transformed into a sense of responsibility for others Giligan's second stage of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER Goodness as a sacrifice: self-sacrifice = goodness. Next level is obtained when person recognizes and respects her own personal needs still maintaining altruism Piaget's first stage of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER premoral stage: occurs in first several years; children display only a limited awareness of rules Piaget's second stage of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER moral realism: 4 or 5 years; develop awareness of rules and that they should be obeyed Piaget's third stage of moral development - CORRECT ANSWER moral relativism stage (about 7) children know the rules and why they exist; understand that rules can be changed Arnold Gesell - CORRECT ANSWER believed that human development reflects a genetic unfolding of, and maturation readiness for, physical, cognitive, language, and social-emotional characteristics or milestones with only slight environmental influences List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for birth to 6 months - CORRECT ANSWER physical/cognitive sucking reflex; organized sleep cycle; can lift head; roll over, and reach objects; hearing and depth perception develop; repeats pleasurable behaviors; displays object permanence Language and personal differentiate crying; social smile and laughter; cooing and babbling; expresses most basic of emotions; imitates adult expressions List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 7-12 months - CORRECT ANSWER physical/cognitive can sit up, crawl, and walk; pincer grasp; more advanced depth perception; goal-directed behavior; finds hidden objects; recall of people, places and things language/personal-social sounds of spoken language; gestures (pointing); stranger and separation anxiety; attachment to caregiver; more intense display of emotions List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 13-18 months - CORRECT ANSWER physical/cognitive coordinated walking; scribbling; stacks cubes two to 3 high; trial and error experimentation; climbs stairs; throws objects language/personal-social can play peek-a-boo and at-a-cake;speaks first words; points to desired objects; recognizes self in mirror; signs of empathy and compliance; vocab may reach 50 words List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 19 -24 months - CORRECT ANSWER Physical/cognitive runs, jumps, and climbs; builds 4 or 5 block high towers language/personal-social vocab consists of approximately 200 words; 3-4 word sentence; parallel play; takes turns and cooperates; uses language for emotional self-regulation; begins to display self-control List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for 3-5 years - CORRECT ANSWER physical-cognitive growth slows; gross motor skills and coordination improve substantially; handwriting becomes smaller more legible; reaction time improves; thinking becomes more logical; attention is more focused and activity more deliberate; memory improves language/personal-social dominance hierarchies become stable; vocab and grammar improve; awareness of double meanings lead to advances in humor and flexibility in emotions self-regulation; friendship and peer-groups. List the physical/cognitive and language/person-social development milestones that Gesell and others developed for adolescense - CORRECT ANSWER physical/cognitive pubertal growth spurt and sexual maturation; secondary sex characteristics develop; complex problem solving; formal operational reasoning language/personal-social use of abstract words; complex grammar and writing; increased time spent with peers; intimacy and loyalty in friendships; peer pressure to conform; cliques; identity and sexual behavior Robert Havighurst - CORRECT ANSWER proposed a series of developmental tasks in human achievement as they grow and develop from infancy through late adulthood. As humans achieve these tasks their sense of self and mastery improves. Many tasks have biological determinants, later tasks are socially and culturally determined List Robert Havighurst's tasks of infancy and early childhood - CORRECT ANSWER 1. learning to walk 2. learning to take solid foods 3. learning to talk. 4. learning to control the elimination of bodily waste 5. learning sex differences and sexual modesty 6. forming concepts and learning language to describe social and physical reality 7. getting ready to read Review page 76- 77 for Havighurst's developmental tasks - CORRECT ANSWER ... Roger Gould - CORRECT ANSWER discovered that adults strove to elimate false assumptions (protective devises) usually relating to parental dependency, that restricted young and middle adult development What are the false assumptions Roger Gould believes young adults are trying to overcome? - CORRECT ANSWER a. Leaving our parent's world (16-22) "Adults will always live with their parents." b. I'm nobody's baby now (22-28) "my parents will always be there to help when things go wrong or not exactly as I want." c. Opening up to what's inside (29 - low 30s) "My parents can always offer a simplified version and solution to complicated inner realities." What are the false assumptions Roger Gould believes middle adulthood are trying to overcome? - CORRECT ANSWER Midlife (35-45) a. "Safety can last forever." b. "Death cannot happen to me or my loved ones." c. "it's impossible to live without a partner in the world." d. "NO life or change exists beyond the family." Robert Peck - CORRECT ANSWER expanded on the final two stages of Erkson's stages, which comprised the last 40-50 years. Robert Peck's phases of middle adulthood - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Valuing wisdom vs Valuing physical powers 2. Socializing vs Sexualizing: sex is replaced by empathy, understanding and compassion 3. Cathetic Flexibility vs Cathetic Impoverishment: shift emotional energies from one person or activity to another in order to deal with losses Robert Pecks' phases of retirement years - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Ego differentiation vs Work-role preoccupation: define self other than by occupation 2. Body Transcendence vs Body Preoccupation: some become preoccupied with symptoms of aging body, while others find pleasure in creative tasks 3. Ego Transcendence Vs. Ego Preoccupations: individuals attempt to make life more secure and meaningful for those who survive Daniel Levinson - CORRECT ANSWER studies adult male development and presented a combination task/stage theory. He observed that adult males created life structures (periods of growth and stability) alternated with transitional periods that helped the adult reach a more mature life structure level. Daniel Levinson's Novice phase - CORRECT ANSWER 1. early adult transition (17-22): develop job skills 2. Entering the adult world (22-28): test initial structures, while comparing life to societal values 3. Age 30 transition: reassessment of early adulthood to make changes before fully joining adult world Uri Bronfenbrenner - CORRECT ANSWER tried to explain the systems perspective to explain the process that occur between people and their environment. Includes terms like microsystem (family), mesosystem (communities), exosystem (local and global economies), macrosystems (political organizations), chronosystems (era in time) Carol Travis - CORRECT ANSWER contended that women are judged on the basis of how well they fit into a male-dominated world and that American society pathologizes women Carol Gilligan - CORRECT ANSWER obserrved that communication patterns displayed by women differ from men and that women are socialized to be dependent and caregivers, rather than independent as man are According to Gesell, human development is PRIMARILY due to a. genetics b. nuture. c. the environment. d. none of the above - CORRECT ANSWER A List the stages of family development - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Leaving home: adult now leaves from parent 2. joining families through marriage 3. welcoming children into the family 4. raising adolesents 5. launching 6. later famil life List the parenting style in most effective to least effective - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Authoritative, 2. Permissive TIED authoritarian 3. uninvolved crisis - CORRECT ANSWER a time-limited period of disequilibrium caused by a precipitating event that temporarily affects an individual normal coping abilities, rendering him/her inadequate in dealing with circumstances. Eric Linderman - CORRECT ANSWER pioneered development of crisis models. He observed that mental health professionals can help those people affected by traumatic events to grieve and mourn properly, preventing further mental health complications ABC-X model of family crisis and strsss - CORRECT ANSWER created by Hill (1949) after WWII A: provoking stressor/event B: Family resources C: meaning attached to the stressor/event X: The crisis transcrisis - CORRECT ANSWER occurs when the traumatic event of an initial crisis is not fully dealt with and becomes submerged into a client's subconscious foreseeability - CORRECT ANSWER in dealing with suicide, clinicians must use this. It involves discernment of likely client actions based on a comprehensive assessment of risk. IS PATH WARM - CORRECT ANSWER acronym for suicide lethality Ideation Substance abuse Purposelessness Anxiety Trapped Hopelessness Withdrawal Anger Recklessness Mood change Wellness - CORRECT ANSWER This is holistic concept that refers to a person's overall healthy state of being refers to an integration of mind, body, spirit resulting in positive well being. Has 5 parts 1. physical 2. Essential: spirituality, gender/culture identity, self care 3. social 4. coping 5. Creative Career development - CORRECT ANSWER is a preocess that refers to how individuals manage their careers throughout their lifetime National Vocation Guidance Association - CORRECT ANSWER founded in 1913, later became NCDA which is part of the ACA Smith Hughes National Vocational Education Act of 1917 - CORRECT ANSWER promoted vocational education through the provision of federal funds The Wagner-Peyser Act of 1933 - CORRECT ANSWER created the U.S. Employment service (1939). The services offers job search and placement assistance. Offers recruitment services to job employers. In 1998, the Employment Services was amended to include One-Stop Delivery System, which provides many services under one roof D. G. Patterson - CORRECT ANSWER developed special aptitude test and personality inventories to assist workers in gaining employment in response to the Great Depression WWII pushed career counseling forward, how? - CORRECT ANSWER as a result of needed military personennl, formal inventories and tests were developed to evaluate individual characteristcs National Defense Education Act (NDEA) of 1958 - CORRECT ANSWER in response to Soviet launching Sputnik, US expanded k-12 counselor education program, offering incentives to counselor training institutes. This was to get more students into college interested in math and science Vocational Education Act of 1963 - CORRECT ANSWER to include career services for elementary schools, technical institutions, and public community colleges. Job Training Partnership Act (JTPA) of 1982 and Carl D. Perkins Vocational and TEchnical Education act of 1984 - CORRECT ANSWER to address needs of disadvantage students, George A. Merrill - CORRECT ANSWER a pioneer and forerunner in career guidance. He developed a curriculum that combined academic instruction with technical and vocational training Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWER father of career guidance. Established Boston Vocational Bureau, where he developed the first Trait and Factor approach 1854-1908; his work gave birth to vocational and interest inventories Edmund Williamson - CORRECT ANSWER best known for his contribution to the Minnesota point of View, a career guidance theory that was derived from the work of Parsons Donald Super - CORRECT ANSWER developed the lifespan, life-space career theory, a developmental approach to career counseling. Super's theory involved five stages and numerous developmental career tasks. Proposed career rainbow and developed several career inventories, which he called the Work Values Inventories, the Career Development inventory, and the Adult Career Concerns Inventory John Crites - CORRECT ANSWER He developed the first objective taxonomy for classifying career decision-making problems and endorsed comprehensive career counseling. Researched career maturity and developed The Career Maturity Inventory John Holland - CORRECT ANSWER known for developing The Theory of Vocational Choice, which involves matching persons to work environments. Developed the Self-Directed Search, a self-administered and self-scored career inventory. His concepts have also been used in the Vocational Preference Inventory, and the Strong Interest Inventory John Krumboltz - CORRECT ANSWER developed the social learning theory of career counseling. HE held that individuals learned experiences lead them to develop specific career beliefs and that these beliefs then influenced career decisions Joanne Harris Bowlsbey - CORRECT ANSWER developed computerized vocational systems such as CVIS, DISCOVER, and VISIONS differentiate between career planning and career counseling - CORRECT ANSWER the active provision of information (job search assistance, review resume, career assessment given) vs career counseling which involves establishing a counseling relationship to assist clients with career and personal development in the ethics of career counseling, what can career counselors not do using the internet? - CORRECT ANSWER use a false email to identify themselves (clients or other professionals) corresponding with clients that do not provide identify themselves advertise and offer career services when these services have not been solicited Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938 - CORRECT ANSWER set minimum wage, standards for overtime, entitlements, and prohibited employment of minors Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1970 - CORRECT ANSWER ensured safety in working conditions through creation of OSHA career - CORRECT ANSWER can be either defined as: 1. encompassing all the roles people play over their lifetime 2. NCDA's definition: a person's work and leisure roles Job - CORRECT ANSWER refers to a position that require a specific skill set s and are within an organization or company occupation - CORRECT ANSWER defined as the primary activity that occupies one's time. career - CORRECT ANSWER lifetime persuit of an individuals, where as jobs and occupations center more on organizational needs and the industry role - CORRECT ANSWER a set of interconnected behaviors, rights, and obligations that are associated with particular social situations role overload: roles exceed time and energy role conflict Role spillover: when one role spills over to another, example: taking work home with you career salience - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the significance an individual places on the role of career in relationship to other life roles. Involves three factors participation: spending time/energy in a work role commitment: emotional attachment to work role value expectation: satisfaction gained from vocational decisions What are the three work values? - CORRECT ANSWER lifestyle values: guide an individual's behavior outside of work cultural values: culture/beliefs/norms that shape behavior work values: work environment must reinforce to ensure an individual's work satisfaction and success (can be intrinsic or extrinsic) The three type of career interests - CORRECT ANSWER expressed interest: any interest you talk about manifest interest: activities in which people engage in tested interests: an individual's knowledge of a specific topic measured by objective tests career adaptability - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Super, rerfers to an individual's readiness and available resources for coping with changing work and employment conditions Savickas (2005) characterized 4 global dimensions that characterized adaptable individuals form those that founder in their careers, what are they? - CORRECT ANSWER concern for the future work life control over future career curiosity for exploring career possibilities confidence to pursue career goals career adjustment - CORRECT ANSWER is concerned with the relationships of workers and their environments. IT refers to the ability to adapt or adjust to one's work environment The three theories of career adjustment are.... - CORRECT ANSWER the theory of work adjustment (TWA): individuals must be able to adjust their skills to perform the required job task and achieve job satisfaction John Crities: found that those who thrive adjust their job tasks, develop sufficient workplace relationships, and consider future goals Super: adapting to workplace changes, learning different skills, and acquiring an awareness of source of workplace stress promotes career adjustment job satisfaction - CORRECT ANSWER describes how content individuals are with their jobs. Job satisfaction is said to result from a match between individuals' self-concept and the characteristics of their work environments. According to Social Cognitive Career Theory views career decision-making self-efficacy those with high career-decision making self-efficacy will ______________________________ whereas those with low will ___________________________ - CORRECT ANSWER def: the degree to which individuals feel competent in their ability to make a career decision. people with high CDMSE will engage in career decision -making behavior (job explorations), while those with low will give up easily when they run into barriers occupational stess - CORRECT ANSWER the chronic physiological and psychological strain that results from ongoing job-related stressors What are the three stages of burnout? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. emotional exhaustion: depletion of emotional energy 2. depersonalization; detachment from job; develop cynicisim 3. reduced personal accomplishments: failure to be successful in the job Which of the following is NOT true regarding self-efficacy a. people will be more likely to engage in a work behavior or task if they believe they can succeed b. person's with high self-efficacy tend to preform at higher levels than those with low-self efficacy c. individuals with low self-efficacy may overestimate their actual abilities d. persons with low self-efficacy may avoid making career decisions - CORRECT ANSWER C trait and career type theories (aka person-environment-fit theories) - CORRECT ANSWER Try to match the traits/characteristics of the individual to the job. They were the first career development theories to emerge. The first was created by Frank Parsons. They believe that individuals must have a) and understanding of abilities/attitudes/interests/resources b) knowledge concerning job requirements/ conditions of success/ compensation/ opportunity and c) understand the relationship between (a) and (b) Trait and factor theories, like the ones done by Parson's and Williamson, believe that an individual MUST gain self-understanding in order to choose an occupation. What are the 5 basic traits and factors that must be understood? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. aptitude: innate abilities 2. interests: determined through interest inventories 3. values 4. personality 5. Achievement Theory of work adjustment (TWA) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Dawis and Lofquist (1984). Originally designed for vocational rehabilitation. It has been applied to adults facing career decisions and work adjustment problems. It describes the relationship between individuals and their work environment. Individuals and work environments are considered to be complimentary Key concepts: correspondence, work adjustment, satisfaction (on the part of the employee) satisfactoriness (on the part of the employer), tenure (length of time in company) What are the individual and work environment assumptions of Theory of Work adjustment theory? - CORRECT ANSWER individual: has needs that have to be met through work has capabilities that enable them to meet these needs through work interaction with work environment is primarily concerned with meeting his/her own needs work environment assumptions: have needs that must be met have capabilities that enable them to meet these needs correspondence (in TWA) - CORRECT ANSWER the degree to which the individual and work environment continue to meet each other's needs, must be maintained work adjustment (in TWA) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the continuous process by which an individual achieves and maintains correspondence with work environment Holland's theory of types - CORRECT ANSWER created by John Holland. It proposes that career development choice and satisfaction were a product of personality characteristics, and that individuals should match their personality type with that of the work environment. He has 6 personality types: Realistic, Investigative, Artistic, Social, Enterprising, and Conventional. Holland believed that individuals were dominated by 2 or 3 different types, this produced a three letter code called The Holland Code, used to characterize both individuals and environment key terms: congruence, differentiation, consistency congruence in Holland's theory - CORRECT ANSWER concerned with an individual's personality and the work environment. The more similar the personality traits to the job environment, the more congruent, the happier the employee. EX: RAS person is highly congruent with RAC type, and almost not at all with IEC differentiation (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the distinctiveness between each of the 6 Holland types. Some individuals will have little differentiation between their scores on the 6 levels, while others will have a lot of differentiation. Because undifferentiated individuals have many interest in abilities, they have difficulty making a career choice. EX: a person may be IRC, but, their score could easily be SEA with a few extra points. This person is undifferentiated consistency (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER the degree of similarity between the six Holland types. Certain type have more in common, and thus the Holland Hexagon shows which are similar to which Realistic type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER likes using tools, machinery, or animals that the worker has to manipulate, physically demanding, workers need to have technical abilities, enjoys working with hands, machinery, mechanically inclined ex: construction worker Investigative type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER worker must solve problems using complex and abstract thinking, enjoys working with theories and info, intellectual, scientific, exploitative ex: programmer, biologist Artist type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER personal expression, freedom, unconventional, enjoys self-expression, originality, independence ex: musician Social type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER likes working with others, work involves kindness, generosity, friendliness, desire to help others, cooperative, solving problems through discussion ex: counselor, teacher, social worker enterprising type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER values promotion, leadership, and power, requires work to manage and/or persuade others, assertive, competitive, values wealth ex: Donald Trump Conventional type (in Holland's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER organizing, planning, keep records, make reports, likes rules, to be in control, detail-oriented, ex: clerk Myers-Briggs Type Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Not originally intended as a career development theory; it is considered a personality theory derived from Jung. 4 dichotomous dimensions shape what individuals pay attention to in the world and how they make decisions. Yields 16 different types. Personality type can be matched with compatible occupation. List the 4 dimentions of Myers-Brigs type theory - CORRECT ANSWER Introversion vs. Extroversion Sensing vs Intuition :do you use your sense or your insight Thinking vs Feeling: how do you make decisions? Judging vs Perceiving: make decisions with few facts vs needs to way the facts Brown's value based theory - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the influence of individual values in making life role decisions. States that beliefs/values/standards influence individual's thoughts, emotions, and behavior. High functioning individuals develop a crystallized and prioritized set of values. Congruent work values and occupational choices lead to satisfaction. This is a holistic approach that emphasizes contextual factors, such as culture, gender, collectivist/individualistic. Gottfredson's theory of Circumscription, compromise, and self-creation - CORRECT ANSWER outlines career development process of children and adolescents. It is concerned with how the development of self-concept influences career decisions. Emphasizes gender roles and prestige in making career decisions. Key terms: circumscription, compromise, self-creation circumscription - CORRECT ANSWER the elimination of career alternatives that are not believed to be compatible with self-concept. Rule out choices they deem socially unacceptable compromise (in Gottfredson's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER the process by which adolescents give up highly preferred career alternatives for those that are less compatible but more accessible self- creation (in Gottfredson's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER individuals have the capability to improve their career options and integrate their self-concept into the career decision-making process. However, biological and environmental factors mediated an individual's ability to execute the compromise process In Gottfredson's theory the stages of circumscription are ... - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Orientation to size and power (3-5 years) view world simplistically; big/small, strong/weak 2. orientation to sex roles (6-8 years) gain awareness of gender roles and choose jobs in accordance with 3. orientation to social valuation (9-13) become aware of social class distinctions; choose job that aligns with family expectations 4. Orientation to the internal unique self (14+) choose career based on personality and accessibility Which is NOT true according to Gottfredson's theory? a. When there is not a "good enough" career choice individuals must make a decision anyway b. When the compromise is small, individuals will give highest priority to satisfying their interests c. When the compromise is moderate, individuals will sacrifice interest before prestige or gender roles d. When the compromise is severe, individuals will sacrifice interest and prestige before gender roles - CORRECT ANSWER A. According to Gottfredson, some individuals will delay the decision-making process to search for more alternatives Career development Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Ginzberg, Ginsberg, Axelrad, and Herma (1951). It is a lifespan theory which focuses on the career decision-making process. While they recognize that career decision-making extends into adulthood, they focused on childhood/adolescents. They have 3 major stages, and 7 sub-stages. Career decisions are irreversable -- people can't go back. Later, however, the theorist modified their view to say people can somewhat go back. List Ginzberg et al.'s, developmental stages - CORRECT ANSWER Fantasy stage (up to 11): career is influenced by lay and imagination Tentative stage (11-17); has 4 sub-stages >_< Interest: people pick what they like capacity: assess capabilities in relation to career goals values: personal values are incorporated into decision making transition: practical considerations like availability, benefits and demand are taking into account Realistic stage (17-early 20s) start to make realistic career choices as they progress through 3 sub-stages Exploration: narrow down careers crystallization: commitment toward a career field specification: selection of jobs or education and training Lifespan, life-space career theory - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Donald Super. There are 3 fundamental aspects, which include lifespan, life space, and self-concept. Super's theory is over the entire lifespan. He has 5 life stages. People can go back (Recycling) and readdress early stages. Super theorized that life roles are dynamic and interact with one another. AT times teh responsibilites associated with two more more life roles might conflict, or the responsibilities of one might spillover onto others (ex: taking work home) Key concepts: career maturity, career planning, career exploration, decision making, world-of work informaiton, kowledge of preferred occupational group, realism, career adaptability, recycling, life space, role salience, life-career rainbow, self-concept, and lifespan Lifespan (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER Development is a life long process. It does not develop in isolation, but is influenced by many factors. Super's 5 life stages (each has 3 sub-stages) - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Growth (birth-14): not actively developing career, but rather reaching milestone that will affect their career decisions a. curiosity: gain info b. fantasy: role-lay to learn about work c. interest: develop likes/dislikes 2. Exploration (15-24): career development becomes more internal; gather info about occupation; begin to gain experience a. crystallizing: clarification of different types of careers b. specifying: move from tentative to concrete career plan c. implementing: pursuing career goals (training, experience) 3. Establishment (24-45): start their chosen career a. stabilizing: settling down in a job; find out if job is right for them b. consolidation: becoming competent/productive c. advancing: getting promoted 4. maintenance (45-65) maintain work status; adjust to changes in given field a. Holding: maintaining success status b. updating: learning new knowledge to sty competitive c. innovating: contributing to progress of field 5 Disengagement (65 +) get ready for retirement a. decelerating: decreased interest in work b. retirement planning: making plans c. retirement living: implementation of retirement career maturity (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the physical, psychological and social characteristics that can contribute to an individual's readiness to deal with developmental challenges that may occur at any give career stage. This may includes: career planning: knowledge about career, active info seeking career exploration: willingness to use/explore career-related resources decision making: using knowledge from exploration to make plans world-of-work info: know about the job duties, salary, education knowledge of preferred occupational group: judging one's own ability to be successful in occupation realism: choice must be possible to achieve Career adaptation (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER Our abilities to successfully cope changes as we age. Adults must prepare to handle ever-changing occupational opportunities and life roles career adaptability (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER adult career decision making readiness in the face of constantly changing work conditions recycling (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER Super's theory is non-linear, people can go backwards. Recycling refers to people entering stages that they have been through before. EX: math teacher with 20 years experience goes back to school to pursue career in engineering Life space (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER individuals have many roles in their life, that don't include work. These roles give meaning to individuals and offer a context for the life stages Role Salience (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER the importance an individual assigns to a given role, due to personal and situational factors. It has 3 factors; participation: spending time in role commitment: desire to be involved in role; feeling proud of values expectations: may feel a sense of achievement, gain economic rewards, utilize their creativity life-career rainbow (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER used to illustrate the evolving importance of the nine life roles (child, student, leisurite, citizen, worker, partner, homaker, parent, pensioner) within the context of life stage and age Self-concept (in Super's theory) - CORRECT ANSWER an individual's perception of his/her personality characterisitcs, abilities, and preferences. The self-concept develops over time as a reflection of one's life. Career choices are a reflection of one's self-concept that has been influenced by other's ideas. Schlossberg's transition theory applied to career transitions - CORRECT ANSWER Schlossberg proposed than an individual's willingness and ability to deal with transition is depends on: the situation, self, support, and strategies. Proposed 4 different types of transition: anticipated: will happen to most (ex: getting a job, retirement) unanticipated: ex: being laid off chronic hassles: continuous and pervasive nature ex: long commute to work nonevnts: never happen despite individuals desire for them to Hospon and Adam's (177) model of adult transition - CORRECT ANSWER this includes voluntary and involuntary transitions. Outlines 7 stages of adult transition immobilization: shock/overwhelmed minimization: denial of crisis self-doubt: I won't solve the problem letting go: detachment from crisis testing out: feeling like you can handle the situation Searching for meaning: trying to understand what happened internalization: change values and lifestyle Career decision making theories - CORRECT ANSWER are concerned with how people make career decisions, not so much with the careers people choose. There are two types Prescriptive: describe ideal approaches to making decisions Descriptive: how individuals actually make career choices Tiedeman and O'Hara's theoyr of career decision making - CORRECT ANSWER a descriptive approach that proposes two stages of career decision making 1. anticipating a choice: describes the process of making career decision a. exploration: try out new behaviors b. crystallization: evaluate advantages and disadvantages c. choice: make a choice, may feel confident or not d. specification: reassess earlier decision and clarify options 2. adjusting to choice: the process of implementing decision a. induction: implementation b. reformation: adjust to new situation c. integration: become comfortable/familiar with new environment Janis and Mann's conflict model of decision making - CORRECT ANSWER rests on the assumption that stress significantly contributes to the quality of decision that is made; high levels of stress can lead to a defective career decision. There are 5 patterns people use to cope with stress 1. unconflicted adherence: ignores potential risk 2. unconflicted change: accepts options without question 3. defensive avoidance: put decision on others 4. hyper-vigilance: impulsively chooses a decision to get it over with 5. vigilance: person weighs cost/benefits before making decision Gelatt's decision making model - CORRECT ANSWER Prescriptive model that holds that all decision have similar qualities. Individuals must rationally analyze information to accurately predict outcomes of his/her choice. Process is: a. recognize that a decision needs to be made b. collecting data; surveying options c. determining possible outcome and applying prediction and values systems d. making a choice: terminal (final) or investigatory (need additional info) Cognitive Information Processing Approach (CIP) - CORRECT ANSWER emphasizes career decision making and the thought process that influences decision making. Strives to understand how thinking influences the decision-making process. CIP is conceptualized through pyramid of information processing comprised of three domains: knowledge: must have self-knowledge and acquire info about career decision-making skills: the cognitive skills people need to effectively process information executive processing domain: higher-order metacognitions reflecting on the career decision-making process In this theory counselors may help clients become good decision makers by providing info, opportunities; facilitating awareness of negative self talk, decision making process; establishing a learning plan to help client's monitor decision making process What are the three part to the executive processing domain in CIP - CORRECT ANSWER a. internal, self-talk messages (can be good or bad) b. self awareness of decision-making process (I know I need to weigh all my options) c. temporal monitoring and control functions ("If I am going to pick a major, I need to see my career counselor.) Integrative life Planning-career decision making (ILP) - CORRECT ANSWER holistic approach made by Hansen. Assists individuals in understanding how their work is intertwined with other life roles. Must recognize the importance of psychological, physical, and spiritual integration in planning for meaningful work. Strives to empower individuals with a sense of personal agency. 