NR 507 Patho quiz week 1 Questions and Answers,100% CORRECT

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NR 507 Patho quiz week 1 Questions and Answers 1. Question : What of the following remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide? Student Answer: Starvat... ion Traumatic injury Cardiovascular disease Infectious disease Instructor Explanation: Despite the wide scale implementation of progressive public health and immunization policies, infectious disease remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality. -598411649 MultipleChoice 1 True 0 -598411649 MultipleChoice 1 Question 2. Question : What is the role of reverse transcriptase in HIV infection? Student Answer: It converts single DNA into double-stranded DNA. It is needed to produce integrase. It transports the RNA into the cell nucleus. It converts RNA into double-stranded DNA Instructor Explanation: One particular family of viruses, retroviruses (e.g., HIV) carries an enzyme reverse transcriptase that creates a double-stranded DNA version of the virus. Question 3. Question : Cells in may act as a reservoir in which HIV can be relatively protected from antiviral drugs. Student Answer: the central nervous system bone marrow the thymus gland the lungs Instructor Explanation: HIV may persist in regions where the antiviral drugs are not as effective, such as the CNS. Question 4. Question : Which statement is true about fungal infections? Student Answer: They occur only on skin, hair, and nails. They are controlled by phagocytes and T lymphocytes. They result in release of endotoxins. They are prevented by vaccines. Instructor Explanation: The host defense against fungal infection includes the fungistatic properties of neutrophils and macrophages. T lymphocytes are crucial in limiting the extent of infection and producing cytokines to further activate macrophages. Question 5. Question : Which statement about vaccines is true? Student Answer: Most bacterial vaccines contain attenuated organisms. Most viral vaccines are made by using dead organisms. Vaccines require booster injections to maintain lifelong protection. Vaccines provide effective protection for all people against viruses, Instructor Explanation: bacteria, and fungal infections. In general, vaccine-induced protection does not persist as long as infection- induced immunity, thus booster injections may be necessary to maintain protection throughout life. -598411645 MultipleChoice 4 True 0 -598411645 MultipleChoice 4 Question 6. Question : After sexual transmission of HIV, a person can be infected yet seronegative for months. Student Answer: 1 to 2 6 to 14 18 to 20 24 to 36 Instructor Explanation: Antibody appears rather rapidly after infection through blood products, usually within 4 to 7 weeks. After sexual transmission, however, the individual can be infected yet seronegative for 6 to 14 months or, in at least one case, for years. -598411644 MultipleChoice 7 True 0 -598411644 MultipleChoice 7 Question 7. Question : What is the mechanism in type III hypersensitivity reactions? Student Answer: Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokine-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly. Antibodies bind to the antigen on the cell surface. Instructor Explanation: Most type III hypersensitivity diseases are caused by antigen-antibody (immune) complexes that are formed in the circulation and deposited later in vessel walls or extravascular tissues (Figure 8-3). -598411643 MultipleChoice 13 True 0 -598411643 MultipleChoice 13 Question 8. Question : During an IgE-mediated hypersensitivity reaction, what causes bronchospasm? Student Answer: Bronchial edema caused by chemotactic factor of anaphylaxis Bronchial edema caused by binding of the cytotropic antibody Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H1 receptors Smooth muscle contraction caused by histamine bound to H2 Instructor Explanation: receptors Acting through the H1 receptors, histamine contracts bronchial smooth muscles, causing bronchial constriction; increases vascular permeability, causing edema; and causes vasodilation, increasing blood flow into the affected area (Figures 6-3 and 6-10). -598411642 MultipleChoice 10 True 0 -598411642 MultipleChoice 10 Question 9. Question : What is the mechanism in type II hypersensitivity reactions? Student Answer: Antibodies coat mast cells by binding to receptors that signal its degranulation followed by discharge of preformed mediators. Antibodies bind to soluble antigens that were released into body fluids and the immune complexes are deposited in the tissues. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes or lymphokines-producing Th1 cells attack and destroy cellular targets directly. Antibodies bind to the antigens on the cell surface. Instructor Explanation: All of these mechanisms begin with antibody binding to tissue-specific antigens or antigens that have attached to particular tissues. First, the cell can be destroyed by antibody (IgG or IgM) and activation of the complement cascade through the classical pathway. -598411641 MultipleChoice 11 True 0 -598411641 MultipleChoice 11 Question 10 . Question : In which primary immune deficiency is there a partial to complete absence of T-cell immunity? Student Answer: Bruton disease DiGeorge syndrome Reticular dysgenesis Adenosine deaminase (ADA) deficiency Instructor The principal immunologic defect in DiGeorge syndrome is the partial or complete absence of T-cell immunity. Explanation: -598411640 MultipleChoice 17 True 0 -598411640 MultipleChoice 17 Question 11 . Question : What mechanism occurs in Raynaud phenomenon that classifies it as a type III hypersensitivity reaction? Student Answer: Immune complexes are deposited in capillary beds, blocking circulation. Mast cells bind to specific endothelial receptors that cause them to degranulate, creating a localized inflammatory reaction that occludes capillary circulation. Cytotoxic T lymphocytes attack and destroy the capillaries so that they are unable to perfuse local tissues. Antibodies detect the capillaries as foreign protein and destroy Instructor Explanation: them using lysosomal enzymes and toxic oxygen species. A form of serum sickness is Raynaud phenomenon, a condition caused by the temperature-dependent deposition of immune complexes in the capillary beds of the peripheral circulation. -598411639 MultipleChoice 14 True 0 -598411639 MultipleChoice 14 Question 12 . Question : Deficiencies in which element can produce depression of both B- and T-cell function? Student Answer: Iron Zinc Iodine Magnesium Instructor Explanation: Deficient zinc intake can profoundly depress T- and B-cell function. Question 13 . Question : The class of antibody involved in type I hypersensitivity reactions is Student Answer: IgA. IgE. IgG. IgM. Instructor Explanation: Type I reactions are mediated by antigen-specific IgE and the products of tissue mast cells (see Figure 8-1). Question 14 . Question : Stress-induced norepinephrine results in Student Answer: decreased blood flow to the brain and skin. peripheral vasoconstriction. increased glycogen synthesis in the liver. decreased muscle contraction as a result of an energy depletion. Instructor Explanation: Norepinephrine regulates blood pressure by constricting smooth muscle in all blood vessels. During stress, norepinephrine raises blood pressure by constricting peripheral vessels. -598411636 MultipleChoice 22 True 0 -598411636 MultipleChoice 22 Question 15 . Question : Exhaustion occurs if stress continues and is not successful. Student Answer: flight or fight alarm adaptation arousal Instructor Explanation: Exhaustion occurs if stress continues and adaptation is not successful, ultimately causing impairment of the immune response, heart failure, and kidney failure, leading to death. Question 16 . Question : What effect does estrogen have on lymphocytes? Student Answer: Depression of B cells and enhancement of T cells Depression of T cells and enhancement of B cells Depression of B cells and T cells Enhancement of B cells and T cells Instructor Explanation: Estrogens generally are associated with a depression of T-cell–dependent immune function and enhancement of B-cell functions. -598411634 MultipleChoice 25 True 0 -598411634 MultipleChoice 25 Question 17 . Question : Which cytokines initiate the production of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)? Student Answer: IL-1 and IL-6 IL-2 and TNF- IFN and IL-12 TNF-ß and IL-4 Instructor Explanation: A number of stress factors initiate CRH production, including high levels of IL-1 and IL-6. -598411633 MultipleChoice 24 True 0 -598411633 MultipleChoice 24 Question 18 . Question : Cells from a muscle tumor show a reduced ability to form new muscle and appear highly disorganized. This is an example of Student Answer: dysplasia. hyperplasia. myoplasia. anaplasia. Instructor Explanation: Anaplasia is defined as the loss of cellular differentiation, irregularities of the size and shape of the nucleus, and loss of