6 major life tasks adults face 1. finding work in changing global economy 2. attending to physical, mental, spiritual health 3. connecting family and work 4. valuing pluralism and inclusiveity 5. exploring spiritual matters and life purpose 5. Managing personal transitions and organizational change Counselors here inform clients of major life tasks, and help them prioritize in a manner that is relevant to client. Counselors seek to help clients gain control over their own lives Social Learning Theory - CORRECT ANSWER stems from work by Krumboltz. Focuses on learning process and the role of behavior and cognitions in career decision making. It is concerned with teaching clients to impliment career-decisions in their own life. Social Learning Theory's 4 determinates that influence people's career decisions are - CORRECT ANSWER 1. genetic endowment 2. environmental conditions and events 3. instrumental and associative learning: behavior leads to consequences such as rewards and punishments 4. Tasks approach skills: how an individual approaches and deals with tasks, problems, challenges Planned Happenstance - CORRECT ANSWER a component of Social Learning Theory that states that individuals need to take advantage of unpredictable social, educational, and occupational conditions. This way of thinking can lead to open-mindedness, increased career options, and opportunities. Counselors implement this by 1. normalizing planned happenstance in client's past 2. transform curiosity into opportunities 3. teaching clients to produce desirable chance events 4. Teach clients to overcome blocks in action Social Cognitive Career Theory (SCCT) - CORRECT ANSWER One's belief in his/her ability to complete tasks and accomplish goals lay a significant role in vocational interest and potential career choices. Emphasizes self-efficacy beliefs, outcome expectations and personal goals. States people who believe they will be good at an activity and expect successful outcomes will develop interest. Interest --->engaging in goals related to activity ---->specific action to achieve goals ---> improve performance ----> positive learning experience This theory recognizes that the interaction of personal factors and contextual ones play a role in shaping what people choose to pursue relational approaches - CORRECT ANSWER propose that relationships play an important role in the career development and decision making process of children and adolescents Roe's personality development and occupational classification - CORRECT ANSWER based on Freud's theory. Concerned with predicting occupational choices based on biology, sociology, and psychology. Occupational selection is influenced by psychological needs that develop from interactions between children and parents. Includes an Occupational Classification System (2 dimensions, and six leves) Roe's classification of parental attitudes and occupations - CORRECT ANSWER Concentration on child a. overprotection: restricts child's curiosity and exploration b. overdemanding: expects perfection, sets high standards Avoidance of the child a. rejection: criticizes or punishes child b. neglect: ignores child Acceptance of the child a. casual acceptance: permissive of child b. loving acceptance: encourage autonomy while providing love/support Constructivism - CORRECT ANSWER psychological perspective that proposes individuals construct their own realities and truths person construct psychology - CORRECT ANSWER done by George Kelly. States individuals develop constructes (theories) to understand how the world works and to anticipate events. Constructs are made up of two bipolar points (ex: happy vs sad). Kelly's Vocational Construct System assists individual in finding purpose at work, evaluating career decisions,and tasks, and developing a sense of identity Narrative career counsleing - CORRECT ANSWER focuses on the stories of individuals rather than their personal construct system. Includes past, present and future career development. The narrator of the story (the agent) tells a story with a setting in which the story occurs, showing action (designed to reach a goal) and instruments (personal abilities, employer, family) that the agent uses to reach the goal. Problems in the story arise when two aspects (agent, instrument, setting, and action) do not match. The narrative begins with the problem, then moves to description of obstacles and instruments that can help remove these obstacles and reach goals, and ends with client and counselor working collaboratively to develop solutions Career Constructionist Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Savickas. narrative form of career counseling. States that individuals construct career narrative by imposing meaning on vocational behaviors; identifying reoccurring vocational themes helps individuals reconstruct their life stories. key concepts: personality types, life themes, career adaptability personality types (in Career Constructionist Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER socially constructed clusters of attitudes and skills that have no truth or value apart from the social construction of time, place, and culture. Life themes (in Career Constructionist Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER derived from Adler's work. Savickas focuses on Adler's occupational life tasks, suggesting that life themes provide individuals with meaning and purpose in their vocation. These life themes are stories of personal meaning that relay important factors in an individual's life story. Counselors can help clients uncover a sense of mattering by reflecting on life themes and Adler's 5 life tasks career adaptation (in Career Constructionist Theory) - CORRECT ANSWER themes guide the expression of the vocational personality, whereas the career adaptation process manages this expression The chaos theory of careers - CORRECT ANSWER posits that people alive in a complex and ever changing world. As a result careers are seen as dynamic systems that are not accurately represented by the simplicity of trait and factor approaches. complexity; we live in increasing complex worlds nonlinearity: our career trajectories are non-linear unpredictablity: stresses the influence of chance events on career emergence: patterns can still emerge throughout your career Career assessment - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the broad process of systematically collecting career-related information and using multiple methods. Career assessment results can provide an individual with information concerning options, planning courses, personality type, aptitude, believes, interest work values, etc... Three common methods: interviewing, formal testing, and self-assessment Interest inventory - CORRECT ANSWER identify an individual's work related interst Strong Interest Inventory - CORRECT ANSWER purpose is to measure self reported interest for ages 16+ by asking the examinee to indicate a preference from 3 responses personality inventories - CORRECT ANSWER identify a person' unique characteristics and style of relating to others, task and situations. Values inventory - CORRECT ANSWER assist individual in identifying what they value in a career or specific job; can help serve as a blueprint for career decision making career development inventoires - CORRECT ANSWER identify personal factors that may impede an individuals career development process. These measure factors related to faulty career beliefs, anxiety, career maturity, and career barriers. labor maket - CORRECT ANSWER comprised of two main groups: workers (workforce), and employers employment rate - CORRECT ANSWER number of people currently employed divided by total number of individuals who are working unemployment rate - CORRECT ANSWER The level of unemployment divided by workforce nonlabor force - CORRECT ANSWER those individuals not looking for a job growth need - CORRECT ANSWER occur when the demand for workers exceeds the number of existing workers and requires more workers to be added to the workfroce replacement needs - CORRECT ANSWER occur when works are needed to replace those who have left the workforce due to various facors The 2 factors that the US department of labor recognizes that impact employment - CORRECT ANSWER population factors: ex: size Economic factors: as we are a global economy, we are becoming increasingly in need of highly educated workers Occupational information - CORRECT ANSWER refers to facts about a position, job, task, career field, or industry, and is used to assist clients in making decisions regarding future employment Occupational Outlook Handbook (ooh) - CORRECT ANSWER national recognized source of career info. published by Bureau of Labor statistics; a division of the department of labor that is revised every two years Occupational Information Network (O*NET) - CORRECT ANSWER electronic source for occuational information published by US departmetn of Labor and updated semiannually; provides the most comprehensive occupational listing it includes coding, called the standard occupational classification Information interview - CORRECT ANSWER not a job interview, but interviewing someone in a field your interested in to see if it's a good fit career counseling - CORRECT ANSWER as the process by which the professional counselor facilitate an individual's development of a life career; specifically, counselors focus on assisting clients with defining their role as a worker and understanding how that role interacts with their other life roles NCDA's 11 Career Counselor Competencies are - CORRECT ANSWER 1. career development theory 2. individual and group counseling skills 3. individual / group assessment 4. information/resources 5. program promotion, management, and implementation 6. coaching, consulting, and performance improvement 7. diverse populations 8. supervision 9. ethical/legal issues 10. research/evaluation 11. technology There are 3 phases in career counseling. What are the stages and what happens in them? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Beginning establish a therapeutic alliance, gather info about client's worldview, family, and significant work/life experiences 2. Middle referred to as the "working" stage, here deeper exploration of the client's concerns, goal setting, and development of a specific plan 3. End Counselor assesses client progress by comparing past and present goals. If the client's goals have been met, the counselor prepares the client for termination career intervention - CORRECT ANSWER is an intentional act that is meant to facilitate clients' career development processes and the attainment of their counseling goals. This can include guided imagrey, career genograms, vocational card sorts, checklists, career assessments, informational interviewing, and job shadowing Career placement services - CORRECT ANSWER these services can assist individuals with identifying career opportunities, obtaining current job market/occupational information, and developing the job search skills need to secure a position career coaching - CORRECT ANSWER career coaches have expertise in identifying vocational barriers and devising strategies to help individsuals overcome these barriers. Does not require any specific education, training, or special certification career education services - CORRECT ANSWER such services integrate career-related information and activities into educational curricula steps for defining a career development program - CORRECT ANSWER 1. define target population 2. conduct a needs assessment (a systematic process for identifying gaps between "what is" and "what should be") 3. Establish program goals and objectives program goal: are broad statements that indicate how the career intervention program will respond to the population's needs program objectives: include specific, measurable, action-oriented steps that must be attained to accomplish a particular program goal 4. design a program steps for career development program implementation - CORRECT ANSWER 1. marketing and promotion: describe program's features and benefits, cost, and location 2. delivering the program: once done, you should assess whether the program met goals (adherence), if it's meeting numbers (exposure), assess counselor's skills (program quality), and how engaged client's are in program (participant responsiveness) Research has born out that (counseling technique/counseling relationship) is more important to successful client outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER counseling relationship What are Roger's 6 conditions that must be in place for client's change - CORRECT ANSWER 1. psychological contact: a relationship must exist 2. client incongruence: client feels vulnerable/anxious 3. counselor congruence: models congruence 4. Unconditional positive regard: on the counselor's part 5. Counselor empathy 6. Client's perception of the relationship: the client perceives the counselor's empathetic understanding and unconditional positive regard. Therapeutic alliance - CORRECT ANSWER the relationship between client and counselor Ralph Greenson has 3 interrelated elements of the therapeutic relatinoship - CORRECT ANSWER 1. working alliance 2. the transference relationship 3. the real relationship The client must discriminated between the three. Bordin defines the therapeutic alliance as a collaboration for change and having 3 parts. What are they? - CORRECT ANSWER 1. agreement on the goals 2. agreement on the tasks that will help the client 3. psychological bond between the counselor and client resitance - CORRECT ANSWER is characterized by client's unwillingness to work on their problems and initiate change in their own lives. Counselors must learn how to work through resistance, as almost all clients will show it at one point or another. Freud's perception of resistance is - CORRECT ANSWER it is the client's attempt to repress unsavory, anxiety-causing memories that are part of their unconscious used to preserve their self-concept. The five factor model - CORRECT ANSWER an evidence-based model of personality that is considered one of the most important, influential, and comprehensive explorations into personality. It has 5 factors (OCEAN), people are will posses moderate degrees of each of the five factors, rather than being at one end of the extreme 1. openness: if you're open you have a strong imagination, awareness of emotions, intellectual curiosity. If you're not you are closed/conventional 2. conscientiousness: if you're C you plan, act responsibly, strive for achievement, are self-regulating. If not you are spontaneous, and a risk-taker 3. extroversion 4. agreeableness: friendly, sympathetic, compassionate, and trusting vs achieving your own wants/ needs 5. neuroticism: emotionally imbalanced, anxious, depressed vs stable Neo personality inventory - CORRECT ANSWER a common measurement used to measure the five factors Three stages of counseling - CORRECT ANSWER 1. relationship building 2. action/intervention 3. termination Stages of Change (SOC) or Transtheoretical Model (TTM) - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Prochaska, DiClemente, and Norcross it is the most widely used model of behavioral change.Many of the developers saw it as a non-linear process, meaning clients relapse to earlier stages before achieving permanent change. It has 6 stages 1. precontemplation: not aware a problem exists; no intention to change 2. contemplation: aware of problem; are ambivalent about change 3. preparation: haven't taken successful action toward change, but fully intend to make behavioral change 4. Action: individuals modify behaviors to change 5. Maintenance: free from original problem 6. termination: No longer need to take action to prevent a relapse of problem behavior consultation - CORRECT ANSWER the formal process by which individuals meet to solve a problem. Consultation is distinguished from counseling in that it is a collaborative process that involves two people who have a collegial, nonhierarchical relationship triadic-dependent model of consultation - CORRECT ANSWER in this model, the consultee relies on the consultant for help in resolving the client's problem . However, it is the consultee who actually puts the consultant's recommendations into action. EX: supervision Collaborative-dependent model of consultation - CORRECT ANSWER the consultee relies on the consultant for help while both parties contribute their unique background and skills to resolve a problem. In this way, the consultee and consultant must collaborate to help the client because they both posses distinctive abilities and information that are critical to reaching a resolution: EX: a teacher and a school counselor working together to help a student Collaborative-interdependent model of consultation - CORRECT ANSWER is ideal for addressing problems that are intricate and involve the larger society. No "expert" is part of the model. Everyone who participates in the consultations process wholes equal authority and depends on the others for their specialized knowledge, making it necessary for each member to contribute to the problem-solving process. EX: how do we reduce the number of homeless people in Austin Caplan's mental Health Consultation model - CORRECT ANSWER This is consultation between two professionals about a current work problem. The goals here is to improve the consultee's ability to deal with current and future work problems and to improve job performance. There are 4 types of mental health consultation 1. client-centered case consultation: develop a plan for deal with a client's issues 2. consultee-centered case consultation: helps consultees handle the difficulties presented by a particular client 3. program centered administrative consultation: consultant assists with addressing an organization's problem 4. Consultee-centerd administrative consultation: works to improve the professional function and problem-solving skills of employees within an organization Behavioral consultation model - CORRECT ANSWER Bergan and Kratochwill developed this model based on operant conditioning where the consultant is viewed as the authority figure who assumes primary responsibility. Four steps are involved 1. problem identification 2. problem analysis 3. plan implementation 4. problem evaluation psychological first aid (PFA) - CORRECT ANSWER an evidence-based approach used to respond to individuals who have experienced a disaster, terrorist attack, or another disturbing event. Steps include 1. meeting basic needs 2. providing victims with accurate, developmentally appropriate information about what happened 3. connect survivors to family and friends for support 4. assist them to fulfill additional needs (housing, employment, etc..) Counselors here do not force people to talk, because they may not be ready, but are available to talk if needed List the basic counseling skillls - CORRECT ANSWER attending, questioning, reflecting, paraphrasing, summarizing, empathetic understanding, confronting, interpreting (suggesting possible reasons for client's behavior, thoughts, or feelings, or helping clients recognize hidden meaning), self-disclosure, feedback, and giving information One difference between Freud and Adler is the issue of determinism. Explain - CORRECT ANSWER Freud believed that all people's actions are predetermined by forces that they are unaware of . Adler asserts that humans have free will. Freud's 3 parts of consciousness - CORRECT ANSWER conscious mind: what we are aware of pre-conscious mind: combines conscious mind and unconscious mind. We have knowledge and information, with assistance or cues, they can be easily recalled unconscious mind: it contains memories, instincts, and drives that are exceedingly difficult to bring to a person's conscious awareness Interpretation in psychoanalysis - CORRECT ANSWER plays a critical role in this theory. Interpreting meaning of the client's thoughts, emotions, behaviors, and dreams to increase their self awareness and understanding of their unconscious desires. Ego psychology - CORRECT ANSWER created by Heinz Hartmann. He believed that the ego could act independely (free from id and superego) under favorable conditions. Ego psychologists help people who's egos have become conflicted by drives and desires adapt to their environment through resolving these conflicts, leading to a more autonomous ego. Interpresonal psychoanalysis - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Henry Stack Sullivan, contends that people's mental disorders stem from a dysfunctional pattern of interpersonal interactions. It is more focused on present client interaction patterns rather than events from the past. Object relations - CORRECT ANSWER maintains that people's personalities are developed through early parent-child interactions. Objects are defined as people or things that meet a child's needs. O-R therapists are concerned with how children represent and relate to the objects in their environment. When babies are born, they are unable to differentiate themselves from external objects. As they get older they begin to recognize themselves as distinct and separate from these objects. Splitting (seeing objects as being "black or white" such as all good or all bad) must be moved past in order to integrate the complexity of human behavior. If they don't move past this, their relationships will be hurt self-psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Heinz Kohut, asserts that psychological disorders result from unsatisfied developmental needs. Believed that clients benefit more from analyst empathy than from interpretations Alfred Adler - CORRECT ANSWER 1870-1937 believed that healthy individuals have social interest and compassion for other people. Adler saw human nature as highly optimistic and holistic. He believed that all individuals strive to become successful and that each person strives for growth. Key concepts: inferiority complex, superiority complex, birth order, fictions, lifestyle analysis, encouragement, acting "as if", asking the question, spitting in the client's soup, catching oneself, pushbutton technique inferiority complex - CORRECT ANSWER Adler's belief that all people feel inferior to others superiority complex - CORRECT ANSWER feelings of inferiority may lead to overcompensation, resulting in superiority complex phenomenological philosophy (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER Adler believed that our personality was established by the time we are 5 as a result of early life experiences and interactions with family. the Phenomenological philosophy asserts that it was not merely these early events that influenced a person's lifestyle but rather that person's perception of those events fictions - CORRECT ANSWER people's beliefs about themselves and others that are false. People who are defined by fictions lead unhealthy lifestyles. Fictions can lead to behaviors such as excessive need for success, the need to gratify and be like everyone else, low self-concept, and over-generalization. lifestyle analysis (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER entails interviewing clients about early life memories (before 10), their perceptions of their relationships with their parents and siblings, family dynamics, their experience in school and society, and their beliefs about themselves. encouragement (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER a technique whereby the counselor conveys to clients his/her belief and convictions that the client can make important lifestyle changes acting "as if" (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER the client is asked to "act as if..." they are the person they one day hope to become. Ex:asking a shy client to act as if he had the ability to look people in the eye when he talked to them Asking the question (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER "how would your life be different if you were well?" is one variation of the question. The primary goal being to help clients think about the possibility of no longer having their problem and to show clients that they have the ability to change their lives. Helps counselors gain a clearer picture of waht the client would liek to change and wheter the problem is psychological or physiological spitting in the client's soup - CORRECT ANSWER a technique that points out certain client behaviors so that the behavior is no longer seen as desirable to the client. ex: you disparage your sister to feel better about yourself catching oneself (Adler) - CORRECT ANSWER when clients are encouraged to watch out for behaviors that are perpetuating their presenting problems. This technique helps clients gain self awareness of their self-defeating thoughts and behaviors and gives them responsibility for creating change in their lives. Carl Gustav Jung - CORRECT ANSWER (1875-1961). Jung developed Jungian Analytic psychology which focuses on the role of the larger culture, spirituality, dreams, and symbolism in understanding the human psyche. Jung believes that through exploring the unconscious, people's psychological health could be improved. The goal of this therapy is to help people develop appropriate contact with their unconscious so that they are neither overwhelmed by it nor completely unaware of its forces. Key concepts: individuation, personal unconscious, collective unconscious, archetypes, shadow, persona, Anima, Animus, complexes, personality types, dream interpretation, explication, amplification, active imagination individualtion - CORRECT ANSWER the process of discovering one's true, inner self. Jung believed that as individuals move through life they lose touch with important parts of themselves; therefore, he suggested through listening to the messages of dreams and waking imagination, individuals can reestablish contact with these different parts. Individuation is seen as a life goal and is thought to have a holistic, healing effect on individuals personal unconscious (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER synonymous with Freud's unconscious in Jungian theory. It is unique to the individual. At one time it had been conscious but has been forgotten or repressed collective unconscious (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER Not unique to the individual, but rather shared by the entire human race. Residing within the collective unconcious are archetypes (overarching human tendencies) which are important for every person to become aware of so that they can become whole and individuated. These archetypes can be understood through studying philosophy, art, religion, mythology, and dreams archetypes (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER inherent templates for human thoughts and behavior. They can be thought of as patterns of human experience that have exited since the dawn of humanity. Found within the collective unconscious, some of the more prominent archetype are: The-Self, The persona, The Shadow, The Anima, and The Animus The Self (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER contains unconscious and conscious aspects of a person and is the primary archetype The Persona (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER The psychological mask all humans wear. It allows you to become a chameleon, so you can change your behavior based on social situation. This allows people to function in society The Shadow (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER the repressed or unknown aspects of each person. It is part of The Self that a person does not want to acknowledge or accept. Contains both positive and negative aspects of a person. Jung thought it is crucial for people to become aware of their shadow so they don't project them onto other people in their lives Anima/ Animus (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER Anima is the female traits that exist in the collective unconscious of men. The animus is the male traits that exist in the collective unconscious of women. complexes (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER the result of repressed thoughts and desires amalgamating in the unconscious. Jung believed these revolved around an archetype. The complexes symbolize issues that a person needs to resolve Personality types (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER This is what the Myers-Briggs test is based on. Jung only has 3 types which consists of two attitudes (introversion and extroversion) and four functions (sensation/intuition and thinking/feeling). Sensing and intuition are the information gathering fucntions. People either rely on concrete info (their senses) or trust their instincts/hunches Thinking/feeling are decision making functions, either rational/objective or emotioanl explication (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER a technique used to help clients determine the reason why certain objects appear in their dreams. Jung did not believe, as Freud did, that their are hidden symbols in dreams. Rather, he wanted to understand why the unconscious chose that specific object as opposed to other, similar objects amplification (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER used to help understand images in dreams. To amplify an image, Jung compared the dreamer's image to stories or images in myths, fairy tales, literature, art, and folklore. Amplification helps the analyst identify central archetypes and possible meaning behind dreams active imagination (Jung) - CORRECT ANSWER a Jungian technique that requires clients to actively talk to the characters in their dreams; through this it is thought that clients can connect with their unconscious cognitive behavioral theories - CORRECT ANSWER emphasize the importance of changing people's behaviors to change the quality of their lives. Work to alter both thoughts and actions maintenance (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER the client's ability to perform desired behaviors without continual reinforcement extinction burst (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER When ignoring a behavior so that it will become extinct, the behavior will often increase in frequency and intensity at the onset of ignoring it behavioral rehearsal or role playing (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER client practice or reherses new behaviors in safe environment until they feel confident enough to try the new behaviors outside of the counseling environment environmental planning (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER having the client rearrange their environments to encourage or discourage certain behaviors. Ex: removing chocolate from the house before going on a diet assertiveness training (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER teaching clients the distinction between aggression, passivity, and assertiveness through the use of shaping, modeling, behavioral rehearsal so that clients can learn to speak up for themselves in an appropriate manner contingency contracts (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER Often used with little children it is a chart or table that lists desired behaviors, provides a space for noting whether the desired behaviors were achieved, and describes the condition that must be met for individuals to be rewarded. response cost (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER reducing undesirable behaviors by removing a positive reinforcement, often used in Token Economy Implosion or Implosive therapy (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER involves having clients imagine hypothetical scenarios that would cause them severe anxiety until they become desensitized to them overcorrection (CBT) - CORRECT ANSWER an aversive behavioral technique that requires the client to return the environment to its original condition prior to the undesirable behavior and then make the environment better. Often done multiple times to correct future behavior. EX: child who has trouble hanging up his coat, is asked to hang up his coat 10 times Cognitive-Behavioral modification - CORRECT ANSWER created by Donald Meichenbaum, it is a CBT approach that trains clients to alter their internal cognitions (self-talk), in order to change the way they react and respond to situations. The assumption being that faulty self-statements lead to deleterious behavior and negative emotions. key concepts: cognitive restructuring, self-instructional training, stress inoculation training cognitive restructuring (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification) - CORRECT ANSWER a technique used to help clients adjust their self-talk. The process involves targeting the client's self-statements that result in problematic behaviors or feelings and replacing the self-statements with new statements that are more rational, logical, and positive. Self-instruction training (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification) - CORRECT ANSWER Teaches clients how to alter their thoughts and behaviors through this process 1. counselor demonstrates appropriate behavior 2. clients are asked to demonstrate same behavior while repeating instructions to themselves 3. practiace technique untile they have mastered task stress inoculation training (SIT) (Cognitive-Behavioral Modification) - CORRECT ANSWER combines cognitive and behavioral techniques to help clients learn how to come with stress. It has 3 phases: conceptualization, skills acquisition and rehearsal, and application and follow through. Clients first use them in the therapy session imagining a stressful situation, and then apply them to real life Cognitive therapy (CT) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Aaron Beck, posits that people's emotions and behaviors are a direct result of their cognitions. If clients can change their cognitions, they can change negative or harmful feelings and actions. Cognitive therapist take on the role of expert, collaborator, and educator. They use the Socratic method to help clients reach their own conclusion about the impact and rationality of their automatic thoughts. The goal is to assist clients in identifying their automatic thoughts so that they can be challenged and changed key concepts: automatic thoughts, distorted thinking (dichotomous thinking, selective abstractions, overgeneralization, magnification or minimization, mind reading, negative predictions / fortune telling), cognitive rehearsal, scriptotherapy, thought stopping automatic thoughts (CT) - CORRECT ANSWER thoughts that are immediate, unhealthy, internal cognitions distorted thinking (CT) - CORRECT ANSWER inaccurate thoughts or ideas that maintain dysfunctional thinking and negative emotions. Counselors seek to challenge clients's logic and replace clients; harmful cognitions with more realistic, health-promoting self-statements. Includes: dichotomous thinking (all or nothing) selective abstractions (people focus only on the negative aspects of a situation to support their distorted thinking rather than examining the bigger picture) overgeneralization (reach a conclusion based on minimal information/experience) magnification or minimization (catastrophize or fail to take ownership of success) Labeling (defining yourself according to perceived imperfections) mind reading (people believe they know what others are thinking) negative predictions / fortune telling (people anticipate without any evidence, that something bad will happen and alter their behavior accordingly) cognitive rehersal - CORRECT ANSWER helps clients practice their new thoughts before using them in the real world scriptotherapy aka therapeutic writing (CT) - CORRECT ANSWER clients write down their thoughts, which help them to clarify and enhance them Rational Emotive Behavioral Therapy (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Albert Ellis, it states that events, in and of themselves, are neither good nor bad; therefore, a person's feelings are not a direct result of an event. Rather, somewhat between the activating event and the emotional consequences, people engage in self-talk, either ration or irrational, that triggers certain emotions. People experience emotions because they judge events to be either positive or negative in relationship to their personal objectives. Thus, people who possess irrational thinking patterns need only to learn how to think more rationally in order to vastly increase their quality of life. key concepts: irrational thoughts, reverse role-playing, disputing irrational beliefs, rational emotive imagery, emotional control cards, shame attack exercise irrational thoughts (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER one of the primary objectives of REBT is to dispute people's irrational believes and to help them change their musts, shoulds, wands, and wishes. Desires are much more advantageous than demands, encouraging people to change rather than become hopeless and helpless ABCDEs of REBT - CORRECT ANSWER A- activating event (an experience that makes one uneasy) B-belief systems C-emotional consequence (can be either beneficial or detrimental) D-disputed (irrational beliefs must be disputed) E- effective new philosophy (allows people to replace irrational beliefs with rational beliefs) Reverse role-playing (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER can be used to show clients how to dispute their irrational beliefs (iBs). The counselor usually pretends to be the client and holds dearly to the clients iBs while the client play the counselor and attempts to persuade the "client" to think more rationally. the client can practice disputing irrational beliefs. rational emotive imagery (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER The client is asked to imagine an anxiety-provoking situation, counselor asks the client to bring up the difficult/painful emotions that come up. The client is asked to allow the emotions to flood him/her. After a few minutes the client is asked to come up with a rational belief to replace the irrational one, and repeat it to him/herself several times emotional control cards (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER lists appropriate and inappropriate feelings which can serve to remind the clients that are having a difficult time shame attack exercise (REBT) - CORRECT ANSWER clients are asked to engage in activities that cause them anxiety so that they can realize that the outcome are not as embarrassing as they believe them to be reality therapy and choice theory - CORRECT ANSWER William Glasser developed this approach which is based on choice theory. The basic premise of choice theory is that people make choices to meet their five basic needs (survival, power, freedom, fun, belonging). The most important/difficult is belonging. As a result people seek to connect with those around them and experience distress when they are unable to relate to others in a meaningful way. Individuals are driven to alleviate their pain, but are unaware that they have unmet needs. Clients are to identify their unmet needs and make choice so that they are satisfied. Reality therapy is the therapeutic delivery tool that assist individual in regaining control over the choices in their lives. It focuses on the impact of the unsatisfying relationships on clients emotional well being. The goal is to help clients connect or reconnect with those they enjoy being with. WDEP system (reality/choice) - CORRECT ANSWER created by Robert Wubbolding. Here clients identify and satisfy their basic needs through a four step process W: wants (what do they want and how have they gone about it) D: doing (examine actions/thoughts) E: evaluation (clients evaluate behavior to see if it's healthy) P: plan (come up with a plan to meet needs) All of the following behavioral techniques are most commonly used with children, EXCEPT a. token economy b. contingency contract c. behavioral rehearsal d. response cost - CORRECT ANSWER C Phenomenological perspective - CORRECT ANSWER counselors focus on how clients perceive an event rather than the event itself. The ultimate goal for counselors is to help clients resolve any disparities between their beliefs about themselves and reality. They must reconcile their ideal self vs their real self. Used in Humanistic therapies core conditions of counsleing - CORRECT ANSWER Roger's list: genuineness, congruence, respect, unconditional positive regard existential counseling - CORRECT ANSWER pioneered by Victor Frankle and Rollo May it is concerned with helping clients find meaning and value in their lives and to explore philosophical concepts such as life, death, freedom, and responsibility. Counselors believe client has free will and that everyone has the ability to change their lives. Existential counselors encourage clients to take responsibility for their lives and find meaning. existential vacuum - CORRECT ANSWER a term in logotherapy when a client doesn't have meaning in their lives. Logotherapist seek to help client find meaning in his/her life List Yalom's existential dilemmas - CORRECT ANSWER 1. death 2. freedom and responsibility 3. isolation 4. meaninglessness Paradoxical intention - CORRECT ANSWER a technique in existential therapy when the counselor prescribes the symptoms (stay anxious for 45 minutes after a panic attack) to show that the client has some control over the symptoms Gestalt Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER created by Fritz Perls, it is concerned with taking the person is as a whole, not splitting them into parts. Neglecting the whole we are unable to fully understand the person. Key concepts: homeostasis (people seek to keep it), holistic doctrine (mind and body not separate), contact boundary, here and now therapy, psychodramas, empty chair, unfinished buisiness contact boundary (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWER a person is not a victim of the environment, nor is the environment a victim of the person. People either make healthy or unhealthy contact with their environment unfinished business (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWER people's unfinished business causes neuroses and needs to be resoloved Here and Now Therapy (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWER encourages client to discus only what is bother them in the present, and encourages the use of "I" statements psychodrama (Gestalt) - CORRECT ANSWER used to help clients understand their internal conflicts. The counselor has the client play several roles which allows them to engage in discussion with conflicting parts of their personality. One goal of post-modern therapies is to - CORRECT ANSWER identify dysfunctional patterns of behavior and work with clients to help them reconstruct their lives to be more health enhancing dominate narratives - CORRECT ANSWER in narrative therapy, a term that is culturally constructed that adversely affects the client's life (sexism, racism, ageism) seek unique outcomes - CORRECT ANSWER used in narrative therapy to identify times when problems were not as pronounced definitional ceremony - CORRECT ANSWER used in witnessing in narrative therapy. Once the telling has been witnessed, the witnesses are given the opportunity to comment on what they heard. This technique helps the clients thicken their story therapeutic letters - CORRECT ANSWER used in narrative therapy to discuss what has happened in a session. The goal is to keep the client working in-between sessions Solution Focused Brief Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER based on the assumption that all individuals possess the ability and resources to solve their problems. SFBT counselors believe that clients can change their thoughts about situations. They believe that clients should only change what isn't working in their lives, and do more of the things that are working key concepts: visitors, complainants, and customers, positive blame, miracle question, scaling question, skeleton keys visitors/complainants/customers (SFBT) - CORRECT ANSWER visitors are not ready to change, and do not recognize a problem exists complainants recognize a problem but are not ready to change customers are those who see the problem and are committed to finding a solution positive blame (SFBT) - CORRECT ANSWER used to reinforce client's capabilities when they successfully make a change or engage in a behavior that brings them closer to their goal skeleton keys (SFBT) - CORRECT ANSWER techniques that have worked in the past and have universal application psychodynamic model in family theories - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Nathan Ackerman and based on some of the key concepts of Freud. Therapist explore the role of anxiety, defense mechanisms, and unconscious conflict and desires in the functioning of individuals and families General systems theory - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Ludwig von Bertalanffy is is a basic framework for understanding the interactions and issues that occur within family systems. Families are viewed as complex, organized systems, with each member influencing and being influenced Key concepts: circular causality, family rules (spoken and unspoken), homeostasis, boundaries, open and closed systems boundaries (General systems theory) - CORRECT ANSWER separates the family system from outsiders and define roles and responsibility within a family unit. Families often develop rules of what is and is not acceptable in certain family subsystems (spousal, parental, sibling) open family system - CORRECT ANSWER have flexible boundaries, are open to change, and have ongoing interactions and involvement with their communities. Want balance between open and closed closed family systems - CORRECT ANSWER rigid boundaries, averse to change, and cordon themselves off form the outside world. nuclear family emotional systems (bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER formed on the basis of the paternal subsystem's degree of differentiation. Bowen asserted that individuals are normally attracted to partners who have the same level of differentiation as they do. Bowen Family System's Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER people are affected by their FOO and that they must resolve any issues from their childhood to keep from repeating dysfunctional patterns of interactions in future relationships. key concepts: differentiation of self, fused, triangles, nuclear family emotional system, family process projection, multi-generational transmission process, emotional cutoff, sibling position, societal regression, genograms, back home visits, detriangulation differentiated of self (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER people's ability to separate tehmselves from their families of origin (FOO) without cutting themselves off from their families family projection process (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER undifferentiated parents project tensions and anxiety onto the most susceptible /sensitive child/ This causes triangulation, the child become symptomatic and the parents focus on the child, rather than on themselves. multigenerational transmission process (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER undifferentiated parents often create undifferentiated children who go out and find undifferentiated spouses emotional cutoff (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER emotionally fused children may cut themselves off from their FOO to improve well-being societal regression (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER when a society experiences too much stress regresses in its level of differentiation back home visits (Bowen) - CORRECT ANSWER recommended for clients who have unresolved issues with their FOO. goal of these is to increase the client's differentiation Experiential family counsleing - CORRECT ANSWER less concerned with techniques and more concerned with establishing a genuine relationship with clients and helping bring their problems into the here and now. The goal is to become more aware of their emotions, self-actualize, and increase ability to interact with one another. EX: Satir, Carl Whitaker Symbolic experiential Family Therapy - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Carl Whitaker it tries to help families learn how to interact with each other in a meaningful and natural way, while moving away from tendency to behave in the same monotonous patterns that lead to the dysfunction. Tries to involve several generations in counseling, where they are better able to study patterns of family iterations that have occurred in multiple generations. Try to bring attention to hidden symbols and impulses. Human Validation Process Model - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Satir, who believed in the innate goodness of human beings, their desire to learn, grow, and change. Counselors try to create a warm, safe, welcoming environment which the family feels comfortable in. Symptoms are seen as a way to preserve the family's homeostasis and as a way to obstruct growth. Identified types of dysfunctional communication: placaters, blamesrs, intellectualizers/super-reasonable, distracters. Works with families to create better congruent communications. The therapeutic alliance is seen as the most important thing. Also used family sculpting Strategic family therapy - CORRECT ANSWER a behavioral approach to family therapy. Aim's to resolve the problem as quickly as possible. Counselors are active during session. Steps in this therapy are: 1. ID problem 2. what steps have been taken to solve problem 3. establish goals of counseling 4. develop strategy to help family reach goals. contributors: Milton Erickson, Jay Haley Key concepts: quid pro quo, redundancy principle, punctuation, symmetrical relationships/ complementary relationships, relabeling/reframing, paradoxical intention, ordeal, pretend technique quid pro quo (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER tendency for people to treat others how they are treated redundancy principle (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER people tend to treat each other the same way, and it is unusual for those patterns of behavior to change or expand punctuation (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the conviction by individuals that their verbal communication, especially during conflict, occurs in reaction to someone else. There is no cause-and-effect relationship symmetrical relationships (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER relationships in families among equals. Can become competitive because there is no dominant complementary relationships (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER relationships in a family between unequals relabeling/reframing (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER involves interpreting a family's situation in a new way to encourage family members to view their problem in a more favorable light paradoxical intention/ prescribing the symptom (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER same as in existential therapy ordeal (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER a paradoxical intention which asks the client to complete an undesirable but health-promoting task before engaging in a worrisome behavior (have to run 30 minutes before I can cry) pretend technique (Strategic family therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER clients are encouraged to simulate their symptoms. They realize that they are able to exert some control over what they say/do, as well as in the outcome Milan Systemic family counseling - CORRECT ANSWER instead of examining patterns of interactions among family members and developing strategies to change them, this approach focuses more on exploring family members' perceptions of each other and their international patterns, as well as asking questions to increase their awareness of unhealthy family behaviors Key concepts: long brief therapy, positive connotations, paradox/counterparadox, circular questioning, hypothesizing, neutrality, ritual prescriptions long brief therapy (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER counselors only meet with families once a month, but can meet with them for up to 12 months. This allows for time for families to try techniques they worked on in session. This technique has multiple counselors, some behind a one-way mirror, who come out and share comments/suggestions. positive connotations (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER Milan's term for relabeling/reframing. Counselors attach positive motives to a family member's problematic behavior Paradox (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER used to interfere with games that family members play to exert control over one another; it is used to address the family paradox of coming to therapy for help but then not wanting to make any chances counterparadox (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER asks family members not to change too quickly and helps the family avoid resistance circular questioning (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER used to ascertain family members' differences in perspective about the family's situation, particular events and the relationship within the family. This helps family members understand that not everyone shares the same beliefs about the family that he or she does. Hypothesizing (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER counselor begins forming hypothesis from first contact and usually has one before the first session. The counselor is ready to have the hypothesis confirmed or denied neutrality (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER the objective position that counselors adhere to when working with families ritual prescriptions (Milan) - CORRECT ANSWER paradoxical assignments that indicate certain actions to be taken on specific days/times by a particular family member. Structural family counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Developed by Salvador Minuchin who believed that the examining and changing the family structure and organization of families could help families relieve problems. Posits that dysfunction results from faulty organization. Key concepts: structure, subsystems, boundaries, alignments, power, coalitions, joining, structural map, enactment, reframing, restructuring, unbalancing structure (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER how the family organizes itself . Minuchin believed that families should have an internal hierarchy whereby the parents serve as the main sources of authority, and older children to have more responsibilities/freedoms than younger children. Parents should be allies and work together to meet the needs of the family system using each one's skills subsystems (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER the most important ones being the spousal subsystem (husband and wife), the parental subsystem (mother and father), and the sibling subsystem. Each subsystem has unique patterns of interactions, rules, and tasks that are integral to the overall functioning of the family. It is believed that the stronger the spousal subsystem the stronger the parental subsystem, and therefore the better functioning the family has boundaries (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER should be semi-permeable and clearly delineated, allowing for a balance between autonomy and involvement with the family unit. Alignments (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER alliances between family members power (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER refers to who exerts authority in a family in different situations coalitions (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER occur when some family members form an alignment against another family member joining (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER imitating the manner, style, affective range, or content of it's communications in order to solidify the therapeutic alliance with them. Promotes family comfort in session structural maps (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER visual representations of the family coalitions, alignments, boundaries, and conflicts enactment (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER a deliberate process by which the counselor encourages the family to play out its problems in the session restructuring (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER an intervention that involves actively working to change the structure of the family unbalancing (Structural family counseling) - CORRECT ANSWER a technique used to better establish a proper family hierarchy Integrated counseling approach - CORRECT ANSWER Frederick Thron was an early proponent of this type of counseling because he believed that no single counseling theory encompasses all the elements necessary to effectively help a client. This type of counseling transcends theoretical approaches through the integration of several diverse psychological theories and techniques into one combined approach to therapy. technical integration (integrated counseling approach) - CORRECT ANSWER integrating techniques from different theories to treat clients theoretical integration (integrated counseling approach) - CORRECT ANSWER counselors strive to combine two or more theories into a unified framework for appraoching thearpy assimilative integration (integrated counseling approach) - CORRECT ANSWER counselors adhere to one primary theoretical approach but maintain the flexibility to selective use techniques from additional theoretical approaches when needed. Multimodal therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Created by Arnold Lazarus it is a form of technical eclectisism. Clients are assessed in seven domains which can be easily remembered by the acronym BASIC ID (behavior, affect, sensations, imagery, cognition, interpersonal relationships, and drugs/biological functioning/nutrition/exercise. During the assessment process, the counselor also determines from which domain (modality) the client prefers (the client prefers to operate from teh behavioral domain). The counselor might start off with a behavioral approach to strengthen the therapeutic alliance key concepts: bridging, firing sequence bridging (Multimodal therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER starting off with the client's preferred modality to strengthen the therapeutic alliance firing sequence (Multimodal therapy) - CORRECT ANSWER when a client indicates a stressor, the counselor works with the client to determine the chain of events that led to the stressor affecting the client's life in a manipulative way David Keat - CORRECT ANSWER used the BASIC ID with children, turning it into HELPING (healthy, emotions, learning, personal, imagery, need to know, guidance of ABCs) Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Francine Shapiro that uses the concept of adaptive information processing theory and bilateral stimulation to enhance the brain's adaptive capabilities. AIP states that the brain is capable of adapting and learning from the events in our life. Pathology develops when this adaptive process has not occurring or has not been completed around a traumatic or stressful event. This is highly recommended for single-event trauma to help process unprocessed disturbing memories. The counselor helps the client access troubling memories (target), name the emotions and physiological sensations experienced with the memory, identify the cognitive distortions and a positive belief that will replace the negative belief. Play therapy - CORRECT ANSWER the systematic use of a theoretical model to establish an interpersonal process wherein trained play therapist use the therapeutic powers of play to help clients prevent or resolve psychosocial difficulties and achieve optimal growth and development. Counselors can engage in directive play (picking toys and activities for the child to use) or nondirective play (allowing child to choose their own toys) Child Centered Play (CCPT) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Virginia Axline. This modality adheres to Roger's Client-centered-therapy, where counselors strive to create a supportive, therapeutic environment, using the basic conditions Rogers set out. By creating a safe space where children can explore emotional and behavioral self-regulation. CCPT believes that children naturally move toward self-actualization when these basic conditions are present. Transactional Analysis (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER Created by Eric Berne is a cognitive theory with roots in psychoanalysis. TA focuses on how clients interact with others. It believes that if clients can change their style of interactions, the result with be improved functioning. There are 3 ego states: parent, adult, and child. Problems arise when someone lacks versatility and approaches others form only one ego state in all situations. Thus one of the goals of TA is to help people learn how to function from all their ego states. Key terms: parent/child/adult ego state, transactions, games parent ego state (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by either criticism or nurturance of other s and is often based on people's experience with their parents when they were growing up. adult ego state (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by rational thought and the absensce of emotions in decision making child ego state (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER characterized by youthful behavior such as playfulness and spontaneity (natural child) and obedience and inhibition (adapted child) Transaction (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER can be complementary (adult with adult ego state) or ulterior/covert (an eog state that is undesirable or unsuitable for others' wants or needs (adult with child) games (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER ulteriorly motivated transactions that appear complementary on the surface but end up in bad feelings life script (TA) - CORRECT ANSWER learn interactions with others at a young age. Positive strokes (feedback) From others usually develop healthy life scripts. Children who receive negative strokes and messages come to develop self-perpetuating, harmful life scripts that interfere with their abilities to connect and interact well with other adults. feminist therapy - CORRECT ANSWER pioneered by Carol Gilligan, helps clients become more aware of the effect of gender on their lives and to empower them and improve their lives and the lives others. Feminist therapy contents that women have been oppressed and put at a disadvantage by society; therefore, they encourage clients to become social agents of change. Strive to create an egalitarian relationships and educate women about how their problems are often common to other women Dialectical Behavioral Therapy (DBT) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Marsha Linehan, originally developed for the chronically suicidal. Effective treatment of substance abuse, mood disorders, and sexual abuse survivors. DBT integrates problem-solving with acceptance based strategies. This form integrates acceptance based strategies using a behavioral and cognitive processes with clients with multiple disorders. Posits 1) some individuals are predisposed to experience negative emotions and 