normal tissue structure. In clinical specimens, anaplasia is recognized by a loss of organization and a marked increase in nuclear size with evidence of ongoing proliferation. The remaining options refer to very specific changes in the cell. -598411632 MultipleChoice 28 True 0 -598411632 MultipleChoice 28 Question 19 . Question : Many cancers create a mutation of ras. What is ras? Student Answer: A tumor-suppressor gene A growth-promoting gene An intracellular signaling protein that regulates cell growth A cell surface receptor that allows signaling to the nucleus about Instructor Explanation: cell growth Up to one third of all cancers have an activating mutation in the gene for an intracellular signaling protein called ras. This mutant ras stimulates cell growth even when growth factors are missing. The remaining options do not describe ras. -598411631 MultipleChoice 30 True 0 -598411631 MultipleChoice 30 Question 20 . Question : Intestinal polyps are benign neoplasms and the first stage in development of colon cancer. These findings support the notion that Student Answer: cancers of the colon are more easily diagnosed in the benign form because they can be visualized during colonoscopy. an accumulation of mutations in specific genes is required for the development of cancer. tumor invasion and metastasis progress more slowly in the gastrointestinal tract. apoptosis is triggered by diverse stimuli including excessive growth. Instructor Explanation: It is understood that multiple genetic mutations are required for the evolution of full-blown cancer. The remaining options do not address the progression of benign to metastatic tumors. -598411630 MultipleChoice 29 True 0 -598411630 MultipleChoice 29 Question 21 . Question : Which of the following cancers originate from connective tissue? Student Answer: Osteogenic sarcoma Basal cell carcinoma Multiple myeloma Adenocarcinoma Instructor Explanation: Cancers arising from connective tissue usually have the suffix "-sarcoma.” Question 22 . Question : By what process does the ras gene convert from a proto-oncogene to an oncogene? Student Answer: Instructor Explanation: By designating a chromosome that has a piece of one chromosome fused to a piece of another chromosome By duplicating a small piece of a chromosome, repeatedly making numerous copies By alternating one or more nucleotide base pairs By promoting proliferation of growth signals by impairing tumor- suppressor genes A point mutation is the alteration of one or a few nucleotide base pairs. This type of mutation can have profound effects on the activity of proteins. A point mutation in the ras gene converts it from a regulated proto-oncogene to an unregulated oncogene, an accelerator of cellular proliferation. The remaining options do not describe point mutation as it affects the conversion of a ras gene. -598411628 MultipleChoice 32 True 0 -598411628 MultipleChoice 32 Question 23 . Question : In chronic myeloid leukemia (CML), a piece of chromosome 9 fuses to a piece of chromosome 22. This is an example of which mutation of normal genes to oncogenes? Student Answer: Point mutation Chromosome fusion Gene amplification Chromosome translocation Instructor Explanation: Chromosome translocations, in which a piece of one chromosome is translocated to another chromosome, can activate oncogenes. In a different type of leukemia, CML, a specific chromosome translocation is almost always present. The remaining options are not best depicted by CML. -598411627 MultipleChoice 31 False 0 -598411627 MultipleChoice 31 Question 24 . Question : Which characteristic among women correlates with a high morbidity of cancer of the colon, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, breast, uterus, and kidney? Student Answer: Women older than 45 years of age Women who never had children Women who had a high body mass index Woman who smoked for more than 10 years Instructor Explanation: A recent hypothesis states that the observed increased incidence of such cancers as breast, endometrium, colon, liver, kidney, and adenomas of the esophagus may be associated with obesity. There are no current data to support the remaining options. -598411626 MultipleChoice 38 True 0 -598411626 MultipleChoice 38 Question 25 . Question : What percentage of children with cancer can be cured? Student Answer: 40% 50% 60% 70% Instructor Explanation: Currently, more than 70% of children diagnosed with cancer are cured. [Show More]

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