2)these individuals then develop learned, self-destructive behaviors to help them come with intense, negative emotions. DBT teaches clients four skills: mindfulness, distress tolerance, emotional regulation, and interpersonal effectiveness Acceptance and Commitment therapy (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER developed by Hayes, Strosahl, and Wilson as a form of CBT that emphasizes acceptance and mindfulness processes. A central tenet of ACT is that manipulative behaviors develop from clients' attempts to avoid or suppress negative thoughts and feelings. The goal of ACT is to help clients experience the richness of life, including both joy and pain, bu in creasing their psychological flexibility acceptance (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER a willingness to experience uncomfortable thoughts and emotions defusion (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER emotional separation from uncomfortable thoughts and emotions present moment awareness (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER commitment to being in the present moment rather than focusing on the past or future self as context (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER awareness of inner thoughts and emotions values (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER identifying important personal values committed action (ACT) - CORRECT ANSWER commitment to taking action and engaging in overt behaviors that lead to valued outcomes Joseph Pratt - CORRECT ANSWER credited with establishing the first group experience. He used groups to save time in educating and supporting patients with TB Jesse Davis - CORRECT ANSWER introduced group work in a school setting in 1907. Groups were intended to provide students with effective tools for making educational, vocational, and moral decisions Frank Parsons - CORRECT ANSWER the father of career counseling. He used groups to facilitate career and vocational development Alfred Adler groups - CORRECT ANSWER in the 1920s and 30s he used groups to emphasize the innate social nature of human beings to support a group treatment model and conduct groups. J.L. Moreno - CORRECT ANSWER created the Theater of Spontaneity, the earlier form of psychodrama (a technique developed to bring about mental and emotional catharsis for the purpose of tension relief). S.R. Slavson - CORRECT ANSWER founded the American Group Psychotherapy Association in 1942. He found that group activity sessions were equally as effective as individual counseling for stimulating change for children and adolescents, resulting in the introduction of group counseling in schools Alcoholics Anonymous - CORRECT ANSWER founded in 1930, it is the first major self-help group in America Kurt Lewin - CORRECT ANSWER Studied group dynamics and has been credited with the invention of training groups (T-Groups) which gave rise to the encounter and sensitivity groups of 1960s and 70s List 10 advantages to group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER 1. time effective for leader 2. less costly per individual 3. greater resources: access to other people's thoughts as well as leaders 4. experiencing a sense of belonging 5. Reflection of everyday world: microcosm of society 6. Safe for client to practice a new skill and receive feedback 7. commitment: group members are held to a goal by more people and may be more committed to follow through 8. Power of the peer group 9. Interpersonal power: people can give and receive help 10. Feeling of safety: if group establishes feeling of safety, they can open up and share true emotions List 6 disadvantages of group work - CORRECT ANSWER 1. pressure to conform: may pursue unrealistic goals, take action that is detrimental to their own well-being, or conform to behaviors that are against their beliefs 2. avoidance: if not comfortable in groups, they might not reap benefits of group work 3. confidentiality: can't guarantee 4. unhealthy attachment: group is transitional, not a permanent social support 5. reality distortion: group provides an image of reality that is not achievable outside group 6. institutional barriers: the organization group happens in may have barriers that make group work ineffective group goals are one of the most important things to understand when forming a group. This helps direct the groups behavioral. List some universal group goals - CORRECT ANSWER 1. universality of group members' problems 2. lean to trust and give appropriate self-disclosure 3. display sensitivity to the needs of others and support member goals 4. experience the acceptance and support of other members 5. put newly learned skills/knowledge into practice List Yalom's 11 curative factors (3 Is, 3 Cs, HAUSE) - CORRECT ANSWER imparting INFORMATION IMITATIVE behavior INTERPERSONAL learning CATHARSIS group COHESIVENESS CAPITULATION of family dynamic instillation of HOPE ALTRUISM UNIVERSALITY development of SOCIALIZATION EXISTENTIAL factors task group - CORRECT ANSWER designed around accomplishing a specific goal. Ordinarily function the best when there are at least 4 members psychoeducational groups - CORRECT ANSWER more structured than counseling or psychotherapy groups, emphasizing skill development through various nonthreatening skill-building exercises while also encouraging sharing, discussion, and feedback. The amount of interaction needed determines the group size, but can do groups of 50 or more. If more interaction is needed, groups of 6-12 are recommended. counseling groups - CORRECT ANSWER developed to help members work on interpersonal problems and promote behavioral change related to these problems. Counseling groups are typically problem-oriented, helping members explore their problems and seek resolution, but they can also be preventative, growth-oriented, and remedial psychotherapy groups - CORRECT ANSWER are designed to treat those who may be experiencing severe or chronic problems in their lives. Range of members can be 4-10 What are 3 of the tasks a leader has to accomplish in a group - CORRECT ANSWER 1. executive functions: planning, creating the group, convening sessions, maintaining organizational integrity, establishing effective boundaries 2. building a group culture: operate on norms for social interactions. Leader must help group establish norms that facilitate curative factors 3. bringing members into the here and now: gives members the opportunity to deal with real-life, present-day issues Yalom's four leader goals - CORRECT ANSWER 1. provide a caring attitude 2. provide meaning attribution (rational for member's change) 3. model appropriate self-disclosure/confrontation 4. provide limits, rules, and structure List some of the leader's techniques - CORRECT ANSWER 1. initiating (giving direction for members by giving group topics) 2. active listening 3. clarifying 4. questioning 5. provide feedback (model how) 6. empathizing 7. linking 8. blocking (cutting-off) 9. confronting 10. instruction 11. self-disclosure 12. modeling 13. role playing 14. tracking (verbally clarifying to keep up with and clarify for members the content and process of group interaction 15. interpreting 16. summarizing 17. evaluating 18. setting tone 19. drawing out 20. pairing 21. making the rounds (each member shares something) 22. pacing The stage where resistance is most common is... - CORRECT ANSWER the transitional stage aka storming _______ is NOT an executive function of a group leader a. establishing boundaries b. beginning and ending group session c. establishing norms d. planning group sessions - CORRECT ANSWER C role differentiation - CORRECT ANSWER when a member begins to adopt different roles within the group role conflict - CORRECT ANSWER when members experience conflicting demands of various roles role ambiguity - CORRECT ANSWER emerges when a member is not sure of the role expectations or behavior requirement he or she should fufill What are the two essential tasks that group members must engage in? - CORRECT ANSWER self-disclosure: members must take risks, share info, and describe their internal thoughts and feelings with the group. This promotes cohesion. feedback: when members notice and comment on group interactions. This is an essential characteristic of effective groups. Good feedback is solicited, specific, descriptive, clear, and well-times List some of the positive group roles members may take on - CORRECT ANSWER facilitation: promote group process and cohesion. Some group members will summarize encouragement: of other's ideas helps promote cohesion and comfort compromise: removes ego from goals to enhance process gatekeeping: group members insist on adherence to group norms initiating: make suggestions or take actions to move the group toward goals Opinion seeking: trying to understand other's world view/ opinions information seeking: asks for clarification or help promote self-disclosure in self or others evaluation: includes sharing insights or judgments about group goals observations: member and leader feedback to group List some of the negative group roles members can take on - CORRECT ANSWER aggression attention-seeking-behavior hostility: fighting giving advice Blocking: impedes group cohesion and progress, usually done by not fully participating informing: talking about other members outside the group monopolizing Manipulation: need to control, promotes group tension Sarcasm: masks unexpressed anger focusing on others: attempting to avoid self-focus/disclosure planned theme group - CORRECT ANSWER restricted to individuals with a demonstrated need in this themed area spontaneous content groups - CORRECT ANSWER do not have a planned content themes and are designed to provide personal growth and support list some of the benefits of a homogeneous group - CORRECT ANSWER group may lead to quicker identification, better attendance, decreased resistance, and better insights. List some of the benefits of a heterogeneous group - CORRECT ANSWER better reality testing, deeper learning, better transference, but may have difficulty relating to one another Why would a facilitator choose a closed group as opposed to an open group? - CORRECT ANSWER closed groups are ordinarily preferred to promote group process, goals, and purpose, whereas open groups are utiilzed to advantage when discontinuity of individual member participation is anticipated the optimal number for counseling, psychotherapy, or interaction-focused psychoeducational groups is .... - CORRECT ANSWER 8 If you have a co-leader, you can increase your group up to ___-___% - CORRECT ANSWER 50-75% process dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the positive and detrimental movement in groups such as member cohesion and resistance. These process dynamics are often viewed as developmental, occurring naturally as group members process through recognized phases or stages of group work. group dynamics - CORRECT ANSWER crate movement between and among group members through the development and interaction of forces. These dynamics forces results in a continuum for socially acceptable behaviors to socially unacceptable behaviors structure issues - CORRECT ANSWER include group size, function (task, counseling, etc...) voluntary/involuntary, open/closed content issues - CORRECT ANSWER what is the subject under discussion by group members group process issues - CORRECT ANSWER involve the interplay of forces or dynamics between and among members and leaders or "how" the interaction is occurring in the here and now. Group process and group dynamics is often used interchangeably. Forces for group process are: cohesiveness, safety trust, expression of feelings, catharsis, leadership patterns, reality testing, identification, power, conflict, and resistance group cohesion - CORRECT ANSWER refers to feeling of belonging and inclusion that members and leader experience through group interactions. It is an important determiner of group effectiveness, attendance, and self-disclosure Which is NOT true of group cohesion? a. smaller groups and groups more homogeneous tend to reach higher levels of cohesion b. When a cohesive group is attacked, or challenged, greater cohesion usually occurs c. Group cohesion is enhanced when group membership is stable and frequent d. all groups will reach a cohesive state - CORRECT ANSWER D Yalom and Leszcz identify 3 primary factors of cohesion, which are? - CORRECT ANSWER interpersonal: attractiveness of members, homogeneity of members, interdependence, and atmosphere group factors: size, activity, history, leadership group environment: intergroup conflict and group status What are some of the benefits and downfalls of group alliances - CORRECT ANSWER also called subgroups can be beneficial or destructive. They can lead to sources of support, group cohesion, or can be exclusionary and can prevent members forming productive relationships power in group - CORRECT ANSWER is viewed as having control over the resources the group values or desires (materials, role/position, information, ability, punishment/reward) Power may involve one's ability to exert control over group process or content. There are six sources of power: reward power (dispensing rewards) coercive power (dispensing punishment) legitimate power (belief that it's your duty to follow leader's direction) referent power: (respect and attraction for the leader/model member) expert power: member has expertise group relies on informational power: member has knowledge to accomplish goals Reistance - CORRECT ANSWER in group members ordinarily stems from content or process the member finds anxiety producing, threatening, or sensitive. Members frequently feel that they must defend against (resist) the anxiety and use a variety of strategies to accomplish this resistance. AT it's core, resistance is a covert attempt to prevent or resist change True or False: conflict is a natural part of interpersonal relationships and usually stems from members efforts to distributed power. In general, mind and moderate conflicts can help groups grow, whereas aggressive and hostile attacks require leader or group intervention - CORRECT ANSWER true List the 4 common stages of group - CORRECT ANSWER forming/orientation transition working termination inclusion - CORRECT ANSWER the sense of connectedness a member has to the group __________ issues are NOT primary contributors to group dynamics. a. content b. structural c. leadership style d. process - CORRECT ANSWER C Process evalutaion - CORRECT ANSWER refers to assessment of the group dynamics and interaction processes occurring within the group sessions, usually related to leader, members, and the interactions between the leader and members outcome evaluations - CORRECT ANSWER often called result evaluations; assesses how members are different because of the group work member satisfaction - CORRECT ANSWER these are assessments frequently given by the leader to assess the members overall satisfaction with the total group experience; often given toward the end of the group; they will sometimes assess specific facets like group activities and process during the sessions screening and selection measures - CORRECT ANSWER these are measures that help group leaders assess potential member attitudes toward group, assess potential social attitudes, and problematic group membership interpersonal behaviors, and select group members group climate measure - CORRECT ANSWER help assess which stage of group process the members have entered and provide leaders with member perceptions of group clietn in-session behavioral assessments - CORRECT ANSWER can be conducted via video recordings, transcripts, and inventories and help leaders recognize patterns of interactions across group session or within a single session Jean Esquirol - CORRECT ANSWER 1772-1840. He used language development to identify varying levels of intelligence. His work is a forerunner of verbal IQ Edouard Sequin - CORRECT ANSWER 1812-1880; developed form board, which improved the motor skills of individuals with mental retardation; form board is considered a predecessor to performance IQ Sir Francis Galton - CORRECT ANSWER 1822-1911; credited with launching the testing movement and developed the first test of intelligence; pioneered use of rating scale and questionnaires; developed correlation coefficient Jame Cattell - CORRECT ANSWER 1860-1944; one of the first to apply statistical concepts to psychological assessment; popularized the term mental test Hermann Ebbinghaus - CORRECT ANSWER 1850-1909; studied human memory; did work on the forgetting curve; administered mental test to school-age children to show sentence completion was related to scholastic achievement Lewis Terman - CORRECT ANSWER (1877-1956); revised Binet-Simon scale, enhanced it, and called it the Stanford-Binet test; first intelligence test with IQ (mental age over/chronological age) Arthur Otis - CORRECT ANSWER 1886-1964; devised the first scientifically reliable measure for testing the intelligence of individuals in groups; called Otis Group Intelligence Scale Robert Yerkes - CORRECT ANSWER 1876-1956; used Otis group intelligence scale to develop army alpha and army beta scale. Alpha was for those who could read, beta was for those who couldn't or were foreign Charles Spearman and L.L. Thursoton - CORRECT ANSWER 1863-1945 & 1887-1955 respectively; developed a statistical test know as factor analysis, which lead to the development of multiple testing James Bryant Conant - CORRECT ANSWER 1983-1978: in conjunction with the Educational Testing Services (ETS) developed SAT; believed his test would decrease disparity among social classes and create equal opportunity in education Edward Thorndike - CORRECT ANSWER 1874-1949; developed the first achievement test battery, the SAT; which provided objective measure of academic performance and could be administered to a large group of students Robert Sessions Woodworth - CORRECT ANSWER 1896-1962; developed Woodworth's Personal Data Sheet for emotional stability screening test during WWI military recruits; it was the first standardized personality test Starke Hathaway and James McKinley - CORRECT ANSWER 1903-1984 & 1891-1950; developed MMPI; MMPI-2 is now the most widely used personality measure Carl Jung and Herman Rorscharch and Henry Murray - CORRECT ANSWER 1875-1961 & 1884-1922 & 1893-1988; developed projective tests; Jung-word association; Rorscharch- inkblot test; Murray TAT; all are used to assess personality Edward Strong - CORRECT ANSWER 1884-1963; developed strong's vocational interest bank, which is now known as the Strong Interest Inventory. It is one the most widely used and researched vocational measure assessment - CORRECT ANSWER a broad term that invovles the systematic process of gathering and documenting client information test - CORRECT ANSWER a subset of assessment and is used to yield data regarding an examinee's responses to test items evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER refers to making a determination of worthy or significance based on the results of a measure maximal performance test - CORRECT ANSWER a test assessing the client's best attainable score/performance; es: aptitude test typical performance test - CORRECT ANSWER a test assessing one's characteristic or normal performance; ex: personality measurements nonstandardized test - CORRECT ANSWER allow for variability in adaptation in test administration, scoring, and interpretation. These test do not permit an individuals' score to be compared to a norm group; consequently, the professional counselor must rely on one's judgement to interpret the data individual test - CORRECT ANSWER require the test to be administrated to one person at a time group tests - CORRECT ANSWER are administered to 2 or more people. They usually use objective scoring methods and have established norms objective tests - CORRECT ANSWER provide consistency in administration and scoring to ensure freedom from the examiners own beliefs or biases subjective tests - CORRECT ANSWER employ open-ended questions, which have more than one correct answer or way of expressing correct answer and are sensitive to rater/examinee beliefs List the 6 functions of counseling assessment - CORRECT ANSWER 1. diagnosis and treatment planning 2. placement services 3. admissions: determining admissions into educational institutes 4. selection: ex: job or special program 5. monitoring client's progress 6. Evaluate counseling outcomes; is treatment effective? List the 5 stages of Whiston's professional counseling process for evaluating counseling outcomes. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. defining the evaluation study focus: what do you want to evaluate 2. determination of the evaluation design: how are you going to evaluate 3. Selection of participants 4. Selection of assessment 5. analysis of data Responsibilities of Users of Standardize Tests (RUST) - CORRECT ANSWER the intent of RUST is to ensure that ACA members use standardized test with clients in an accurate, fair, and responsible manner. RUST test-useres responsibilities involve the following 1. Qualifications of test users: must be trained in all aspects (administering, scoring, interpreting) tests 2. Technical knowledge: knowledge of reliability and validity 3. Test selection: must provide a purpose for administrating test 4. interpreting test results: know technical aspects and its limitations 5. communicating test results: must know how to communicate tests in a way the client can understand Civil Rights act of 1964 and the 1972, 1978 and 1991 ammendments - CORRECT ANSWER Assessments must relate to job duties outlined in job description; cannot discriminate on race, color, religion, pregnancy, gender or origin no child left behind act of 2001 - CORRECT ANSWER increases accountability standards of states, school districts, and schools. Reqiures states to develop and administer assessments in basic skills to all students mental measurements yearbook (MMY) - CORRECT ANSWER The best source for info regarding commercially available assessments instruments in the English language; published by Buros Institute of Mental Measurmetns every 2-8 years, it gives test reliability, validity, norming data, scoring and reporting services, availability in foreign language, and a review by a testing expert Test in Print (TIP) - CORRECT ANSWER published by Buros Institute of Mental Measuremtns every 3-13 years is meant to be a companion to the MMY; TIP does not provide critical review or psychometic info on the assessment instrument; instead it offers a complete list of all published and commercially available test in psychology and education Tests - CORRECT ANSWER published by PRO-ED Inc; contains info on thousands of assessment instruction in psychology, education, and business; does not provide assessment critiques or information regarding test norms, validity or reliability; provides concise descriptions Test Critiques - CORRECT ANSWER published by PRO-ED Inc; it is the companion to Tests; contains an overview of the assessment, practical applications, and information regarding the instruments reliability and validity. It is designed to be user-friendly and is not writing for professionals, but for person's unfamiliar with assessment jargon. It is updated annually validity - CORRECT ANSWER refers to how accurately an instrument measures a given construct. It is important to note that an instrument does not have high or low validity, instead, validity is a property of the scores obtained using a given instrument and will vary according to the purpose and intended test-taker population. The type of validity are: content validty, criterion validity (concurrent and predictive), construct validity, experimental design validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and face validity content validity - CORRECT ANSWER the extent to which an instrument's content is appropriate to its intended purpose. To establish, test items must reflect all major content areas covered by the domain. The number of test items covering each content area must represent the importance of content in the domain (more items represent more important areas of the domain). criterion validity - CORRECT ANSWER indicates the effectiveness of an instrument in predicting an individual's performance on a specific criterion. Criterion validity is empirically established by examining the relationship between data collected from the instrument and the criterion. There are two type: concurrent and predictive concurrent validity - CORRECT ANSWER concerned with the relationship between an instrument's results and another currently obtainable criterion. EX: you look at a new test instrument measuring depression scores on clients, and those client's number of visits to hospitals for suicide attempts. You would expect to see depression scores and hospital visits increase together predictive validity - CORRECT ANSWER examines the relationship between an instrument's results collected now and a criterion collected in the future construct validity - CORRECT ANSWER is the extent to which an instrument measures a theoretical construct (idea or concept) experimental design valdity - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the implementation of experimental design to show that an instrument measures a specific construct factor analysis - CORRECT ANSWER a statistical technique that analyzes the interrelationships of an instrument's items, thus revealing predicted latent (hidden) traits or dimensions called factors. Subscales must statistically relate to each other and the larger construct convergent validity - CORRECT ANSWER established when measures of construct that theoretically should be related are actually observed to be related to each other discriminant validity - CORRECT ANSWER is established when measures of constructs that are not theoretically related are observed to have no relationship face validity - CORRECT ANSWER a superficial measure that is concerned with whether an instrument looks valid or credible validity coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER validity is expressed as a correlation coefficient; it is a correlation between a test score and teh criterion measure. Validity also can be reported as a regression equation. A regression equation can be used to predict an individual's future score on a specific criterion based on his/her current test score. EX: predict college GPA based on SAT score standard error of estimate - CORRECT ANSWER a statistic that indicates the expected margin of error in a predicted criterion score due to the imperfect validity of the test. Look on page 183 for the equation decision accuracy - CORRECT ANSWER assesses the accuracy of instruments in supporting counselor decisions reliability - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the consistency of scores attained by the same person on different administration of the same test. Types of reliability include test-retest (aka temporal stability), alternative forms (aka parallel forms, or equivalent forms), internal consistency (includes split-half reliability, inter-item consistency), inter-scorer reliability (aka inter-rater reliability) sensitivity - CORRECT ANSWER the instrument's ability to accurately identify the presence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy. specificity - CORRECT ANSWER the instrument's ability to accurately identify the absence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy. false positive error - CORRECT ANSWER an instrument inaccurately identifies the presence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy. false negative error - CORRECT ANSWER an instrument inaccurately identifies the absence of a phenomenon. This is associated with decision accuracy. efficiency - CORRECT ANSWER the ratio of total correct decisions divided by the total number of decisions. This is associated with decision accuracy. incremental validity - CORRECT ANSWER concerned with the extend to which an instrument enhances the accuracy of predicting a specific criterion. This is associated with decision accuracy. split half reliability - CORRECT ANSWER internal consistency that correlates one half of the test against the other. Know that all things being equal, a shorter test yields less reliable scores than longer tests. To compensate mathematically for the shorter length, the Spearman-Brown Prophecy Formula can be used to estimate reliability, see page 184 for formula inter-item consistency - CORRECT ANSWER measures internal consistency that compares individual test item responses with another and the total test score. Reliability is estimated through the use of mathematical formulas that correlate all the possible split-half combinations present in a test. One such formula is the Kuder-Richardson Formula 20, which is used when test items are dichotomous (yes/no, true/false). Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha is used when test items result in multipoint responses (Likert scales) reliability coefficient - CORRECT ANSWER the closer a reliability coefficient is to 1, the more reliable the score generated by the instrument; typically range from .8-.95 standard error of measurment - CORRECT ANSWER is used to estimate how scores from repeated administration of the same instrument to the same individuals are distributed around the true score. The SEM is computed using the standard deviation and reliability coefficient of the test instrument. The SEM is inversely related to reliability in that the larger the SEM, the lower the reliability of the test; thus, if the reliability coefficient is 1 the SEM is 0. See page 184 for calculation List 5 factors that influence test reliability and how they do so. - CORRECT ANSWER 1. Test length: longer tend to be more reliable 2. homogeneity of test items: lower reliability when test items vary greatly 3. Range restriction: reliability is lowered when there is a restricted range 4. heterogeneity of the test group: more heterogeneous on the characteristic being measured, the higher reliability estimates 5. speed test: have high reliability coefficients because nearly every test-taker gets nearly every item correct item analysis - CORRECT ANSWER a procedure that involves statistically examining test-takers responses to individual test items with the intent to assess teh quality of test items and the test as a whole. Item analysis is frequently used to eliminate confusing, easy, and difficult items from a test that will be used again. item difficulty - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the number of test-takers who answer an item correctly item discrimination - CORRECT ANSWER the degree to which a test item is able to correctly differentiate test-takers who vary according to the construct measured by the test. test theory - CORRECT ANSWER expects that test constructs, in order to be considered empirical, must have the ability to be measured for quality and quantity. Consequently, test theory strives to reduce test error and enhance construct reliability and validity. classical test theory - CORRECT ANSWER postulates that an individual;s observed score is the sum of the true score and the amount of error present during test administration; central aim is to increase reliability of test scores item response theory (a type of test theory) - CORRECT ANSWER also referred to as a modern test theory, refers to applying mathematical models to the data collected from assessments. Test developers use item response theory to evaluate how well individual test items and test as whole work. Used to detect item bias, equating scores from two different tests, and tailoring test items to the individual test-taker the construct-based validity model (a type of test theory) - CORRECT ANSWER proposes that validity is a holistic construct, not explainable as separate components, as the classical test theory model does with its 3-in-1 components of content, criterion, and construct validity. nominal scale - CORRECT ANSWER simplest measure; concerned with classifying data without respect for order or equal interval units; ex: gender ordinal scale - CORRECT ANSWER classifies and assigns rank-order data; ex: likert scale interval scale - CORRECT ANSWER includes all ordinal scale qualities and has equivalent intervals, that is, interval scale measure have an equal distance between each point on the scale. EX: Fahrenheit (30 degrees is not half 60 degrees, 0 degrees does not mean that there is no temperature) ratio scale - CORRECT ANSWER the most advanced scale of measurement as it preserves the quality of nominal, ordinal, and interval scale and has an absolute zero point. semantic differential aka self-anchored scales - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the scaling technique that is rooted in the belief that people think dichotomous. Test takers place a mark between two dichotomous adjectives ex bad__________x____good guttman scale - CORRECT ANSWER measures the intensity of variable being measured. Items are presented in a progressive order so that a respondent who agrees with an extreme test items, will also agree with all previous, less extreme items derived score - CORRECT ANSWER a converted raw score that gives meaning to test score by comparing an individual's score with those of a norm group In a normally distributed population, what percentage of the population falls under ± 1 standard deviation? ± 2 stdev? ±3 stdev? - CORRECT ANSWER ± 1: 68% (can be more specifically 68.2% ± 2: 95% (95.4%) ± 3: 99.7% In a normally distributed population, what percentage of the population falls between 2 and 3 standard deviations? 1 and 2? the mean and 1? - CORRECT ANSWER 0-1: 34.1% 1-2: 13.6% 2-3: 2.15% norms - CORRECT ANSWER refer to the typical score/performance against which all other test scores are evaluated norm-referenced assessment - CORRECT ANSWER an individuals's score is compared to the average score (the mean) of the test-taking group criterion-referenced assessment - CORRECT ANSWER provides information about an individual's score by comparing it to a predetermined standard set or criterion ipsative assessment - CORRECT ANSWER when your score is compared to a previous test score you received. standardization - CORRECT ANSWER the conversion of raw scores to standard scores. Specifically, standardization refers to the process of finding the typical score attained by a group of test-takers. The typical score then acts as a standard reference point for future test results. Therefore, once a test is standardized, a score can be compared to the scores of the standard group Standardized score - CORRECT ANSWER compare individual scores to a norm group through the use of formulas that convert the raw score to a new score. The standardized score specifies the number of standard deviations a score is above or below the mean z-score - CORRECT ANSWER ha a mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. IT simply represents the number of standard deviation units above or below the mean at which a given score falls. z = (raw score - mean)/st dev T score - CORRECT ANSWER is a type of standard score that has an adusted mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 10. These scores are commonly used when reporting the results of personality, interest and aptitude measures. To convert a z-score to T score you use this equation: T = 10(z) + 50 Deviation IQ or Standard Score - CORRECT ANSWER these are used in intelligence testing; deviation IQ have a mean of 100 and standard deviation of 15. You can derive the z-score by this equation: SS = 15(z) + 100 Stanines - CORRECT ANSWER a type of standard score that is commonly used on achievement tests. This divides the normal curve into 9 equal parts; they have a mean of 5, with the mean falling at approximately the center of the 5th interval, a standard deviation of 2, and a range from 1-9. Stanines are only expressed as whole numbers; therefore scores must be rounded to the nearest whole number Stanine = 2(z) + 5 the normal curve equivalent (NCE) - CORRECT ANSWER was developed for the U.S. department of education and is used by the educational community to measure student achievement. NCEs are similar to percentile ranks in that the range is from 1 to 99, and they indicate how an individual ranked in relationship to peers. Unlike percentile rankes, NCEs divide the normal curve into 100 equal parts. NCEs have a mean of 50 and a standard deviation of 21.06 NCE = 21.06(z) + 50 Developmental scores - CORRECT ANSWER place an individual's raw score along a developmental continuum to derive meaning from the score. Developmental scores describe an individual's location on a developmental continuum; they can be evaluate an individual's score against the scores of those of the same age or grade level age equivalent scores - CORRECT ANSWER a type of developmental score; it compares an individual's score with the average score of those the same age. EX: someone who is 7 years 5 months gets a score of 8.2 which means they are the average of a child 8 years 2 months grade equivalent scores - CORRECT ANSWER a type of developmental score; are a type of developmental core that compares an individual's score with that average score of those at the same grade level. ex: 5.6 is the average score of a student who has completed 5 years 6 months at school These scores do not indicate that a student is ready to be moved to a higher grade; this simply identifies where an individual score falls on the distribution of scores for individuals at the same grade level; they are not an analysis of skill ability assessment - CORRECT ANSWER refers to a broad category of assessment instruments that measure the cognitive domain. The cognitive domain often includes knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, and evaluation of information. Assessment of ability includes test that measure achievement and ability. achievement test - CORRECT ANSWER are designed to assess what one has learned at the time of testing; most frequently used in education settings. EX: SAT, Iowa Test of Basic Skills, Metropolitan Achievement Test (MAT8) Terra Nova, Third Edition Tests survey batteries - CORRECT ANSWER refer to a collection of tests that measure individual's knowledge across broad content areas. These test must cover material from multiple subject ares and as a result do not go in depth on any one area diagnostic tests - CORRECT ANSWER test designed to identify learning disabilities or specific learning difficulties in a given academic area. These test yield information regarding a student's specific strengths and weaknesses in an academic test. EX: Wide Range Achievement Test, Key Math Diagnostic test, Woodcock Johnson III-test of achievement, Peabody individual achievement test-revised, test of adult basic education (TABE) readiness test - CORRECT ANSWER a group of criterion-referenced achievement assessments that indicate the minimum level of skill needed to move from one grade level to the next. aptitude test - CORRECT ANSWER assess what a person is capable of learning; attempt to predict how well that individual will preform in the future. Ex: GRE cognitive ability test - CORRECT ANSWER make predictions about an individual's ability to perform in future grade levels, college, and graduate school. Ex: LSAT, MCAT, The Cognitive Ability Test (CogAT), Otis-Lennon School Ability Test (OLSAT8), ACT assessment, SAT reasoning test, GRE revised general test vocational aptitude testing - CORRECT ANSWER refers to a set of predictive test designed to measure one's potential for occupational success. multiple aptitude - CORRECT ANSWER assess several distinct aspects of ability at one time. They are used to predict success in several occupations. armed services vocational aptitude battery (ASVAB) is the most widely used multiple aptitude test in the world Differential Aptitude Test is a multiple aptitude measure for students in grade 7 -12 special aptitude test - CORRECT ANSWER assess one homogeneous area of aptitude and are used to predict success in a specific vocational area intelligence test - CORRECT ANSWER broadly asses an individual's cognitive ability. Because it is a type of aptitude testing, intelligence testing measure what one is capable of doing. Typically they yield 1 score, commonly called IQ. They are often used to detect giftedness and learning disabilities and to identify and classify intellectual developmental disabilities. EX: Stanford-Binet 5, Weschler scales (Weschler Adult Intelligence Scale, Wechsler Intelligence scale of Children, Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scales of Intelligence) Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children William Stern - CORRECT ANSWER developed the ration intelligence quotient, which is calculated by dividing one's mental age by chronic age Charles Spearman two-factor approach - CORRECT ANSWER defined intelligence as a single unit, which he termed "g" (general factor) and "s" (specific factor; the skills acquired in specific areas as a result of training) Louis Thurston's multifactor approach - CORRECT ANSWER Thurston recognized seven primary mental abilities: verbal comprehension, word fluency, number abilities, spatial abilities, associative memory, perceptual speed, and reasoning Philip Vernon's hierarchical model of intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER postulated that intelligence is made up of factors and skills arranged hierarchically into four levels J. P. Guilford's multidimensional model - CORRECT ANSWER intelligence is composed of 180 factors and invovles 3 type of cognitive ability: operations, content, and products Raymond Cattell's fluid and crystallized intelligence model - CORRECT ANSWER fluid intelligence refers to innate abiliteis that is not influenced by experience and education. Crystallized intelligence is gained through learning and is greatly affected by life experiences and culture. Crystallized will increase with age; fluid will decrease with age Robert Sternberg's triachic theory of intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER componential (the person's internal world) experiential (the person's external world and adaption to novelty) and contextual (the person's external world and environmental adaptations or creations) Howard Garder's theory of multipel intelligences - CORRECT ANSWER proposed eight primary intelligences; linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, spatial, body-kinesthetic, intrapersonal, interpersonal, and naturalistic Catell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) theory of cognitive abilities - CORRECT ANSWER recognized as the most empirically validated theory model of intelligence. Proposes that intelligence is hierarchical and consists in three stages: general intelligence "g", broad cognitive abilities, and narrow cognitive abilities high stakes testing - CORRECT ANSWER refers to the use of standardized test outcome to make a major educational decision concerning promotion, retention, educational placement, and entrance into college. Typically these are criterion-referenced assessments. Key features of: single score is used for making a decision clear lien is drawn between those who pass and those who don't test results have direct consequences Which one of the following is NOT an example of an aptitude test? a. GRE general test b. Clerical Test Battery c. Test of Adult Basic Eduation d. Stanford-Binet 5 - CORRECT ANSWER C clinical assessment - CORRECT ANSWER can be thougth of as "whole person assessment". Refers to process of assessing clients through multiple methods such as personality testing, observational, interviewing, and performance. Personality test - CORRECT ANSWER assess a person's affective realm; specifically personality test describe the facets of a person's character that remain stable through adulthood. objective personality test - CORRECT ANSWER are standardized, self-report instruments that often use multiple-choice or true/false formats to assess various aspects of personality. These test can identify psychopathology and assist in treatment planning Ex: MMPI, Variable Response Inconsistency and True Response Inconsistency, Millon Clincal Multiaxial Inventory, Myers-Briggs, California Psychological Inventory (form 434), The sixteen personality factors questionnaire (16PF), the NEO personality inventory, Coopersmith Self-Esteem Inventories. projective personality test - CORRECT ANSWER assess personality factors by interpreting a client's response to ambiguous stimuli. These personality test are rooted in psychoanalytic psychology and propose that the ambiguity of the presented stimuli will tap into the unconscious attitudes and motivations of the client Projective personality tests: Rorschach, TAT, House-Tree-Person, Sentence completion informal assessments - CORRECT ANSWER refer to subjective assessment techniques that are developed for specific needs; it seeks to identify the strengths and needs of the client. Ex: observation, clinical interviewing, rating scales, and classification systems observation - CORRECT ANSWER a broad term that refers to the systematic observation and recording of an individual's overt behaviors. Behavior is believed to serve a function in a particular environment, the antecedents and consequences are also recorded to ascertain the "why" behind the behavior. direct observation: assess individual behavior in real time usually in a naturalistic setting indirect observation: assesses individual through self-report or use of informants such as family, friends, teachers clinical interviewing - CORRECT ANSWER the most commonly used assessment technique in counseling. The counselor uses clinical skills to obtain client information that will facilitate the course of counseling. three types: structured, semi-structured, and unstructured structure interview - CORRECT ANSWER use pre-established questions that the professional presents in the same order; detailed and exhaustive; they do not provide flexibility to ask follow-up questions or explore client issue more in depth semi-structured interviews - CORRECT ANSWER use pre-established questions and topic areas to be addressed, however, the professional counselor can customize the interview by modifying questions; are more prone to interviewer error and bias; considered less reliable than structured interviews unstructured interviews - CORRECT ANSWER do not use pre-established questions and tend to rely on the client's lead to determine a focus for the interview A-B-C THEORY - CORRECT ANSWER A method from REBT utilized to make the connection between (A) the activating event, (B) the belief around the event and (C) the emotional and behavioral consequences of the belief. REBT adds, (D) disputing the irrational belief and (E) the emotional result of replacing it with a rational one. AARON BECK - CORRECT ANSWER Known for developing Cognitive Therapy, also recognized for developing the Beck Scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and Beck Youth Inventories. ABANDONMENT - CORRECT ANSWER In the medical arena, it refers to the failure either to treat or to appropriately refer a patient who needs treatment when the provider knows that continued treatment is necessary. ACCOMMODATION - CORRECT ANSWER The process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information. ACTING-OUT - CORRECT ANSWER Overreacting that expresses a personal problem. Usually it is a call for attention. Can be vocal or physical. The member may be drawing attention to himself/ herself out of fear and distrust or it may be out of narcissistic boredom. Example: Name- calling, arm-waving, moving about in a threatenin manner, being verbally abusive or disruptively loud. ADVANCED ACCURATE EMPATHY - CORRECT ANSWER An accurate understanding of a client based on active listening and responding to the information (self-disclosure/feedback). In Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy, Ellis talks about the importance of accurate empathy. This is a continuing theme in therapeutic approaches. It relates to the congruency of the therapist. Example: When a therapist has a genuine grasp of what the client is trying to convey. ALBERT ELLIS - CORRECT ANSWER An American Cognitive-Behavioral therapist known for developing REBT; known as the grandfather of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies. ALFRED ADLER - CORRECT ANSWER Creator of Adlerian Therapy, individual and family. Adler was one of the first to recognize the importance of children's birth order in their families of origin. ALL-OR-NOTHING THINKING - CORRECT ANSWER Evaluating things as absolutes such as "always", "never" and "ever". AN INTEGRATED ANALYSIS OF OPPERSSION - CORRECT ANSWER The exploration of the effects on both men and women having been raised in a culture where privileges are based on their gender roles ANAL STAGE - CORRECT ANSWER Stage 2 in the Psychosexual Development of a child; the focus is on learning independence, personal power and autonomy. During this stage, they begin to experience negative feelings. ANDROCENTRIC THEORY - CORRECT ANSWER A theory based on drawing conclusions about human behavior from male-oriented concepts. ANXIETY - CORRECT ANSWER In Psychoanalytic Therapy, this occurs when the ego is threatened by unconscious conflicts from the id or superego ARBITARY INFERENCES - CORRECT ANSWER Making conclusions based on no relevant data. ARNOLD LAZARUS - CORRECT ANSWER Developed Behavioral Therapy; was the first psychologist to apply desensitization techniques for treating phobias in therapy. ART THERAPY - CORRECT ANSWER Using art to reveal the unconscious or to express emotions the client cannot otherwise articulate. It can help many people to reconcile inner conflicts, release deeply repressed emotions and foster self-awareness as well as personal growth. Some therapists employ art therapy as both a diagnostic tool and to help treat disorders such as Depression, abuse-related trauma and Schizophrenia. Example: Painting a picture of your family to reveal family dynamics or sculpting one's inner feelings or drawing to express oneself. ASSERTIVENESS TRAINING - CORRECT ANSWER A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy to empower the client so they are able to get in touch with their interpersonal rights and move beyond stereotypical gender roles and negative beliefs. Then they are able to apply them to their daily lives. Figuratively speaking, learning to stand without being pushed down or pushing back. Assertiveness is not aggression. It does not have to be loud Anal Stage: Stage 2 in the Psychosexual Development of a child; the focus is on learning independence, personal power and autonomy. During this stage, they begin to experience negative feelings. - CORRECT ANSWER Androcentric Theory: A theory based on drawing conclusions about human behavior from male-oriented concepts. - CORRECT ANSWER Anxiety: In Psychoanalytic Therapy, this occurs when the ego is threatened by unconscious conflicts from the id or superego. - CORRECT ANSWER Arbitrary Inferences: Making conclusions based on no relevant data. - CORRECT ANSWER Arnold Lazarus: Developed Behavioral Therapy; was the first psychologist to apply desensitization techniques for treating phobias in therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Art Therapy: Using art to reveal the unconscious or to express emotions the client cannot otherwise articulate. It can help many people to reconcile inner conflicts, release deeply repressed emotions and foster self-awareness as well as personal growth. Some therapists employ art therapy as both a diagnostic tool and to help treat disorders such as Depression, abuse-related trauma and Schizophrenia. Example: Painting a picture of your family to reveal family dynamics or sculpting one's inner feelings or drawing to express oneself. - CORRECT ANSWER Assertiveness Training: A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy to empower the client so they are able to get in touch with their interpersonal rights and move beyond stereotypical gender roles and negative beliefs. Then they are able to apply them to their daily lives. Figuratively speaking, learning to stand without being pushed down or pushing back. Assertiveness is not aggression. It does not have to be loud. - CORRECT ANSWER Assimilation: The process of adding new material/information to an existing schema. - CORRECT ANSWER Automatic Thoughts: Personalized perceptions that are easily triggered automatically by an event or experience resulting in an emotional response. - CORRECT ANSWER Aversive Counterconditioning: A form of treatment whereby pairing a stimulus or behavior with an aversive or unpleasant stimulus reduces the attractiveness of that particular stimulus or behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Awareness: It is through insight, self-acceptance, direct experience and responsibility for choices where change takes place. This is the primary function of the therapist in Gestalt Therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Awareness of Death/Nonbeing: When one understands death is part of being human, he/she can evaluate life and determine if they are living authentically. - CORRECT ANSWER B.F. Skinner: Was one of the most well-known psychologists in Behaviorism. He invented the "Skinner Box" to demonstrate his theory of Operant Conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER Basic Level of Differentiation: The functioning that is not reliant on the emotionally driven relationship process resulting in a person's emotional separation from his/her family of origin. - CORRECT ANSWER Behavior Exchange Theory: In Meichenbaum's Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, it is the explanation of behavior in relationships as maintained by a ratio of costs to benefits. - CORRECT ANSWER Behaviorism: A method or theory of learning focused on the stimulus and responses of behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Bibliotherapy: A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy where a therapist provides reading material such as books, poems or any written material to help personal growth as a supplement to the sessions. The goal is for the client to build upon their own expertise and to diffuse the power difference between client and therapist. Example: Reading poems about death to deal with grief. This can lead members to realize they are not alone in their feelings. - CORRECT ANSWER Black Box: A metaphor derived from cybernetics, referring to the idea that it is more accurate to observe the individual's input and output, as opposed to contemplating what is going on in their minds. - CORRECT ANSWER Block Energy: A form of resistance by which tension is manifested in the body preventing one from breathing easy, relaxing or feeling. If one discovers the places where the energy is blocked, then one can obtain awareness. - CORRECT ANSWER Boundaries: In Bowen terms, it is the boundary between self and others (family system), which determines the level of fusion and differentiation. Describes the emotional barriers that protect and enhance the integrity; of individuals, subsystems and families. Can be diffused (enmeshed), rigid (disengaged), or clear. - CORRECT ANSWER Calibration: The normal or standard operational system of the family. - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Jung: Analytic Therapy termed Jungian; Jung believed individuals generally move toward wholeness and individuation. Saw culture as having great influence on personal development and viewed therapy as a healing process. The Myers-Briggs, used to assess personality types, is based on Jung's work. - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Whitaker: Experiential Family Therapy; the concept was to help families uncover their honest emotions and forge more genuine family ties from enhanced authenticity. Pioneered the use of co-therapists as a way to maintain objectivity. - CORRECT ANSWER Carol Gilligan: A feminist and psychologist known for writing, In a Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development (1982) in which she pointed out in - CORRECT ANSWER Kohlberg's theory that girls developed slower in morality was incorrect because his research was based primarily on boys. As a direct result, Kohlberg revised his scoring methods, which then proved boys and girls scored evenly. - CORRECT ANSWER Castration Anxiety: During the Oedipus complex when a boy develops a longing for mother's love, he fears his father will find out and cut off his penis. - CORRECT ANSWER Catastrophizing: Thinking about a situation with a focus on the worst possible outcome. - CORRECT ANSWER Catharsis: Release of accumulated emotions. It is very important that a therapist know what to do in the face of the potential unleashed anger, rage or sadness. Once the catharsis has taken place, if cognitive direction is provided, behavior change can take place. - CORRECT ANSWER Cathexis: Connecting emotional energy such as feelings, meaning or significance to an idea, object or person. - CORRECT ANSWER Chaining: Linking behaviors in a series, resulting in each behavior being both the reinforcement (or consequence) for the previous behavior and the stimuli (or antecedent) for the next behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Chronic Anxiety: The result of one's reaction to disturbances in the system. The lower the level of differentiation, the less adaptable to stress. The more chronic anxiety, the more stress on one's ability to adapt in a family system. - CORRECT ANSWER Circular Causality: Behavior is influenced or related to the pattern of interactions. Example: A effects B, therefore B influences A. - CORRECT ANSWER Classical Conditioning: A method of learning by pairing a neutral (conditioned) stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus which then induces a reflex or response. Eventually the neutral (conditioned) stimulus evokes the reflex or response whether the unconditional stimulus is present or not. Pavlov's Dog experiment is the most well- known example of Classical Conditioning. It is used in behavior treatment of anxiety disorders. - CORRECT ANSWER Closed (or Closed-Ended) Group: A group therapy structured to begin and end within previously designated time frame. No new members are admitted within that time frame. Example: A 6-month, once a week, weight-loss support group. - CORRECT ANSWER Cognitive Therapy: The theory that moods, behaviors and emotions are affected and shaped by one's perception of the event. - CORRECT ANSWER Coloring Therapy: Is a simple intervention to use. The activity of coloring itself is used as a way to begin to quiet the mind, listen inwardly and open up to higher knowledge, healing and creativity. This alternative to formal meditation practices can - CORRECT ANSWER help people of all ages in recovery to improve coping and awareness skills through an enjoyable activity. - CORRECT ANSWER Communication: The input and output of feedback as a mechanism for power struggles within families resulting in the maintaining of dysfunctional cycles. - CORRECT ANSWER Communication Theory: Based on the premise that dysfunctional patterns in families could be analyzed through the exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages. It is the foundation of General Systems Theory. - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned Response: The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus resulting from pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, thus Classical Conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER Conditioned Stimulus: A neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus in Classical Conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER Confluence: One of the five channels of resistance in Gestalt Therapy, when one attempts to blend in and go along with others, avoiding conflicts in order to feel accepted. - CORRECT ANSWER Conscious: When one uncovers the unconscious and brings thoughts and feelings to awareness, one has experienced a level of consciousness, providing them with the understanding of their own behavior and problems. - CORRECT ANSWER Contact: Growth occurs when one is able to connect and interact with others without sacrificing one's autonomy or individuality and without dependency or fusion. - CORRECT ANSWER Contingency: Reinforcement is dependent on the completion of the desired behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Co-Operating Relationship: A therapeutic relationship by which the therapist engages with the client in a collaborative fashion of honesty, optimism, nurturing and authenticity. The client becomes the expert as opposed to the therapist being the expert. - CORRECT ANSWER Coping Questions: A technique whereby the therapist asks the client questions to bring awareness to their own resources and natural coping skills that may have gone unnoticed. - CORRECT ANSWER Core Beliefs: Automatic understandings which are rigid and viewed as absolute truths, or over-generalized and maintained as beliefs despite their inaccuracy. - CORRECT ANSWER Core Conditions: Main and necessary conditions for change including empathy, positive regard and congruence. - CORRECT ANSWER Corrective Emotional Experience: The replacement of an old emotion with a new, more productive and positive one. - CORRECT ANSWER Couples Group Therapy: Several couples meet in a group to work out problems they have in common. Example: A group comprised of couples whose marriage has been threatened by the death of a child. - CORRECT ANSWER Counter Conditioning: A conditioned stimulus is coupled with another stimulus to evoke a response contrary to that produced by the original stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWER Countertransference: The unconscious responses of the therapist to the client's transference. The irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients. - CORRECT ANSWER Curative Factors: Term used by Yalom to describe the therapeutic processes that bring about change. Example: These include instillation of hope, universality, imparting of information, altruism, corrective recapitulation of the primary family group, development of socializing techniques, imitative behavior, interpersonal learning, group cohesiveness, catharsis and existential factors. - CORRECT ANSWER Cybernetics: The analysis of a controlled system by observing the flow of information, feedback and communication. - CORRECT ANSWER David Epston: Cofounder of Narrative Family Therapy with Michael White. Epston emphasized the theory that to maintain new narratives, clients need supportive communities. He was an advocate of writing letters to clients. - CORRECT ANSWER Deflection: One of the five channels of resistance in Gestalt Therapy, where one attempts to avoid or distract from emotional contact by overuse of humor, generalizations, and questions. - CORRECT ANSWER Defense Mechanisms: Although the individual is unaware of them, defense mechanisms provide protection against negative feelings associated with painful events. The events may be physical or mental. - CORRECT ANSWER Denial: In order to cope with a traumatic situation that is too painful to mentally digest, one distorts or rejects thoughts, feelings or perceptions; as a result, they avoid facing the reality of the threatening situation. - CORRECT ANSWER Deterministic: Problems are rooted in the first six years of life and trapped in unconscious motivations. - CORRECT ANSWER Detriangulation: The process by which an individual doesn't allow himself/herself to be pulled into a conflict between two other individuals. The person remains an observer as opposed to an active participant in the conflict. - CORRECT ANSWER Differential Reinforcement: This program combines extinction of unwanted behavior with positive reinforcement for desirable behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Differentiation: One's ability to function at a level of emotional maturity and healthy interdependency in relationships or groups by remaining autonomous. Able to separate feelings from thinking and keeping oneself separated from emotional reactivity within family conflicts. - CORRECT ANSWER Diffused Boundaries: When boundaries between self and others are not clearly defined, or set healthy limitation, but instead blurred, resulting in fusion or low differentiation. - CORRECT ANSWER Disengagement: Minuchin's term for psychological isolation that results from overly rigid boundaries around individuals and subsystems in a family. - CORRECT ANSWER Displacement: When one directs energy from a threatening object or person to another object or person that is perceived safer as a way to manage their anxiety. - CORRECT ANSWER Disorganized/Disoriented Attachment: Signs of fearing their caretakers, confused facial expressions and a variety of other disorganized attachment behaviors mark these children. Eighty percent of infants who have been mistreated by their caregivers exhibit this pattern. - CORRECT ANSWER Disputing: Process in which the therapist challenges or disputes the client's irrational beliefs, thereby teaching the client how to recognize the irrational problems themselves. - CORRECT ANSWER Distress and "Mental Illness": Feminist Therapy rejects pathology or mental illness and views resistance as a sign that he/she is able to fight for life in the midst of oppression. - CORRECT ANSWER Don Jackson: One of the founders of Communication Theory and established the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, California. - CORRECT ANSWER Dream Work: This is a process whereby latent dream content becomes apparent. An individual gains understanding of the fundamental meaning of a dream by exploring early experiences, attitudes toward parents and siblings, and defenses and conditionings, as well as emotionally charged current life experiences, interpersonal dynamics and repressed unconscious impulses. - CORRECT ANSWER Drives: Referred to as basic urges, instinctual drives or motivations stemming biologically or from childhood experiences, which unconsciously cause behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER Early Childhood Recollections: One's memories of early childhood. In Freudian Psychoanalysis, these early recollections are key in resolving adult conflicts or neurosis. Freud believed when early childhood trauma is repressed, difficulties in adult functioning follow. The repressed memories are in the unconscious. The goal of therapy is to bring those memories to the conscious. When the repressed memories are brought to the conscious, the adult problems will be resolved. - CORRECT ANSWER Echolalia: Is a symptom of certain forms of mental disorders in which the individual repeats words from a question he/she has been asked, much like a parrot. - CORRECT ANSWER Ecological Context: The family's church, schools, work and extended family members. - CORRECT ANSWER Egalitarian Relationship: A therapeutic relationship where power is distributed equally. - CORRECT ANSWER Ego: The aspect of the personality that strives for the external world of reality and operates under realistic and logical thinking. It balances instincts with the outside world, censoring the way the id expresses desires so that it is acceptable to the external world. - CORRECT ANSWER Ego-Dystonic Traits: Recognized traits that are unacceptable to a person. - CORRECT ANSWER Ego-Syntonic Traits: Unrecognized traits that are acceptable to a person. - CORRECT ANSWER Electra Complex (Penis envy): During the Phallic Stage, girls feeling sexually attracted to their fathers and jealous of their father's attentions for their mother. - CORRECT ANSWER EMDR - Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing: A form of exposure therapy used for clients dealing with traumatic memories or PTSD. Client processes traumatic memories while at the same time focuses on external stimulation such as lateral eye movements or audio stimulation (for example hand tapping). During this method, the traumatic information is processed with new associations between the traumatic memory and more adaptive memories. - CORRECT ANSWER Emic: Worldview that emphasizes the importance of understanding clients from within their own culture or perspective. Not assuming universal experiences among people. - CORRECT ANSWER Emotional Cut-Off: When a family member emotionally or physically distances or separates him/herself from the family system. The individual is unable to differentiate successfully, therefore withdraws completely from the family. Bowen's term for flight from an unresolved emotional attachment - CORRECT ANSWER Emotional Field: The emotional atmosphere in which a family generates and affects the emotional functioning of each member. - CORRECT ANSWER Emotional Reasoning: Decisions and reasoning based on how one feels as opposed to being objective. - CORRECT ANSWER Emotional Response: The automatic or instinctual response that allows all living things to adapt to the changes in their environment or in Bowen's view the family system. - CORRECT ANSWER Empty Chair: A technique used in Gestalt Therapy to process interpersonal problems by which the client role-plays to unfold conversations he/she may have with the thing or the individual not present. - CORRECT ANSWER Enmeshed: Minuchin's term for loss of autonomy due to a blurring of psychological boundaries. Enmeshment encourages somatization, disengagement and acting out. - CORRECT ANSWER Equifinality: States the same results can be accomplished by different family systems. The therapy process and what is currently happening within the family is more important than the 'what' or 'whys' of the actual family exchanges. - CORRECT ANSWER Equipotentiality: Conversely, that same family system can also wind up with several different results. Example: Incest within a family system can lead individual family members to several different possible problems in adulthood such as promiscuity or fear of sex. - CORRECT ANSWER Erik Erikson: Viewed maturity as proceeding through 8 psychosocial stages over a lifetime. The first five stages closely follow Freud's Psychosexual stages, but in a social context. The last three extend through adulthood to old age, parts of life not included in Freudian developmental theory. - CORRECT ANSWER Ethnocentrism: The belief that an individual's cultural group holds more power over others and is therefore viewed as superior. - CORRECT ANSWER Etic: Worldview that sees people as more similar than different. Assuming universal experiences among people. - CORRECT ANSWER Evaluation Research: Research that relies on subjective observation rather than an objective statistically standardized instrument. It does not rely on a statistical standardized tool. Example: Self-reporting by group members on the value of their group experience. Or, inferring a child's social attitudes from a clinician's observations of a child's social interactions rather than giving the child a written questionnaire to compete regarding his social attitudes. - CORRECT ANSWER Evoking: The process by which the client is invited to get in touch and expand on their own knowledge and experiences in order to cultivate their desired change or goals. - CORRECT ANSWER Exception-Finding Questions: A technique whereby the therapist asks the client questions that will help the client recognize occurrences when the problem didn't exist or what the client did differently during the problem. - CORRECT ANSWER Exceptions: The moments during the most chronic problems when the problem was less severe or did not occur. - CORRECT ANSWER Existential Issues: In Existential Therapy, the issues confronted are the meaning of life, freedom and responsibility, anxiety as a condition of life, isolation, and death and - CORRECT ANSWER non- being. Existentialism is predicated on the assumption that we are free to choose and therefore responsible for our own choices. Existentialism notes that it is through our recognition of death that we find meaning in life. Example: Is that all there is? Am I on the right path in my life? Am I really meant to be (a teacher, a doctor, an executive, whatever)? - CORRECT ANSWER Existential Therapy: A therapeutic orientation based on the concept that one's development is never finished, but rather continuously evolving, becoming and re- creating the self while trying to make sense of our existence. - CORRECT ANSWER Existential Treatment: To understand the deeper meaning of one's experience. - CORRECT ANSWER Experiential Therapy: Focuses on the present situation, emphasizes activities, is therapist directed. The therapist designs interventions to enhance the here-and-now awareness of the conflicts the individual is dealing with. Example: A therapist designs an activity to be carried out by a group as a way of testing new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving. - CORRECT ANSWER Explosive Layer: When one lets go of the phony roles, he/she begins to feel alive when there is an outpouring of energy built up from behaving in an unauthentic manner. - CORRECT ANSWER Exposure Therapy: Similar to Systematic Desensitization, but results are quicker. Two types of exposure therapies are 'In vivo Desensitization' and 'Flooding'. - CORRECT ANSWER Extinction: In Operant Conditioning, when reinforcement is suspended after a response, the behavior becomes less. In Classical Conditioning, the conditioned response eventually fades after the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly followed without the unconditioned stimulus. A conditioned response fades over time as a conditioned stimulus is repeated without the unconditioned, natural stimulus. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Constellation: How the family members are arranged in the perception of the family member. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Life Cycles: Stages of family life from separation from one's parents, to marriage, having children, growing older, retirement and finally death. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Of Origin: A person's parents and siblings. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Projection Process: The process by which parental problems or conflicts are passed down or projected onto the children, therefore stunting the child's ability to differentiate. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Rules: Regular patterns of interactions, functioning as rules in which families are generally unaware of in their attempts to stabilize relationships. - CORRECT ANSWER Family Structure: The functional organization of families that determines how family members interact. - CORRECT ANSWER Feedback: The reaction of a system intended to decrease a behavior (negative feedback) or to indicate a need to increase a behavior in the system (positive). - CORRECT ANSWER Feedback Loops: The process by which a system re-introduces the output back into the system in order to maintain a stabilized state. - CORRECT ANSWER Figure-Formation Process: Drawn from the field of visual perception, aspects of one's environment or background surfaces to the front from moment to moment and becomes the focus. - CORRECT ANSWER First Order Change: Refers to transformation happening inside a family system but having no effect on the family system itselt, leaving it unchanged. - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed interval: Reinforcement is repeated at timely intervals (eg, every 10 secs). - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed ratio: Reinforcement occurs at fixed response intervals (for example, giving reinforcement after every fifth response). - CORRECT ANSWER Flexible Theory: A theory in Feminist Therapy, in which therapeutic principles and strategies can be used in both individual and group situations despite age, race, culture, gender or sexual orientation. - CORRECT ANSWER Flooding: A behavioral technique used to treat phobias in which the client is treated through prolonged imaginal or in vivo exposure to the fear stimulus until the extinction of the response (anxiety/fear). - CORRECT ANSWER Free Association: Developed by Freud, it is the observation of the client as thoughts or words spontaneously come to mind flowing from one to another. Freud believed this technique would open doors to the unconscious. - CORRECT ANSWER Freedom and Responsibility: The understanding that one shapes their destiny by having the freedom to choose and the importance of accepting responsibility for the positive and negative aspects of their choices. Not to choose is to choose. - CORRECT ANSWER Fritz & Laura Perls: The founders of Gestalt School of Psychotherapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Functional Level of Differentiation: A person's degree of differentiation during levels of chronic anxiety in his/her important relationships. - CORRECT ANSWER Fusion: When the boundaries between self and others become blurred and the relationships leans heavy on togetherness as opposed to individuality. The process is opposite of differentiation. - CORRECT ANSWER Gender Free Theory: A theory in Feminist Therapy whereby instead of defining gender differences with stereotypical social roles, their behavior is explained in terms of socialization process. - CORRECT ANSWER Gender Schema: Mental scripts and interpretations that influence our perception about gender. - CORRECT ANSWER Gender-Role Analysis: A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy where therapist helps the client become aware of how gender-role expectations have negatively affected them. - CORRECT ANSWER Gender-Role Intervention: A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy where the therapist helps to provide the client with insight into how social issues can affect problems. - CORRECT ANSWER Generalization: Behaviors learned in one scenario or context is transferred to a similar but not identical situation. - CORRECT ANSWER Genital Stage: The fifth stage of Psychosexual Development during which puberty occurs and an interest in the opposite sex develops. The beginnings of taking on more adult responsibilities and obtains maturity. - CORRECT ANSWER Genogram: Schematic diagram of the family system. An assessment tool used to map the dynamic of a family system by the use of squares to represent men and circles to represent female members, horizontal lines for marriage and vertical lines for children. Through graphic representations, a genogram indicates major turning points and difficult relationships. First developed and popularized in clinical settings by Monica McGoldrick and Randy Gerson. - CORRECT ANSWER Genotype: Coding of genes - CORRECT ANSWER Halo Effect: Many individuals, when asked to rate or evaluate another individual for whom they have some sort of physical or personal attraction, have a tendency to give that individual a higher rating. This is called the halo effect. This effect must be carefully accounted for in testing settings, - CORRECT ANSWER Here-and-Now: Rather than focusing on the past or what might happen, the therapist helps the client to fully appreciate and experience the present moment. - CORRECT ANSWER Heterogeneous: Consisting of varied characteristics or presenting problems. Example: a group made up of males and females; or made up of more than one presenting problem. - CORRECT ANSWER Heterosexism: The Feminist therapist observes how society views heterosexual orientation as normal and thereby devalues same sex relationships. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Hierarchical Structure: Family functioning based on clear generational boundaries, where the parents maintain control and authority. - CORRECT ANSWER Holism: An emphasis on integrating all parts of an individual and how they function as a whole within their environment. - CORRECT ANSWER Homeostasis: Defined as "relationally stable state of equilibrium". In the family system, it is the way of dealing with issues and change by keeping things the same so as not to face problems. It is safer not to rock the boat. - CORRECT ANSWER Homeostasis: Acceptable behavior that maintains dysfunctional patterns within the system, therefore returning the family back to its previous balance in order to resist change. - CORRECT ANSWER Homogenous: Sharing a common interest or problem or sharing common characteristics. Example: Adolescent males in a group or an all-schizophrenic group, though including males and females. - CORRECT ANSWER Humanistic Therapy: Therapy that emphasizes the client. Emphasizes the relationship between client and therapist. Sees the quality of that relationship as sufficient in itself to effect change. Example: Gestalt, Existentialism and Person- Centered Therapy are all types of Humanistic therapies. - CORRECT ANSWER I-Position: Statements that acknowledge one's personal opinions rather than blaming others. - CORRECT ANSWER I-Thou: A concept added by Martin Buber to Existentialism. This is when one is able to share their authentic self with another despite the risk of rejection and hurt, which in turn creates a more meaningful interpersonal relationship. - CORRECT ANSWER Id: The unconscious aspect of the personality that is driven by the pleasure principle seeking to gratify desires. It holds libido and motivates the instinctual behaviors. A primitive, selfish aspect of the personality, the id demands immediate gratification through increased pleasure and reduced tension. - CORRECT ANSWER Identification: An unconscious defense mechanism, by which one models oneself after another person who may appear to have admirable traits in order to avoid feeling inferior or different. - CORRECT ANSWER Identified Patient (IP): In order to sustain homeostasis, the family member who is exhibiting emotional symptoms is identified by the family system as the cause of the family's problems. The family member with the symptom that has brought the family into treatment. The concept of the IP is used by family therapists to keep the family from scapegoating the IP or using him/her as a way of avoiding problems in the rest of the system. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Identity/Relationship: The struggle to discover one's own personal identity and at the same time reach outside of themselves to establish relationships. To derive the strength from oneself, other relationships and yet be able to stand alone. - CORRECT ANSWER Impasse Layer: The layer that exists underneath the phobic layer, where one becomes stuck, unable to support oneself or seek support from others. One feels a sense of deadness. - CORRECT ANSWER Implosive Level: The layer in the personality where one fully experiences their deadness (impasse layer) as opposed to denying it, which is necessary in order to experience the authentic self. - CORRECT ANSWER Individuality: When one has the ability to function independently from others and respects their differences. - CORRECT ANSWER Insecure (Anxious/Avoidant) Attachment: The infant becomes very disturbed when left alone with a stranger but is ambivalent to mother's return and may resist her attempts at physical contact. Mothers of these children are often moody and inconsistent in their caretaking. - CORRECT ANSWER Insoo Kim Berg: Wife of Steve de Shazer, co-developer of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Integrated Congruent Relationship: Pertains to perceived genuineness of group members. Example: Suzie reaches out to Martha understanding her problem even though this has not happened to her personally. - CORRECT ANSWER Intellectualization: In attempting to avoid recognizing emotions brought on by a situation or problem, one applies intellectual implications to understand and explain it. - CORRECT ANSWER Interactionist Theory: A theory in Feminist Therapy where beliefs, thoughts, feelings and behavior are influenced by context and environmental factors. - CORRECT ANSWER Internal Dialogue Exercise: The process by which to distinguish the struggle between the top dog and underdog and integrate them in the individual. The 'empty chair' technique is often used in this process. - CORRECT ANSWER Interoceptive Training: Is a type of conditioning technique where the therapist helps the client become more capable of recognizing and coping with the social cues, triggers and early signals of a panic attack. - CORRECT ANSWER Interpersonal Leader: The leader focuses on the group process rather than individuals in the group. Example: Dr. Joe observes the group becoming agitated, some tapping their feet. - CORRECT ANSWER Interpersonal Learning: Learning via the group process. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Intrapersonal Learning-Therapeutic Factor: In group therapy, this leader focuses on an individual as though doing individual therapy in a group setting. Example: Dr. Joe focuses on Jean giving her individual guidance, while the other group members learn vicariously. - CORRECT ANSWER Introjection: One of the five channels of resistance in Gestalt therapy, where one accepts or swallows the beliefs, values and standards of others in order to cope with anxiety of a traumatic event. - CORRECT ANSWER Introspection: Internal evaluation of thoughts and feelings. Example: self-analysis. - CORRECT ANSWER Irrational Beliefs: Distorted ways of thinking or perceptions attached to an activating event, thereby creating a negative emotion or behavior around that event. - CORRECT ANSWER Isolation: When one faces his/her aloneness they are able to connect with others on a meaningful level and lessen their sense of isolation without over-dependency. - CORRECT ANSWER Ivan Pavlov: Through his experiments and study of a dog's digestive system, Pavlov discovered the stimulus response connection to learned behavior; therefore developed the theory known now as Classical Conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER Jay Haley: A member of the Bateson's Schizophrenia project at the Mental Research Institute in Palo Alto, California and recognized as being one of the founders of Communication Theory. - CORRECT ANSWER Jean Baker Miller: She made a significant contribution to Feminist Therapy. "A New Psychology of Women" - CORRECT ANSWER John B. Watson: One of the founders of Behavioral Therapy. He established the psychological school of behaviorism. He was known for conducting the controversial "Little Albert" experiment to reveal evidence of Classical Conditioning amongst infants and children. - CORRECT ANSWER Karen Horney: Neo-Freudian, believed neurosis results from the child's difficulty in dealing with a potentially hostile world. As strategies of coping, individuals choose to: go towards others, go against others and go away from others. Her view declares people are moving toward (feeling), moving against (acting) or moving away (thinking). - CORRECT ANSWER Labeling: Rather than describing the specifics about a behavior or situation one explains it by labeling it in an over-generalized way in order to put them as absolutes. - CORRECT ANSWER Latent Content: Underlying thoughts, desires and fantasies related to the emotional reactions of early infancy; latent content gives a dream its fundamental meaning. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Latency Stage: The fourth stage of Psychosexual Development during which there is a loss of sexual interest and instead there is a focus on the development of the three major components of personality. - CORRECT ANSWER Libido: Also referred to as the "energy" that motivates sexual instincts as well as survival, growth, development and creativity. Comprised of the sexual and ego drives found in the id, libido effects aggression and instinctual behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER Life-Span Perspective: A theory in Feminist Therapy where human development is viewed as a life-long process as opposed to being set in childhood. - CORRECT ANSWER Low Differentiation: When one is distinguished by dependency, lack of autonomy or reacts emotionally to conflicts with others. Also has a tendency to fuse with others. Looks to others for approval and acceptance, therefore conforming themselves in order to please others. - CORRECT ANSWER Magnification/Minimization: When one makes inaccurate assessments of the way people or a situation truly are by devaluing or idealizing. - CORRECT ANSWER Making the Rounds: In this process a person in asked to speak to or do something with another person within a group setting in order to try new behaviors such as taking risks, confrontation or disclosing self. - CORRECT ANSWER Manifest Content: Formed as a composite of recent and distant memories, this is the apparent content of the dream. Actually it provides a mask for events that reveal the latent meaning of a dream. - CORRECT ANSWER Manifest Latent Dreams: Dreams are composites of symbols derived from recent and remote memories and formed by the current feelings, attitudes and motivations of the individual. Shaped by the immediate psychological needs of the sleeper, manifest latent dreams are distortions of life experiences in accordance with the regressive thinking processes that prevail during sleep. - CORRECT ANSWER Meaning Attribution: Clarity of group input as well as output to explain change. Members can discover ways in which they have lost direction. - CORRECT ANSWER Mental Filter: A perception focusing entirely on specific negative aspects without taking in consideration the rest. - CORRECT ANSWER Metacommunication: Nonverbal communication that influences the words of the verbal message. - CORRECT ANSWER Michael White: A cofounder of Narrative Family Therapy with David Epston, White became interested in ways people constructed meaning in their lives rather than just ways they behaved. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Milieu Therapy: Type of treatment for socially and mentally disordered individuals, usually in an institution. Group counseling is typically the setting. Residential treatment, living the treatment. Example: Lock-up facility. - CORRECT ANSWER Miracle Question: A technique whereby the therapist asks the client a question based on "if" a miracle occurred overnight and their problem or problems were solved. The client is then encouraged to describe what would be different in order to help the client envision solutions or goals. - CORRECT ANSWER Modeling: Learning occurs as a result of observing the behaviors of others. - CORRECT ANSWER Multigenerational Transmission Process: The concept of passing on chronic anxiety from one generation to the next. Levels of differentiation and emotional processes are projected onto children therefore passing degrees of immaturity down to generations to follow. Low levels of differentiation progresses lower and lower in each generation. - CORRECT ANSWER Murray Bowen: He was the major figure in the development of Family Therapy. His theory focused on the multigenerational transmission process by which levels of differentiation within the family was passed down to next generation. He believed one's ability to differentiate from the emotional reactivity of the family was the key to achieving a healthy balance of togetherness and individuality. - CORRECT ANSWER Nancy Chodorow: Critiqued psychoanalytic theory for patriarchal perspectives. She proposed that women naturally identify with mothers and that men dis-identify with mothers. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Feedback (homeostasis monitor): To maintain a stabilized state within the system by decreasing a behavior and inhibiting activity. Example: When there is an issue causing a scene, one glance at dad, his arms crossed and that 'look' will bring the disruptive family member under control. - CORRECT ANSWER Negative Reinforcement: A behavior or response is strengthened when an unpleasant stimulus is removed after a specific behavior has occurred. A person is motivated to display a certain behavior to avoid an unpleasant experience or condition. - CORRECT ANSWER Negotiating: The process by which the client is invited to describe their problems in a way that creates space for future possibilities. - CORRECT ANSWER Neurosis: When the superego imposes guilt on the ego to limit the impulses of the id, neurosis results. - CORRECT ANSWER Neutrality: Ability to define self without being emotionally invested in one's own viewpoint or in changing the viewpoint of others. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Nonspecific Factors: Changes in behavior that cannot be measured, Example: Generosity, courage, humor, love or hate. - CORRECT ANSWER Non-Summativity: Being the 'sum of its parts', a family system can be therapeutically treated as a unit, not simply as individual members. - CORRECT ANSWER Norms: The acceptable/unacceptable standards of behavior agreed upon by leader and members. Some norms may pose problems for members of different cultural backgrounds. Example: Responsibility or group rules. - CORRECT ANSWER Nuclear Family: Each family seems to contain a nucleus center that connects all family members in the system. - CORRECT ANSWER Nuclear Family Emotional Processes: The process by which the dysfunctional, emotional patterns within a family is passed on to each generation. - CORRECT ANSWER Object: The thing or significant person that is the target of one's feelings or drives as well as fulfilling a need. - CORRECT ANSWER Object Permanence: The appreciation that an object no longer in view can still exist and may reappear later (early in Stage 2). - CORRECT ANSWER Oedipus Complex: During the Phallic Stage, a boy develops a longing for mother's love and fears father will punish him for feelings towards mother. Therefore he fears that father will cut off his penis, which is referred to as Castration Anxiety. - CORRECT ANSWER Operant Conditioning: The use of consequences or reinforcement to learn a new behavior (response) or strengthening of an existing response; a method of learning extensively researched by B.F. Skinner. - CORRECT ANSWER Oral Stage: The first stage in Psychosexual Development where the focus is primarily on receiving pleasure through oral stimulation of the month during nursing. - CORRECT ANSWER Organismic Self-Regulation: When a need or sensation surfaces within an individual, he/she will manage to tap into their own resources or capabilities to self- regulate. - CORRECT ANSWER Outsider: The third person who is pulled into a dyad conflict as an attempt to stabilize the relationship. - CORRECT ANSWER Overgeneralization: Taking an isolated incident or interpretation and applying it globally as a wide generalization. - CORRECT ANSWER Penis Envy: During the Electra complex, according to Freud, the girl forms negative feelings towards mother because she discovers she doesn't have a penis like her father, thus she lacks the strength/power of her male parent. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Personal Integrated Eclectic Model: A therapeutic style that can adapt to each member in a unique way. Perspective based on concepts and techniques from various theories. Example: Person-Centered Therapy or a popular teacher. - CORRECT ANSWER Personal is Political: An individual's problems are viewed as being rooted socially and politically. When helping to free both women and men from the limitations of gender- roles the therapist also makes an effect on the transformation of society. - CORRECT ANSWER Personal Responsibility: When one owns their process and recognizes their part in a situation or problem they are able to gain personal power to make a change. - CORRECT ANSWER Personality Like An Onion: Perls viewed the personality like an onion containing five layers needing to be peeled in order to reach maturity. These layers were labeled is the phony, the phobic, the impasse, the implosive and the explosive. - CORRECT ANSWER Personality Reconstruction: Therapy where the basic structure of the client is restructured to create an integrated individual. Make the unconscious conflicts conscious and examine them. Example: Analytic group or Boot Camp. - CORRECT ANSWER Personalization: When one takes things personal and assumes that they or others were directly the cause when that was not the case. - CORRECT ANSWER Personhood: The personal style the therapist brings to therapy instead of dry therapeutic skills. Example: Michael Jordan to basketball or Albert Ellis, Fritz Perls and Carl Rogers each bring their own personhood to therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Phallic Stage: Stage three of Psychosexual Development where the child focuses more on the genitals and the conflict of unconscious desire toward the parent of the opposite sex. This is the stage where the Oedipus or Electra complex occurs. - CORRECT ANSWER Phenotype: Expression of genes - CORRECT ANSWER Phobic Layer: The layer in the personality where one denies recognizing and accepting aspects of who they are in order to avoid the emotional pain that might result from the rejection by others. - CORRECT ANSWER Phony Layer: The layer in the personality where one reacts to others in unauthentic ways. When one attempts to live up to other's expectations by behaving as a person he/ she is not. - CORRECT ANSWER Pleasure Principle: The core psychic energy of instincts that rules the id system of the personality. Its primary purpose is on avoiding pain and attaining pleasure. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Feedback: To maintain a stabilized state within the system by increasing a behavior and amplifying activity. Pro-active behavior that rocks the equilibrium of the - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER family system and causes issues within the system. Designed to cause an imbalance in the family unit and redefine it in a positive way. Example: A man who is self-employed agrees to work from home and take care of the kids so his wife can get a job changes the way the family operates. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Reinforcement: A behavior or response is followed by a pleasant stimuli or reward, which evokes a desired response and then increases the frequency of that behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Positive Reinterpretation: Reframing a member's negative behavior into a positive light. The member is able to view his behavior as more manageable, and the leader is able to see the behavior in compassionate rather than threatening terms. Example: The glass being half-full as opposed to half-empty. - CORRECT ANSWER Power Analysis: Exploring the power differences in society between men and women. - CORRECT ANSWER Pragmatics: The effects of behavior on communication both verbally or non-verbal. - CORRECT ANSWER Preconscious: Thoughts and feelings are brought to consciousness and not blocked, such as in repression, but are not in awareness in that given moment. - CORRECT ANSWER Premack Principle: Using high probability behavior to reinforce low probability behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Primary Empathy: The giving of empathy through thoughtful sincere listening and reception; being sincere enough to convey to the client what he/she has just said has been heard and understood. A background that includes a wide range of experiences can help leaders to identify. - CORRECT ANSWER Primary Vicarious Conditioning: Occurs when an observer sees the model's behavior reinforced then he/she performs the same behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Process Question: Used in Bowenian Therapy to slow an individual's process and lessen reactivity in order for them to recognize and take responsibility for their own behavioral patterns in interpersonal relationships. - CORRECT ANSWER Professional Standards: Guidelines created by the Association for Specialists in Group Work (ASGW), which emphasizes and focuses on experience, abilities and understanding. - CORRECT ANSWER Projection: In attempt to avoid recognizing one's own unacceptable desires and impulses, one assigns them to others, an unconscious process. - CORRECT ANSWER Pseudo-Self: What Bowen also referred to as the "pretend self." The self that is molded by the beliefs and values of the family system and easily reshaped by positions taken by others. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Psychic Determinism: The belief that all behavior is determined and can be explained as cause (from the past) and effect as opposed to being random. - CORRECT ANSWER Psychological Education: New teaching techniques for large groups in the mental health arena. These techniques are provided to teachers, laypersons, counselors, etc. in hopes of giving each of them an insider's perspective to the symptoms of mental disorders. This foundation reaches a broader population of people who may come into contact with these individuals. Example: Participation in Experiential training workshops. - CORRECT ANSWER Punctuated: While communicating, participants perceive what the other says influences what they say therefore reinforcing the belief that the other is the cause of their behavior. Resulting in one believing he/she has power over the other. - CORRECT ANSWER Punishment: An undesirable stimulus or removal of a desirable stimulus occurs after a certain behavior in order to decrease the frequency of that behavior. - CORRECT ANSWER Rationalization: When one attempts to avoid facing disappointment or unpleasant emotions, one justifies the reason with a plausible or rational explanation rather than facing the truth. - CORRECT ANSWER Reaction Formation: A defense mechanism against urges that are perceived as threatening, by expressing the complete opposite, which diametrically oppose the true desire. - CORRECT ANSWER REBT: Stands for Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy developed by Albert Ellis. A process whereby one identifies the irrational beliefs causing negative emotions and substitutes them with positive alternatives by disputing the irrational ones. Therefore, altering one's emotions and moods and subsequently feeling better. - CORRECT ANSWER Regression: is a retreat to an earlier stage of development where the individual feels more comfortable. - CORRECT ANSWER Regression Techniques: The technique of retrieving data from an earlier time in one's life in order to bring about a possible change in the present for examining causes and formation. Reaction to members and leader reveal symbolic clues to relationships of significant people in family origin. - CORRECT ANSWER Reframing and Relabeling: A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy, whereby the therapist reframes the behavior and problems of the client by taking into account the influences of societal factors. - CORRECT ANSWER Regression: When one is unable to cope with the amount of anxiety in a traumatic situation, they return to a childlike stage of development and display immature behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Rehearsal Exercise: Instead of rehearsing a role or conversation internally, which can be inhibiting, the therapist has the client rehearse in an exaggerated exercise or movement to bring clarity to the inner meaning attached to the fear around new behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER Reinforcement: A consequence or stimulus that follows a response or behavior that causes that particular behavior to increase. - CORRECT ANSWER Report: The actual content of a message. - CORRECT ANSWER Repression: The core process of the Ego defenses and neurotic behaviors, It is the process in which thoughts or feelings that are perceived as a threat are hidden from awareness or consciousness. - CORRECT ANSWER Resistance: Existentialists believe this occurs when a client has difficulty taking responsibility and is unaware of feelings, which keeps him/her from living an authentic life. - CORRECT ANSWER Resistance to Contact: Defenses one develops which hinder them from fully experiencing the present in an authentic way. - CORRECT ANSWER Resources: The main goal of the therapist is to help clients recognize their own coping skills, abilities, qualities and external resources through questioning techniques. - CORRECT ANSWER Retroflection: One of the five channels of resistance in Gestalt therapy, when one redirect onto his/her own self something such as aggression, because one is fearful of directing it towards others. - CORRECT ANSWER Reversal Technique: The therapist attempts to help the client integrate aspects of himself/herself by having them role-play the opposite of symptoms or behaviors the client may be experiencing. - CORRECT ANSWER Role Playing: Technique used in counseling sessions being group or individual. Involves allowing individuals to assume the role of another individual to allow all involved to observe how they are perceived and received. Effective way to practice new skills in interpersonal sites. Example: Children playing grownup roles. - CORRECT ANSWER Rollo May: He was one of the important influences of Existentialism, responsible for spreading it to the United States from Europe. - CORRECT ANSWER Royal Road to the Unconscious: What Freud referred dreams to be. - CORRECT ANSWER Rule-Governed System: Patterns of communication and interaction developed within the family to sustain stability during times of conflict and stress. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Salvador Minuchin: Developed Structural Family Therapy which divides family problems into those relationships within a family unit or those in what he termed the 'subsystems' of the family. - CORRECT ANSWER Scale of Differentiation: A theoretical scale from 0-100 to define the level of differentiation from family system or group. The lower the number, the less the degree of emotional separation and more easily reactive to an anxiety provoking situation with others. - CORRECT ANSWER Scaling Questions: A technique whereby the therapist asks the client to gage their problem using a scale from 0 to 10. The client is then encouraged to discover the exceptions and preferred future by instilling a sense of change. - CORRECT ANSWER Schema: A cognitive script or framework that helps one organize and make sense of information, which greatly influences behavior and actions, as well as hinder one from recalling new information because it does not fit the script. A system of organized general knowledge stored in long-term memory that guides the encoding and retrieval of information. - CORRECT ANSWER Script: The planning of one's life by someone or some force from time of birth. Rigid and stereotypical responses. Example: Girls should be polite and never angry. - CORRECT ANSWER Search for Meaning: The quest and struggle to find significance and meaning in one's experiences and one's life. - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary Gains: Refers to perceived advantages that are allowed to a patient due to an illness. Example: The therapist feels the advantages gained by this disorder outweigh the discomfort created by this mental illness. - CORRECT ANSWER Secondary Vicarious Conditioning: Occurs when symbolic representations of behavior and its consequences are absorbed through reading, looking at maps or other images or from a verbalized description. Direct Classical and/or Operant Conditioning can modify behaviors received from Observational Learning. - CORRECT ANSWER Second Order Change: These are changes that actually affect the structure of the family system and how it ultimately functions. - CORRECT ANSWER Secure Attachment: A securely attached infant is mildly upset by the mother's absence and actively seeks contact with her when she returns. Mothers of securely attached children are emotionally sensitive and responsive. - CORRECT ANSWER Self-Actualization: Becoming one with reality. Growth toward wholeness. Examples: Ghandi, Mother Theresa. - CORRECT ANSWER Self-Awareness: The process of reflecting and making choices based on the capability of self-awareness, therefore, creating a life full of possibilities. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Self-Disclosure: The therapist uses self-disclosure as an attempt to therapeutic relationship in order to diffuse the expert point of view. As a result, the therapist proves to be a real person with his her own struggles. - CORRECT ANSWER Self-in-Relation Theory: The view that woman's identity and self-concept derive within the framework of relationships. - CORRECT ANSWER Semantics: The accuracy of communication being sent and received. - CORRECT ANSWER Separation Issues: Feelings that arise from some sort of loss, being it death, divorce, relocation or separation. If group closure is poorly handled, members can be left with unresolved issues without direction on how to bring these issues to closure. - CORRECT ANSWER Serotonin: A hormone manufactured by the brain, it is a neurotransmitter, involved in the transmission of nerve impulses using the amino acid tryptophan. Release of serotonin or other drugs (depending on the type of nerve) causes the other nerves to fire and continue the message along the "cable". Certain aminos cause people to have better feeling of wellbeing. Serotonin is a chemical that helps maintain a "happy feeling" and seems to help keep our moods under control by helping with sleep, calming anxiety and relieving depression. - CORRECT ANSWER Sets: Repeated family reactions to stress. - CORRECT ANSWER Shaping: In Operant Conditioning, a desired behavior can be progressively developed through repeated reinforcement of behaviors that are closer to the desired outcome. - CORRECT ANSWER Should Statements: Statements to self or others that reflect how you think things "should" or ought to be no matter what the circumstances. - CORRECT ANSWER Sibling Position: A theory created by Walter Toman, focused on how individuals who were raised in the same sibling position have similar traits. Bowen found this to be significant and integrated it into his theory. - CORRECT ANSWER Sigmund Freud: The father of Psychoanalytic psychology. Known for his ideas on personality structure - ego, superego and id, and Psychosexual Stages Of Development - Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency and Genital. - CORRECT ANSWER Single-Session Group: A session where the individuals and the therapist generally meet once to focus on one problem. A variety of approaches to brief group treatment have been developed and are effective and economical. Examples: Managed Care. - CORRECT ANSWER Smith-Hughes Act: 1917, provided federal monies to states for vocational education and established the Federal Board for Vocational Education. This board later administered veteran and civilian rehabilitation programs. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Social Learning Theory: Understanding and treating behavior using principles from social and development psychology as well as from learning theory. - CORRECT ANSWER Social Microcosm: The blending of such diverse cultures and/or experiences forming almost a mini world; attempting to reflect in some way all of the dimensions of the members' real social environment. - CORRECT ANSWER Societal Emotional Process: When Bowen's theory is applied to a larger scale, like society, culture or a social organization. Societal emotional process and cultural forces can affect the functioning and the ability to adapt to challenges within non-family groups. - CORRECT ANSWER Sociogram: The form in which individuals of a group come together and express how they feel about one another. A diagram representing the pattern of relationships between individuals in a group. - CORRECT ANSWER Solid Self: When one reaches a higher level of differentiation and holds firm to his/her convictions and beliefs and can be modified only from within the self. The solid self can endure group thinking and respects the identity of others without attempting to change them. - CORRECT ANSWER Spontaneous Recovery: In Classical Conditioning, after extinction, if the conditioned stimulus is again presented, the conditioned response spontaneously is elicited. - CORRECT ANSWER Staying With The Feelings: The therapist attempts to prevent the client from avoiding unpleasant feelings by encouraging him/her to go deeper into the feelings or behaviors, which opens up room for growth. - CORRECT ANSWER Stereotype Vulnerability: Entails a person's tendency to expect and perceive negative stereotypes about one's race or social standing and be influenced by them. - CORRECT ANSWER Steve de Shazer: The primary developer of Solution-Focused Brief Therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Stimulus: An event or experience in the environment that triggers a response. - CORRECT ANSWER Structured Exercise: Techniques used for achieving a particular goal in a set amount of time. Can enhance interaction and provide a focus for work or promote member independence on the leader. - CORRECT ANSWER Sublimation: The channeling of sexual or aggressive energy into more socially acceptable behaviors such as creative venues. Dealing with inappropriate social impulses, the individual channels them into socially acceptable behaviors. - CORRECT ANSWER Subsystems: Smaller units of families determined by generations, sex or function. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Summary/Bridging Question: When the client is asked, "If you continue to practice the things you are doing, will it keep you on the path toward your goals?" - CORRECT ANSWER Superego: The aspect of personality that holds internalized moral standards. Its function is to suppress the id's impulses and convince the ego to choose moral goals over realistic ones. The superego is not concerned with pleasure; rather it is focused on perfection. - CORRECT ANSWER Suppression: The individual undoes various levels of consciousness, pre- consciousness or unconsciousness. - CORRECT ANSWER Symmetrical Relationships: Relationships based on similarities where behavior of one minors that of the other. - CORRECT ANSWER Syntax: The way in which information is conveyed and received. - CORRECT ANSWER Systematic Desensitization: A technique used to treat phobias and other anxiety provoking behaviors by pairing an anxiety-producing stimulus (phobia or trigger) with relaxing producing stimulus. Gradually the individual lessens the sensitivity to the anxiety-producing stimulus through repeated exposure. - CORRECT ANSWER TACT: Stands for Timeliness, Appropriateness, Consent and Theory, all necessary for good therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER The Counseling Relationship Is Egalitarian: The central theme in Feminist Therapy is the attention to power, thereby the therapeutic relationship is considered equal. The client is viewed as having the ability to create their own change as opposed to the therapist being the expert. - CORRECT ANSWER The Tarasoff Case: Is the foundation for duty to warn if a client poses a threat to another because of their mental health status. - CORRECT ANSWER Theme-Oriented Group: Where group members stay focused on a particular theme; emphasizes the individual, group and theme. Examples: Compassionate Friends, Hospice. - CORRECT ANSWER Therapeutic Factors: The sole implementations of skills, techniques and style that facilitate therapy. Factors can be if a member has a supportive family or not, if he/she is employed or not. - CORRECT ANSWER Togetherness: When one has a dependency on others and an emotional need for connectedness, therefore fusion often occurs. - CORRECT ANSWER Token Economy: This method rewards desired behaviors with tokens such as poker chips, stars and scrip that can be saved and traded for another reinforcement, such as an outing to a restaurant or movie. - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Top Dog: The aspect of an individual that makes demands by telling oneself what he/ she "should" or "ought" to do. - CORRECT ANSWER Transactional Analysis: A therapeutic approach by Eric Berne that focuses on the interactions of people. Relies on the id, ego and the superego, theory of personality and an organized system of interactional therapy. We make current decisions based on past premises that were at one time appropriate for our survival. - CORRECT ANSWER Transactions: The spoken and unspoken communication that takes place between individuals during a session. Examples: Feedback, confrontation and support. - CORRECT ANSWER Transference: The process where the client experiences the same feelings towards the therapist as he/she did with significant relationships in his/her actual life. - CORRECT ANSWER Triangulation: Caused by anxiety, when there is a conflict between two people (unstable dyad) and one or both "triangle in" a third person as an attempt to lessen the anxiety from the conflict and stabilize the relationship between the two, however, this only freezes that conflict. - CORRECT ANSWER Unconditional Positive Regard: This is the position a therapist takes when counseling a client. They believe people are all right despite their actions and the effects on themselves and others. Acceptance of and caring for members. Example: Rogerian Therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Unconscious: A repressed force motivated by libidinal drives that remains out of awareness. It is believed to be the core of neurotic behavior and symptoms. It surfaces in wishes, dreams, needs, conflicts and slips of the tongue. - CORRECT ANSWER Underdog: The aspect of an individual that sabotages by justifying and making excuses for not meeting the demands of the "shoulds" or "oughts". - CORRECT ANSWER Undifferentiated Family Ego Mass: Refers to a family containing members who are functioning at low levels of differentiation and in turn become fused. - CORRECT ANSWER Unfinished Business: An individual's unfinished business continues unless they face and deal with feelings that have not been expressed or fully experienced. - CORRECT ANSWER Variable interval: Reinforcement interval changes (such as reinforcement after 2 seconds, then after 7 seconds, then after 4 seconds and so on). - CORRECT ANSWER Variable ratio: Reinforcement happens at a rate tied to the number of responses (the actual number of responses to each reinforcement may fluctuate like payments on a capped variable rate mortgage, but the ratio, on average, stays constant). - CORRECT ANSWER GTP Golden Test Preparation - CORRECT ANSWER [email protected] - CORRECT ANSWER Vicarious Conditioning: Dismissed by Thorndike and Watson, vicarious conditioning or learning by observation was later demonstrated by Albert Bandura's work with children. Bandura discovered a child could learn by observing another's experience with classical or instrumental conditioning. - CORRECT ANSWER Vicarious Punishment: An observer watches the model get punished for a particular behavior and chooses not to do the same thing. - CORRECT ANSWER Viktor Frankl: An important figure in the development of Existential Therapy. Wrote the book titled, "Man's Search for Meaning". - CORRECT ANSWER Virginia Satir: She believed that all behavior is communication and that family systems were maintained and governed by family rules. She is best known for theorizing that communicating was expressed through placating, blaming, super reasonable, irrelevant and congruent communication. - CORRECT ANSWER Walter Toman: He did research and created the theory focused on how individuals who were raised in the same sibling position have similar traits, therefore established relationships with others that replicated the sibling dynamics. - CORRECT ANSWER Wholeness: Refers to all individual family members combined into the one family system and their interdependence. Idea that working on one individual within the family system will have a ripple effect causing change in the rest of the family members within the system. - CORRECT ANSWER William O'Hanlon: He was originally trained by Milton Erickson, but branched out on his own to expand Solution Focused Brief Therapy. - CORRECT ANSWER Women's Experiences Are Honored: Women are encouraged to utilize their emotions, intuition and personal experiences to define their reality. - CORRECT ANSWER Work Hardening: - CORRECT ANSWER Refers to facilitating the return of a worker to the work force. Work hardening programs have become full service programs to address the needs of returning the patient to gainful employment. What is Piaget's first stage - CORRECT ANSWER sensorimotor How long does Piaget's sensorimotor stage last - CORRECT ANSWER from birth until two year old Child accidentally touches a doll and it makes a noise. Now the child touches the doll to hear the noise. This is an example of Piagets - CORRECT ANSWER secondary circular reaction The only psychoanalyst to create a developmental theory that covers the entire life span - CORRECT ANSWER Erik Erikson Jean Piaget's four stages in order - CORRECT ANSWER sensorimotor, preoperations, concrete operations, formal operations In Piagetian literature a conversation would most likely refer to - CORRECT ANSWER volume or mass Lawrence Kohlberg suggested there are how many levels of morality - CORRECT ANSWER three What is Erik Erikson's first stage of psychosocial development - CORRECT ANSWER trust vs mistrust What is Kohlbergs highest level of morality - CORRECT ANSWER postconventional morality Someone with postconventional morality has - CORRECT ANSWER self-imposed morals and ethics Who pioneered the zone of proximal development - CORRECT ANSWER Lev Vygotsky John Bowbys name is most closely associated with - CORRECT ANSWER bonding and attachment Who did the research that says males are better then females when performing mathematical calculations - CORRECT ANSWER Maccoby and Jacklin When is the fear of death the greatest - CORRECT ANSWER middle age When comparing boys to girls it is noted that - CORRECT ANSWER girls smile more, use more feeling words by age 2, and are better at reading people Development begins at - CORRECT ANSWER conception Cephalocaudal means - CORRECT ANSWER head to foot Which of freuds complexes occurs during the phallic stage when fantasies of the opposite sex start - CORRECT ANSWER Oedipus Complex Theorists who believe that development merely consists of quantitative changes are referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER empiricists Who believes that conduct disorders are a result of inadequate bonding in early childhood - CORRECT ANSWER John Bowlby Does watching violence tend to make children more aggressive - CORRECT ANSWER yes when it comes to developmental stages, Freud and Erikson both believe that - CORRECT ANSWER each stage needs to be resolved before an individual can move on to the next stage The tendency for adult female to wear high heels is explained by - CORRECT ANSWER sex role socialization What does animistic mean - CORRECT ANSWER Giving human characteristics to inanimate objects Which one of Piaget's stages does animistic behavior occur - CORRECT ANSWER preoperational What age is Piaget's preoperational stage - CORRECT ANSWER 2-7 Who did research on men and midlife crisis - CORRECT ANSWER Daniel Levinson Which theorist was most concerned with maternal deprivation - CORRECT ANSWER Harlow Which psychologist is famous for the "heirarchy of needs" - CORRECT ANSWER Maslow What is the heirarchy of needs - CORRECT ANSWER lower-order physiological and safety needs and high-order self-actualization Ritualistic behaviors are known as - CORRECT ANSWER fixed-action patterns brought on by sign stimuli equilibration is - CORRECT ANSWER the balance between what one takes in and what is changed assimilation - CORRECT ANSWER what one takes in accommodation - CORRECT ANSWER what is changed Someone who is stingy has what type of personality - CORRECT ANSWER anal retentive In the Us each socioeconomic group represents - CORRECT ANSWER A separate culture Which therapist was not instrumental in the early years of the social psychology movement - CORRECT ANSWER Berne Who wrote the classis season of a mans life and season of a womans life - CORRECT ANSWER Daniel Levinson According to Levinson what age do men have a midlife crisis - CORRECT ANSWER 40-45 According to Levinson what age do women have a midlife crisis - CORRECT ANSWER 35-40 The term contextualism implies that - CORRECT ANSWER The behavior must be assessed depending on the culture it occurred in When a counselor talks about a probable outcome they are referring to the - CORRECT ANSWER Prognosis Research suggests that poor economic status relates to - CORRECT ANSWER Aggressive behavior Who created the frustration-aggression theory - CORRECT ANSWER John Dollard and Neal Miller A statistical norm measues - CORRECT ANSWER Actual conduct A cultural norm describes - CORRECT ANSWER How people are supposed to act early vocalization in infants - CORRECT ANSWER Is pretty much the same in all cultures Most individuals believe that people they perceive as attractive - CORRECT ANSWER Have other positive traits When seeing a client of a different culture you can expect social conformity to be ______ then if it was someone from your own culture - CORRECT ANSWER Less In an emergency, as the number of standbyers increase the likelihood of someone taking action _______ - CORRECT ANSWER Decreases People who do not use aggression when raising their children usually have _______ children - CORRECT ANSWER Less aggressive When counseling someone of a different culture a common mistake is made when negative transference.. - CORRECT ANSWER Is interpreted as therapeutic resistance Emic viewpoint on culture is - CORRECT ANSWER An insiders perception of a culture What view suggests changes comes from within and client cope best by altering external factors in their environment - CORRECT ANSWER Alloplastic view The world personalism in cultural counseling means - CORRECT ANSWER All people must adjust to environmental and geological demands What theory suggests that an individual memorizing numbers would work better in a group of people - CORRECT ANSWER Social facilitation Who started the theory of social facilitation - CORRECT ANSWER Allport Firstborns and only children have a higher tendency to - CORRECT ANSWER Affiliate with others What type of client is most likely to engage in introspection - CORRECT ANSWER Someone of a higher social class What is pairing in group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Pairing up two members to get to know each other and then introduce each other What is modeling in group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER When someone demonstrates an activity or behavior for others What is "drawing out" in group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER When the leader interacts with a member to get him or her to contribute What is blocking in group counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Cutting a client off when they are not helping the group Three major leadership styles - CORRECT ANSWER Authoritarian, democratic, laissez-faire Another name for authoritarian leadership - CORRECT ANSWER Theory x Another name for democratic leadership - CORRECT ANSWER Theory y Another name for laissez-faire leadership - CORRECT ANSWER Theory z A group leader who practices REBT would most likely be what type of leader - CORRECT ANSWER Theory x, authoritarian What type of leader would Carl Rogers be - CORRECT ANSWER Theory y, democratic Who coined the term group therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Jacob Moreno Who is the father of psychodrama - CORRECT ANSWER Jacob Moreno Which theorists work has been classified as a preface to the group movement - CORRECT ANSWER Adler Group norms - CORRECT ANSWER Govern acceptable behavior and group rules Group content refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Material discussed in a group setting Group process refers to - CORRECT ANSWER The manner in which discussions and transactions occur According to the risky shift phenomenon a group decision will - CORRECT ANSWER Be less conservative than the average group members decision prior to the group discussion What type of client makes a poor group member - CORRECT ANSWER A hostile and belligerent person When clients are free to sit where they choose they will normally - CORRECT ANSWER Sit near someone similar to them Homogeneous group - CORRECT ANSWER People in the group are similar Heterogeneous group - CORRECT ANSWER People with various problems and backgrounds Universality in groups suggests that - CORRECT ANSWER We are not the only ones in the world with a given problem Which type of leader is most desirable - CORRECT ANSWER Democratic When should group risks be discussed - CORRECT ANSWER In the initial session with a client ASGW ethics say that if a client wants to leave a closed group.. - CORRECT ANSWER They must be allowed to withdraw The word dynamic means the group is - CORRECT ANSWER Always changing The energizer role in a group - CORRECT ANSWER The person who stimulates enthusiasm The scapegoat role in a group - CORRECT ANSWER The person everybody blames The gatekeeper role in a group - CORRECT ANSWER The person who makes sure everyone is doing their part and participating In a group, task roles - CORRECT ANSWER Help solve problems, are positive, aid in goal setting and keep the group focused Maintenance roles in a group - CORRECT ANSWER Support the groups livelihood Role conflict is best described as - CORRECT ANSWER Discrepancy between the way someone is expected to act and how they actually do act The initial group stage can be called - CORRECT ANSWER Forming, orientation, or the pre-affiliation stage The initial group stage is characterized by - CORRECT ANSWER Approach-avoidance behavior The final group stage is also called the - CORRECT ANSWER Termination stage The final group stage is geared towards - CORRECT ANSWER Breaking away A leader who wishes to stop inappropriate discussion should use - CORRECT ANSWER Blocking Major advantage of group work versus individual work - CORRECT ANSWER Learn how to give and get help, costs less money Opting out - CORRECT ANSWER Leaving a corporate world to work in an alternative career Glass ceiling - CORRECT ANSWER Barriers often exist that prevent women and minorities from getting top-level positions Who draws on behavioristic principles to help explain career choice - CORRECT ANSWER John Krumboltz Krumboltz is primarily classified as a - CORRECT ANSWER Learning theorist How much do women make in comparison to men and a dollar - CORRECT ANSWER 70 to 75 cents Hollands personality types - CORRECT ANSWER Realistic, investigative, artistic, social, enterprising, conventional Does a dual income family or single income family make more money - CORRECT ANSWER Dual income Who has more leisure time. Dual career families or single career families - CORRECT ANSWER Single career families Who is associated with trait and factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach - CORRECT ANSWER Parsons and Williamson Edmund Griffith Williamson utilizes test data from - CORRECT ANSWER Minnesota occupational rating scales Roe's three basic parenting styles - CORRECT ANSWER Overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant Avoidant child rearing style can be referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER Rejecting Someone who grows up in an avoiding family would be against what type of careers - CORRECT ANSWER Person-oriented careers Someone who grew up in an accepting family would have a career that - CORRECT ANSWER Interacts with other people When it comes to genetics Roe believes that - CORRECT ANSWER Genetics help determine intelligence and education and influences ones career choice Sublimation occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER An individual expresses an unacceptable need in a socially acceptable manner Today the most popular approach to career choice reflects the work of - CORRECT ANSWER John Holland Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as ______ theorists - CORRECT ANSWER Personality Conventional personality types value - CORRECT ANSWER Conformity, structure, rules Donald Super emphasizes - CORRECT ANSWER The self-concept The decision-making theory refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Periods of anticipation and implementation Who proposed the decision-making theory - CORRECT ANSWER Tiedeman and O'Hara What are the three systems in The Gelatt Model - CORRECT ANSWER Predictive, value, and decision In the dictionary of occupational titles each job was given a ____ digit code - CORRECT ANSWER 9 The first three digits in the dictionary of occupational titles (DOT) code refer to - CORRECT ANSWER An occupational group Best resource for someone who wants a detailed statistic about the average wages in their state - CORRECT ANSWER The bureau of labor statistics website How many areas are listed in the guide for occupational exploration (GOE) - CORRECT ANSWER 14 Self-efficacy theory is based on the work of - CORRECT ANSWER Albert Bandura What is the phenomenon when a man hates his job, trying desperately to be a good father and husband - CORRECT ANSWER The compensatory effect 3 things included in lifestyle - CORRECT ANSWER Work, leisure, style of living Who's theory is described in a hexagon - CORRECT ANSWER John Holland Most women hold low paying jobs with low status is based off the concept of - CORRECT ANSWER Occupational sex segregation Three factors of a displaced homemaker - CORRECT ANSWER Grown children, widowed and seeking employment, be divorced and seeking employment SIGI plus is - CORRECT ANSWER A computer career program that allowed students to conduct a self assessment and explore career options What does SIGI stand for - CORRECT ANSWER System of interactive guidance and information Who would most likely say that we choose a job to meet our needs - CORRECT ANSWER Robert Hoppock What's another name for psychoeducational groups - CORRECT ANSWER Guidance groups "Stinking thinking" is used in what theory - CORRECT ANSWER CBT 4 other names for Rogerian theory - CORRECT ANSWER Nondirective, client-centered, person-centered, self-theory What is more effective, a no-suicide contract or a safety plan when you have a client contemplating suicide - CORRECT ANSWER Safety plan If a client comes to your office drunk - CORRECT ANSWER Make plans to get them home safely The "spitting in the patients soup" technique is used in - CORRECT ANSWER Alfred Adler's individual psychology What does Alfred Adler's individual psychology emphasize - CORRECT ANSWER Birth order and the inferiority complex If a clients blood alcohol level is .91 your client is - CORRECT ANSWER Legally drunk What medication would an addiction treatment center give to an alcoholic - CORRECT ANSWER Vivitrol How quick does vivitrol take to start working - CORRECT ANSWER Two days or less What is the prescription injectable form of naltrexone - CORRECT ANSWER Vivitrol Side effects of vivitrol - CORRECT ANSWER Depression and suicidal thoughts If your client is pulled over and blows a .09 even though there driving isn't impaired the officer would - CORRECT ANSWER Give them a DUI An addiction center would prescribe what medication and treatment for a heroin addict - CORRECT ANSWER Suboxone film and counseling support groups What parts of the brain are affected with depression - CORRECT ANSWER Hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus SPECT, PET, CT, SNRI. Which one is not a brain scan - CORRECT ANSWER SNRI Some concerns with doing brain scans - CORRECT ANSWER Insurance doesn't pay for them and some medical experts feel the radiation could be harmful Which theorist has postulated that neuroplasticity occurs in counseling - CORRECT ANSWER Allen Ivey Syncretism can be best defined as - CORRECT ANSWER An unsystematic process of putting together various psychotherapy theories to treat a client Syncretism is the first step in learning to be - CORRECT ANSWER Eclectic The limbic system can be best defined as - CORRECT ANSWER A physiological entity which is involved in emotions and drives sex Motivational interviewing is found in what theory - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Rogers person-centered therapy Person-centered therapy puts a premium on - CORRECT ANSWER Empathy What are Eric Berne's three ego states - CORRECT ANSWER The child, the adult, the parent Which theory of Eric Berne's posits the three ego states - CORRECT ANSWER Transactional analysis Freuds structural theory includes what three egos - CORRECT ANSWER Id, ego, superego Freuds term Eros means - CORRECT ANSWER Self preservation Freuds term Thanatos means - CORRECT ANSWER Death wish or death instinct According to Freuds interpretation of dreams, dreams have - CORRECT ANSWER Manifest and latent content What is catharsis or abreaction - CORRECT ANSWER Talking about difficulties in order to purge emotions and feelings When a client is asked to recall something from a few months ago and takes two minutes of silence to recall that illustrates the function of the - CORRECT ANSWER Preconscious mind The conscious mind is aware of the - CORRECT ANSWER Immediate environment The preconscious mind is capable of - CORRECT ANSWER Bringing ideas, images, awareness with minimal difficulty Unconscious mind is - CORRECT ANSWER Information which is normally unknown to the client The act of not getting what you want so saying you didn't want it anyway refers to the - CORRECT ANSWER Sour grape rationalization Reaction formation - CORRECT ANSWER Acting the opposite way of how you actually feel Resistance - CORRECT ANSWER Fighting against therapeutic process Who is the founder of analytical psychology - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Jung According to Carl Jung men operate on the _____ principle - CORRECT ANSWER Logos According to Carl Jung women operate on the ____ principles - CORRECT ANSWER Eros Carl. Jungs term logos refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Logic Carl Jungs term Eros refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Intuition Transference neurosis - CORRECT ANSWER When the client is attached to the counselor as if they are a substitute parent Counter-transference - CORRECT ANSWER When counselors strong feelings or attachment to the client hinder progress Mandalas - CORRECT ANSWER Jung's drawings which were balanced around a center point to analyze himself, his clients, and dreams Eidetic imagery - CORRECT ANSWER Ability to remember the most minute details of a scene of picture for an extended period of time Another term for eidetic imagery - CORRECT ANSWER Photographic memory The MBIT is associated with the work of - CORRECT ANSWER Carl Jung Paradoxal techniques are associated with - CORRECT ANSWER Victor Frankl Logotherapy is a form of - CORRECT ANSWER Existential therapy Paradoxal strategies - CORRECT ANSWER Defy logic, engage in exaggerated behavior According to Jung what are the materials that make up the collective unconscious called - CORRECT ANSWER Archetypes Symptom substitution - CORRECT ANSWER When dealing with a symptom another symptom will manifest itself B.F. skinners reinforcement theory elaborated on - CORRECT ANSWER Edward Thorndikes law of effect Law of effect - CORRECT ANSWER People will repeat behaviors they get pleasure from and vise versa Reinforcers - CORRECT ANSWER Tend to increase the probability that a behavior will occur Punishment - CORRECT ANSWER Decreases the probability that a behavior will occur In pavlov's famous dog and bell experiment which is the conditioned stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER The bell In pavlov's famous dog and bell experiment which is the unconditioned stimulus - CORRECT ANSWER The meat Stimulus generalization is also referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER Second order conditioning When does second order conditioning or stimulus generalization occur - CORRECT ANSWER When a stimulus similar to the conditioned stimulus produces the same reaction Pavlov's dog experiment , when the unconditioned stimulus is not given ______ occurs - CORRECT ANSWER Extinction John B. Watsons name is associated with - CORRECT ANSWER Little albert Who conducted the first studies that showed animals could be conditioned to control autonomic processes - CORRECT ANSWER Neal miller Counseling paradigm is a - CORRECT ANSWER Treatment model A Nondirective counselor - CORRECT ANSWER Allows the client to explore thoughts and feelings with minimum direction A directive counselor - CORRECT ANSWER Leads the client to certain topics and provides direct suggestions Another term for directive paradigm - CORRECT ANSWER Active therapy A directive is - CORRECT ANSWER A suggestion Parroting - CORRECT ANSWER A misuse of paraphrasing, restating what the client said word for word Biofeedback - CORRECT ANSWER Provides the client with information without changing them In counseling biofeedback devices are used to - CORRECT ANSWER Teach clients to relax or to control the automatic nervous system Empathy - CORRECT ANSWER Being able to understand the clients world and communicate that to them EMG feedback - CORRECT ANSWER Direct muscle feedback What is an efficient reinforcer - CORRECT ANSWER What the client likes to do LPB - CORRECT ANSWER Low probability behavior HPB - CORRECT ANSWER High probability behavior EEG is used to - CORRECT ANSWER Secure feedback related to brain wave rhythms The most difficult intermittent schedule to extinguish is the - CORRECT ANSWER Variable ratio Most effective intermittent schedule - CORRECT ANSWER Fixed interval Systematic desensitization - CORRECT ANSWER A form of reciprocal inhibition based on counterconditioning SUDS stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Subjective unites of distress scale What drug causes nausea when mixed with alcohol and would be given to an alcoholic to prevent them from drinking - CORRECT ANSWER Antabuse Adversive conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Pair something the client likes with an unpleasant stimulus to stop a behavior Implosive therapy is - CORRECT ANSWER Always conducted in the imagination "Flooding" used in therapy is when - CORRECT ANSWER Exposing a client to a fear such as snakes Logotherapy means - CORRECT ANSWER Healing through meaning Name two philosophers who are not existentialists - CORRECT ANSWER Plato and Epictetus Existential counselor emphasize the clients - CORRECT ANSWER Free choice, decision, and will Summarization - CORRECT ANSWER When a counselor reviews what has happened in past counseling sessions Glasser's position on mental illness - CORRECT ANSWER Diagnostic labels give clients permission to act sick of irresponsible The relationship between therapist and client in reality therapy is - CORRECT ANSWER Like that of a friend who asks what is wrong The philosopher most closely related to REBT - CORRECT ANSWER Epictetus Epictetus suggests that - CORRECT ANSWER We feel the way we think REBT suggests what theory of personality - CORRECT ANSWER ABC theory In ABC theory what does each letter stand for - CORRECT ANSWER Activating event, belief system, emotional consequence Bibliotherapy is a form of - CORRECT ANSWER Homework Which cognitive therapist is most closely associated with the concept of "stress inoculation" - CORRECT ANSWER Donald Meichenbaum Meichenbaums approach is called - CORRECT ANSWER Self-instructional therapy Three phases of stress inoculation - CORRECT ANSWER Educational phase, rehearsal phase, application phase The child ego state brings out the little kid within. The child may manifest itself as - CORRECT ANSWER The natural child, the adapted child, the little professor The child state is also called - CORRECT ANSWER The archaeopsyche The natural child is - CORRECT ANSWER Being naturally spontaneous and impulsive The little professor is - CORRECT ANSWER Creative and intuitive The adapted child - CORRECT ANSWER Learns how to comply to avoid parental punishment In a first degree game the harm is - CORRECT ANSWER Minimal In a third degree game the harm is - CORRECT ANSWER Quite serious Games are said to prevent - CORRECT ANSWER True intimacy A goal of gestalt therapy - CORRECT ANSWER To eliminate "it" with "I" In gestalt therapy unexpressed emotions are known as - CORRECT ANSWER Unfinished business Three most common principles relating to gestalt therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Insight learning, zeigarnik effect, phi-phenomenon Insight learning was discovered by - CORRECT ANSWER Wolfgang Kohler The Zeigarnik effect suggests that - CORRECT ANSWER Motivated people tend to experience tension due to unfinished tasks which helps them remember it better Which approach is reflection used a lot but hardly ever advice is given - CORRECT ANSWER Person-centered approach Rogers viewed man as - CORRECT ANSWER Positive when he develops in a warm, accepting, trusting environment Attending behavior that is verbal is also called - CORRECT ANSWER Verbal tracking Allen E. Iveys three types of empathy - CORRECT ANSWER Basic, subtractive, addictive Anova - CORRECT ANSWER Diffeerence between groups Factoral - CORRECT ANSWER Difference between groups and the interaction between the variables Mancova - CORRECT ANSWER Difference between groups, the interaction between the variables, and multiple variables What test would you use to find a statistical difference between groups - CORRECT ANSWER T test Key word in factoral analysis - CORRECT ANSWER Interaction Key words in mancova - CORRECT ANSWER Multiple variables Anova is used to - CORRECT ANSWER Measure the means of 3 groups or more Lowest significant level - CORRECT ANSWER Less then .5 Best way to test for ADHD - CORRECT ANSWER The connors What are the three Connors rating scales - CORRECT ANSWER The client, the teacher, the parents What is a formative evaluation - CORRECT ANSWER The judgement of the program Summative evaluations are given - CORRECT ANSWER At the end of a program Another word for summative evaluations - CORRECT ANSWER Outcome evaluation The Flynn effect explains how - CORRECT ANSWER IQ scores have gone up as time goes on Appraisal - CORRECT ANSWER The process of assessing or estimating attributes What type of test is the NCE - CORRECT ANSWER Forced choice, achievement test A true/false test has _____ recognition items - CORRECT ANSWER Dichotomous Dichotomy means - CORRECT ANSWER Two opposing choices Speed tests - CORRECT ANSWER Easy, limited time, normally people don't finish the test Timed tests - CORRECT ANSWER Type of speed test but most people finish the test and is more difficult Power test - CORRECT ANSWER Designed to evaluate the level of mastery without a time limit A test battery is considered a - CORRECT ANSWER Horizontal test Vertical tests - CORRECT ANSWER Versions for various age groups and levels of education Horizontal test - CORRECT ANSWER Measures various factors during the same testing procedure Most critical factors in test selection - CORRECT ANSWER Validity and reliability Validity refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Whether the test measures what it says it measures Reliability refers to - CORRECT ANSWER How consistent a test measures an attribute Which measure would yield the highest level of reliability - CORRECT ANSWER A very accurate scale Criterion validity could be - CORRECT ANSWER Concurrent or predictive Concurrent validity - CORRECT ANSWER Answers the question of how well your test stacks up against a well established test that measures the same behavior, construct, or trait Evidence for reliability and validity are expressed via - CORRECT ANSWER Correlation coefficients Convergent validity - CORRECT ANSWER The correlation of a test to an independent measure What would you use to assess a tests construction/criterion validity by correlating test scores with an outside source - CORRECT ANSWER Convergent validity Discriminate validity means - CORRECT ANSWER The test will not reflect unrelated variables What is test-retest reliability - CORRECT ANSWER Giving the same test to the same group of people two times Which method of reliability testing is best for grading an essay - CORRECT ANSWER Interrater/interobserver An acceptable reliability coefficient would be - CORRECT ANSWER .80 or higher The first intelligence test was created by - CORRECT ANSWER Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon What is J.P. Guilford known for - CORRECT ANSWER Thoughts on convergent and divergent thinking Who isolated 120 factors that added up to intelligence - CORRECT ANSWER J.P. Guilford What IQ test is best for children ages 2 1/2-7 - CORRECT ANSWER WPPSI Which IQ test is best for ages 16 and beyond - CORRECT ANSWER WAIS WPPSI stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Wechsler preschool and primary scale intelligence What does WAIS stand for - CORRECT ANSWER Wechsler adult intelligence scale Which IQ test is best for children 6-16 - CORRECT ANSWER WISC What does WISC stand for - CORRECT ANSWER Wechsler intelligence scale for children Who wrote the article that stared the black vs white IQ controversy - CORRECT ANSWER Arthur Jensen In a projective test a client is shown - CORRECT ANSWER Neutral stimuli What type of theorist favors projective measures - CORRECT ANSWER Psychodynamic Test bias primarily results from - CORRECT ANSWER A test being normed solely on white middle class clients One major criticism of internet inventories - CORRECT ANSWER They emphasize professional positions and minimize blue collar jobs Achievement tests - CORRECT ANSWER Test your knowledge and application of material The GATB, ONet ability profiler and the MCAT are what type of tests - CORRECT ANSWER Aptitude tests The standard measurement error tells you - CORRECT ANSWER How accurate or inaccurate a test score is Who is best qualified to give the Rorscach inkblot test - CORRECT ANSWER A clinical psychologist A test is - CORRECT ANSWER A single source of data and not infallible What is an example of an informal method of appraisal - CORRECT ANSWER A checklist A word association test is an example of - CORRECT ANSWER A projective test A projective tests can be referred to as - CORRECT ANSWER Self expressive If you want to admit 25% of people into a program you should set the item difficulty at - CORRECT ANSWER .25 Who Americanized the Binet - CORRECT ANSWER Lewis Terman A true experiment needs - CORRECT ANSWER A control group and an experimental group Qualitative research - CORRECT ANSWER Based on observation and judgement Meta-analysis occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER Take all the major research in one given area and see what general findings are noted Which theorists like the single subject design - CORRECT ANSWER Psychoanalytic Action research - CORRECT ANSWER Used to help the teacher fine tune their own practice by amassing information What research can the researcher be a part of their own study - CORRECT ANSWER Action research Who is best to conduct research on people with disabilities - CORRECT ANSWER A CRC What does CRC stand for - CORRECT ANSWER Certified rehabilitation counselor Parsimony means - CORRECT ANSWER Interpreting the results in the simplest way Factor analyses is concerned with - CORRECT ANSWER Data reduction Occam Razor suggests that experimenters - CORRECT ANSWER Interpret the results in the simplest manner An experiment is said to be confounded when - CORRECT ANSWER Undesirable variables are not kept out of the experiment Basic research is conducted to - CORRECT ANSWER Advance our understanding of theory Applied research also called action research or experience near research is conducted to - CORRECT ANSWER Advance our knowledge of how theories, skills, and techniques can be used in practical application Confounding occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER An undesirable variable which is not controlled by the researcher is introduced in the experiment In experimental terminology IV refers to the - CORRECT ANSWER Independent variable In experimental terminology DV refers to the - CORRECT ANSWER Dependent variable The variable you manipulate/control is the - CORRECT ANSWER Independent variable Hypothesis testing is most closely related to the work of who - CORRECT ANSWER R.A. Fisher The letter P in relation to test significance stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Probability In social sciences the accepted probability level is usually - CORRECT ANSWER .05 or less A type I error occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER You reject null when it is true By increasing your sample size you - CORRECT ANSWER Decrease type I and type II errors What is a t-test used for - CORRECT ANSWER To see whether two sample means are significantly different In order to reject null - CORRECT ANSWER Your computation must exceed the number cited in the table What does the Mann-Whitney u-test determine - CORRECT ANSWER Whether two uncorrelated means differ significantly when data are nonparametic Spearman correlation or Kendall's tau used when - CORRECT ANSWER Parametric assumptions cannot be utilized Chi square examines - CORRECT ANSWER Whether obtained frequencies differ significantly from expected frequencies To see if significant differences exist in ANOVA you would - CORRECT ANSWER Consult a table for F values When the variables covary positively it means - CORRECT ANSWER Two variables vary together What does it mean to covary negatively - CORRECT ANSWER When one variable goes positive and one negative When the variables are not related to each other your correlation would most like be close to - CORRECT ANSWER 0 When clients don't know if they're in the experimental or control group it is called a - CORRECT ANSWER Single-blind study In a normal curve the mean, median, and mode fall - CORRECT ANSWER Precisely in the middle of the curve A normal curve looks like - CORRECT ANSWER A symmetrical bell What's another word for a basic curve - CORRECT ANSWER Frequency polygon In a basic curve what is the point of maximum concentration - CORRECT ANSWER Mode The most useful measure of central tendency is - CORRECT ANSWER The mean If everyone scores really high on a test the test will be - CORRECT ANSWER Negatively skewed Another name for a bad graph - CORRECT ANSWER Histogram Horizontal line under a frequency distribution is the - CORRECT ANSWER X axis A sociogram is to a counseling group as a scattergram is to - CORRECT ANSWER A correlation coefficient A platykurtic distribution looks like - CORRECT ANSWER A flatter line close to the bottom The mean score on a Binet is - CORRECT ANSWER 100 When doing natural observation - CORRECT ANSWER The researcher does not manipulate or control variables Halo effect occurs when - CORRECT ANSWER A trait which is not being evaluated influences a researchers rating on another trait Trend analysis refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Statistical procedure performed at different times to see if a trend is evident Counterbalancing - CORRECT ANSWER Switching the order in which stimuli are presented to a subject in a study The amount of people out of 100 that will fall between scores 85-115 on an IQ test - CORRECT ANSWER 68 Systematic sampling - CORRECT ANSWER Using every nth person Inductive means - CORRECT ANSWER The research goes from the specific to a generalization Deductive - CORRECT ANSWER Reduces the general to specific The standard error of measurement - CORRECT ANSWER Tells the counselor what would most likely occur if the same individual took the same test again The best title for someone running a new non profit counseling agency - CORRECT ANSWER Executive director A licensed professional counselor wants to form a non profit agency what is there first step - CORRECT ANSWER Get familiar with 501 IRS regulations Best people for the board of a counseling agency - CORRECT ANSWER Attorney and CPA When would it make sense to have two attorneys on a board - CORRECT ANSWER If the attorneys have different specialties In terms of budget for a non profit - CORRECT ANSWER You won't need any salary figures An advisory board member can not fire a - CORRECT ANSWER Executive director An ex officio member is - CORRECT ANSWER Not voted in like regular members Do ex officio members have voting rights - CORRECT ANSWER Sometimes How long must you wait after supervision before you can become sexual with your supervisor or person you are supervising - CORRECT ANSWER Two years If you have an honorary phd you must - CORRECT ANSWER List it as an honorary when marketing The AACD focused heavily on professional credentialing which led to the - CORRECT ANSWER NBCC Most ethical dilemmas are related to - CORRECT ANSWER Confidentiality What is it called when a counselor reveals information that is extremely damaging to a clients reputation - CORRECT ANSWER Defamation Beneficence means - CORRECT ANSWER The counselor is working for the good of the client or the group Nonmaleficence means - CORRECT ANSWER The counselor will do no harm Privileged communication refers to the fact that anything said to a counselor by a client - CORRECT ANSWER Will not be divulged outside of the session without the counselors permission In regard to state law and privileged communications counselors must be aware that - CORRECT ANSWER Laws are unclear and may vary from state to state Would an individual trained in counseling be able to sit for the EPPP - CORRECT ANSWER No What is the EPPP for - CORRECT ANSWER Becoming a licensed psychologist Counselor certification - CORRECT ANSWER Recognizes that you have reached a level of competence and are able to use a title The problem with income sensitive or sliding fee scales is that - CORRECT ANSWER It is difficult to administer them in a fair manner If you are a licensed counselor in one state and moving to another state and they say they will grant you reciprocity or so called endorsement that means - CORRECT ANSWER You can practice in the new state based on your credentials without taking another exam CRC stands for - CORRECT ANSWER Certified rehabilitation counselor What is NBCC also known as - CORRECT ANSWER Masters addiction counselor Counseling your first cousin for depression is - CORRECT ANSWER Generally unethical A dual relationship is when - CORRECT ANSWER A counselor has another significant relationship with the client What is it called when you find yourself sexually attracted to a client - CORRECT ANSWER Countertransference A malpractice or liability insurance is least likely to defend you if - CORRECT ANSWER You are sexually involved with a client When developing a self help software package for public use ethics indicate that - CORRECT ANSWER The package must be initially designed for stand alone usage Which is the general section of the NBCC code of ethics - CORRECT ANSWER Section a Sexual harassment is defined as - CORRECT ANSWER Unwelcome comments, gestures, or physical contacts of a sexual nature If you perform counseling in an area you're not trained it is called - CORRECT ANSWER Misrepresentation Section B of the NBCC deals with - CORRECT ANSWER The counseling relationship A counselor who uses a paradoxical strategy - CORRECT ANSWER Should explain the purpose of this technique to the client If your agency uses a collection agency when clients don't pay their bills you should - CORRECT ANSWER Inform the client of this before the counseling begins Nosology refers to - CORRECT ANSWER A system of classification What's the nosological system used by counselor who diagnose clients - CORRECT ANSWER DSM and ICD What type of counseling has caused the most ethical concerns - CORRECT ANSWER Behavioral The fifth digit of a code (ex: 269.2X) refers to - CORRECT ANSWER Severity Who proposed the most popular paradigm of mental health consultation - CORRECT ANSWER Caplan If you have no success with a client after two years you should - CORRECT ANSWER Terminate the relationship and refer them elsewhere Counseling became popular after the 1931 publication of - CORRECT ANSWER Workbook in vocations Who wrote workbook in vocations - CORRECT ANSWER Proctor, benefield, and wrenn If someone has a highly contagious disease that is fatal and tells you you have to - CORRECT ANSWER Break confidentiality Standard deviation is based on - CORRECT ANSWER The difference between each score and the mean Pearson r product moment can only be used for - CORRECT ANSWER Interval and ratio variables How do you study nominal variables - CORRECT ANSWER Phi coefficient How do you study ordinal variables - CORRECT ANSWER Spearman roh Examples of ordinal - CORRECT ANSWER Sometimes, maybe, likert scale Examples of nominal - CORRECT ANSWER Male or female Continuous variable - CORRECT ANSWER Variable that can have infinite value Alignment - CORRECT ANSWER Short or long term alliances made among family as they move towards homeostasis Attending - CORRECT ANSWER The attention the counselor pays to verbal and non verbal interaction Aversive conditioning - CORRECT ANSWER Applying an unpleasant stimulus to eliminate an unwanted behavior Behavioral rehearsal - CORRECT ANSWER Role play Catharsis - CORRECT ANSWER The purging of emotions Closed system - CORRECT ANSWER Self contained has boundaries doesnt interact with other systems Coalitions - CORRECT ANSWER Alliances among family members against other family members Collecting trading stamps - CORRECT ANSWER Saving non genuine feelings Conjoint - CORRECT ANSWER Working with two or more family members together Cybernetics - CORRECT ANSWER The study of information through feedback loops Eeg - CORRECT ANSWER Measures brain waves Ekg - CORRECT ANSWER Records heart beat Enmeshent - CORRECT ANSWER When families are over involved in eachothers lives Fixed role therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Client reads a script at least three times a day then acts that way Who created fixed role therapy - CORRECT ANSWER George kelly Free association - CORRECT ANSWER The client discusses whatever comes to mind Homeostasis - CORRECT ANSWER A balanced system Identified patient - CORRECT ANSWER The family member who is the primary focus of treatment Implosive therapy - CORRECT ANSWER Decreasing anxiety by exposing client to stimulus Joining - CORRECT ANSWER Therapist entering a family system Open system - CORRECT ANSWER Boundaries that allow interaction with other systems Preconscious mind - CORRECT ANSWER Information you are aware of but not paying attention to Racket - CORRECT ANSWER Set of behaviors that originate from a childhood script in transactional analysis Repression - CORRECT ANSWER Involuntary forgetting an incident to protect oneself from anxiety Retroflection - CORRECT ANSWER Doing to one self what youd like to do to someone else Sculpting - CORRECT ANSWER Creates a picture of family relationships by physically being each other Sensate focus - CORRECT ANSWER Couple takes turn paying attention to their own senses Strategic - CORRECT ANSWER Therapist develops strategies to solve the problem 3 phases of Stress inoculation - CORRECT ANSWER Educational, rehearsal, implementation Who developed stress inoculation - CORRECT ANSWER Donald meichenabum Structural - CORRECT ANSWER Realigning family to change dysfunctional interactions Sublimation - CORRECT ANSWER Defense mechanisms using a socially accepted behavior to act out an unconscious impulse Temperature trainer - CORRECT ANSWER Biofeedback training that is expensive and extremely accurate Transference - CORRECT ANSWER Client puts how they feel about someone onto the therapist Triangulation - CORRECT ANSWER When two members of a family have a problem with eachother Erik Erikson's 8 stages of development - CORRECT ANSWER trust vs mistrust, autonomy vs shame, initiative vs guilt, industry vs inferiority, identity vs diffusion, intimacy vs isolation, generativity vs self-absorption, integrity vs despair Freud's Psychoanalytic and Psychosexual Development Theory - CORRECT ANSWER Two basic drives sex and aggression, 5 stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital Oral Stage - CORRECT ANSWER birth to 18 months Anal Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 2 to 3 years Phallic Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 3 to 5 years Latency Stage - CORRECT ANSWER 6 years to puberty Genital Stage - CORRECT ANSWER puberty to adulthood Piaget's Theory of Cognitive Development - CORRECT ANSWER schemas of assimilation, accommodation, and equilibration; stages sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development - CORRECT ANSWER preconventional morality, conventional morality, post conventional morality Electra Complex - CORRECT ANSWER same an oedipus complex but for girls, occurs during the phallic stage John Bowlby - CORRECT ANSWER bonding with an adult before 3 years is vital, if not will cause abnormal behavior Harry Harlow - CORRECT ANSWER worked with monkeys on attachment and believe it was innate, isolation lead to autistic abnormal behavior Konrad Lorenz - CORRECT ANSWER imprinting ducks will follow the first moving object the see Critical Periods (Lorenz) - CORRECT ANSWER certain behaviors must be learned at specific stages or they will not be learned at all Genotype - CORRECT ANSWER genetic makeup of an organism Phenotype - CORRECT ANSWER physical or biochemical characteristics determined by genetics and the environment Tabula Rasa - CORRECT ANSWER John Locke, a child is born with an unformed mind that develops through experience, blank slate Plasticity - CORRECT ANSWER the smooth transition from one stage of development to the next Human Development - CORRECT ANSWER learning, cognitive, psychoanalytic, humanistic Levinson's The Seasons of a Man's Life - CORRECT ANSWER book about study of adult males, life into 4 periods; preadulthood to 17 years, early adulthood starting at 17 to 22, middle adulthood starting at 40 to 45, older adult starting at 60 to 65, midlife crisis Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs - CORRECT ANSWER person must first satisfy basic needs (food/shelter) before higher needs (love/security) Gesell's Maturationist Theory - CORRECT ANSWER development is a biological process independent from environmental influences Behaviorism Theory of Learning - CORRECT ANSWER learning is a change of behavior caused by consequences of behaviors, Watson, Skinner, Thorndike Law of Effect (Thorndike) - CORRECT ANSWER a behavior followed by a reward is is strengthened and more likely repeated Rogers - CORRECT ANSWER person centered, people are eventually good, move toward self-actualization Berne - CORRECT ANSWER transactional analysis, each person has 3 ego states, parent, adult, child Freud - CORRECT ANSWER psychoanalysis, biological instincts and development through psychosexual stages Ellis - CORRECT ANSWER rational emotive behavior therapy: person's instincts are rational and irrational but can be taught Perls - CORRECT ANSWER gestalt: people are whole and complete but effect by environment. organizing experience determines learning Glasser - CORRECT ANSWER reality therapy: people have needs of food/shelter plus the need to feel worthwhile and successful Adler - CORRECT ANSWER individual psychology: people are essentially good, birth order determines much of behavior Jung - CORRECT ANSWER analytic psychology: people strive for self-fulfillment Skinner - CORRECT ANSWER behavioral/cognitive behavioral modification: people cannot make free will decisions, behavior is learned from environment and reinforcement Frankl - CORRECT ANSWER existential: people are good/rational and have the freedom to chose behavior Williamson (trait factor) - CORRECT ANSWER trait factor: potential for good/bad is innate Empiricists - CORRECT ANSWER John Locke, experience is the only source of knowledge Psychodiagnostic - CORRECT ANSWER testing that assesses how thinking and emotions affect behavior Invivo Desensitization - CORRECT ANSWER person is gradually exposed to something he fears Ethology - CORRECT ANSWER the study of animals in their natural environment Psychometrics - CORRECT ANSWER the entire process of tests measuring intelligence, aptitude, and personality characteristics Psychopharmacology - CORRECT ANSWER the study of the effects of drugs on psychological functioning Centration - CORRECT ANSWER Piaget's preoperational stage, focusing on one feature of an object and ignoring the rest [Show More]

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