Chapter_12_The_Biology_of_Learning_and_Memory. Questions and Answers

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1. The UCR and the CR are always the same. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - De... scribe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 2. In operant conditioning, an individual’s response leads to a reinforcer or punishment. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 3. In searching for the engram, Karl Lashley found that removal of larger areas of cortex resulted in the greatest impairment of memory. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 4. Eye-blink conditioning depends on the lateral interpositus nucleus. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 5. Information in short term memory is lost more easily than that in long term memory. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 6. To replace the concept of short-term memory, A. D. Baddeley and G. J. Hitch introduced the term delayed memory to refer to the way we store information while we are working at it. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 7. H.M. was unable to form any kind of new memories after his surgery. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 8. H. M. had particularly severe impairment of episodic memories, or memories of single events. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 9. Procedural memory deals with the ability to state a memory in words. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 10. Hippocampal damage impairs spatial memory. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 11. Korsakoff's patients perform better on tasks of implicit memory than explicit memory. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 12. A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome is confabulation, in which patients guess to fill in memory gaps. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 13. Habituation is a decrease in response to a stimulus that is presented repeatedly and accompanied by no change in other stimuli. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 14. After LTP is established, NMDA receptors are not required to maintain it. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Long-Term Potentiation in Vertebrates LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.06 - Outline the major chemical steps responsible for long-term potentiation. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 15. Drugs used to treat Alzheimer's disease affect activity of the cortex by enhancing the effects of acetylcholine. a. b. : DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 16. Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The sound in this experiment would be considered the ____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 17. Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the meat in this experiment was the ____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 18. Pavlov presented a sound followed by meat in his experiments. Gradually the sound came to elicit salivation. The salivation to the sound in this experiment was the ____. a. unconditioned stimulus b. unconditioned response c. conditioned stimulus d. conditioned response : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 19. What should be the usual relationship between the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus in classical conditioning? a. The conditioned stimulus should be presented first. b. The unconditioned stimulus should be presented first. c. They should be presented simultaneously. d. It depends on what each stimulus is. : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 20. In operant conditioning, reinforcement is ____. a. any food that the organism likes b. a stimulus that produces a reflexive response c. an event that decreases the future probability of a response d. an event that increases the future probability of a response : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 21. In operant conditioning, punishment is a(n) ____. a. stimulus that produces a reflexive response b. event that decreases the future probability of a response c. event that increases the future probability of a response d. event that prevents a response : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 22. Which action is most difficult to classify as classical or operant conditioning? a. pressing a lever to get food b. pressing a lever to escape shock c. salivating after a sound previously paired with food d. song learning by male birds : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 23. Operant conditioning is to ____ as classical conditioning is to ____. a. reinforcement; punishment b. CS; UCS c. association; consequences d. consequences; association : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 24. Lashley's term "engram" refers to ____. a. a drug that facilitates learning b. the physical representation of learning c. a procedure that improved memory d. an automatic response to a sensory stimulus : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 25. Lashley trained rats on a variety of mazes, then made deep cuts in their cortexes. He found that the cuts produced ____. a. a temporary impairment b. a permanent impairment c. day-to-day fluctuations in performance d. little apparent effect : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 26. Lashley found that a deep cut in a rat's cerebral cortex completely eliminated the effects of learning under what circumstances, if any? a. if the cut was made after the learning b. if the learned task was simple c. if the learned task was complex d. under none of the circumstances he studied : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 27. Lashley found that when he removed parts of the brain ____. a. only the removal of frontal lobe tissue disrupted performance b. only the removal of parietal lobe tissue disrupted performance c. the amount of tissue removed was more important than its location d. he found no loss of memories at all : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 28. What does the phrase "all parts of the cortex contribute equally to complex behaviors such as learning" define? a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. equipotentiality d. mass action : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 29. The cortex works as a whole, and the more cortex the better, defines ____. a. operant conditioning b. classical conditioning c. equipotentiality d. mass action : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 30. What is one explanation for why Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Some memories do not depend on the cortex. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 31. What is one explanation for why Lashley failed at finding the engram? a. He used poor surgical methods. b. Not all memories are physiologically the same. c. The engram is continually changing location in the cortex. d. Classical conditioning had not been discovered yet. : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 32. In studies that paired a tone with an air puff to the cornea of rabbits, learning was found to depend on one nucleus of the ____. a. cerebellum b. hypothalamus c. thalamus d. hippocampus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 33. In studies of eyelid conditioning in rabbits, Thompson and his colleagues have demonstrated that learning for this conditioned response takes place in the ____. a. red nucleus of the midbrain b. temporal lobe of the cerebral cortex c. lateral interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum d. ventromedial nucleus of the hypothalamus : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 34. Research indicates that the red nucleus is necessary for ____. a. the learning of a conditioned response b. the performance of a conditioned response c. the learning AND performance of a conditioned response d. suppression of the conditioned response : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 35. Preventing learning is to ____ as suppressing a response is to ____. a. classical conditioning; operant conditioning b. operant conditioning; classical conditioning c. the red nucleus; the lateral interpositus nucleus d. the lateral interpositus nucleus; the red nucleus : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 36. A person with damage to their cerebellum may experience several problems, including ____. a. poor eyesight b. inability to be classically conditioned c. weakened conditioned eye blinks d. exaggerated eye blinking : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Localized Representations of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 37. Donald Hebb (1949) distinguished between two types of memory that he called a. implicit and explicit b. declarative and procedural c. short-term and long-term d. repressed and unrepressed : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 38. Hebb believed that short-term memory ____. a. should not be distinguished from long-term memory b. was a temporary holding station on the way to long-term memory c. was more important than long-term memory d. was low-level memory : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 39. The general function of working memory is to ____. a. hold information until it has time to get to long-term storage b. store memories of life events permanently c. attend to and operate on current information d. store information related to repetitious motor movements : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 40. In learning, the basal ganglia ____. a. integrates information over many trials b. is involved in the development of flexible responses c. is most responsive to delayed feedback d. is critical to the formation of explicit memories : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Basal Ganglia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.04 - Contrast the types of learning controlled by the basal ganglia to those controlled by the hippocampus and cerebral cortex. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 41. The delayed response task requires responding to something that you saw or heard ____. a. in the distant past b. a short while ago c. right at that time d. in a meaningful way : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 42. Compared to young adults, aging humans with poor working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex and aging humans with intact working memory have ____ activity in the prefrontal cortex. a. decreased; decreased b. increased; increased c. increased; decreased d. decreased; increased : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Types of Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 43. Studies on ____ help clarify the distinctions among different kinds of memory and enable us to explore the mechanisms of memory. a. dementia b. amnesia c. epilepsy d. stroke : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 44. The patient H.M. suffered severe memory disorders following a surgical operation that removed the ____. a. corpus callosum b. hippocampus c. lateral interpositus nucleus and hypothalamus d. prefrontal cortex and dorsomedial thalamus : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 45. Retrograde amnesia is to ____ as anterograde amnesia is to ____. a. temporary loss of memory; permanent loss of memory b. loss of short-term memory; loss of long-term memory c. inability to form new memories; loss of memory for old events d. loss of memory for old events; inability to form new memories : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 46. The inability to form memories for events that happened after brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 47. Forgetting events prior to the time of brain damage is a characteristic of ____ amnesia. a. retrograde b. anterograde c. proactive d. procedural : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 48. After his surgery, H.M. had the most difficulty with ____. a. learning new procedural tasks b. remembering events long before the surgery c. being able to define new English words d. IQ tests : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 49. H.M. was able to learn and remember ____. a. people's names b. how to find his way to a new residence c. skills like mazes and puzzles d. events in recent history : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 50. Deliberate recall of information that one recognizes as a memory is termed ____. a. priming b. explicit memory c. procedural memory d. declarative memory : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 51. ____ is an influence of recent experience on behavior, even if one does not recognize that influence. a. Priming b. Explicit memory c. Procedural memory d. Implicit memory : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 52. The memory for the development of motor skills is termed ____. a. priming b. explicit memory c. procedural memory d. declarative memory : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 53. Which type of memory is MOST impaired by damage to the hippocampus? a. short-term memory b. implicit memory c. episodic memory d. procedural memory : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 54. Which of the following accurately describes H.M.'s memory problems? a. impaired short-term memory, but not long-term memory b. impaired procedural memory, but not declarative memory c. impaired explicit memory, but not implicit memory d. impaired personal memories, but not impersonal memories : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.02 - Describe the memory losses experienced by patient H. M. and others. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 55. One ironic but interesting finding is that people with amnesia will improve on ____ tasks, but have no ____ memory with respect to the task. a. procedural; explicit b. explicit; procedural c. declarative; implicit d. implicit; procedural : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 56. Procedural memory is to ____ as declarative memory is to ____. a. jogging; walking b. reading; writing c. carrying on a conversation; listening to the radio d. juggling; explaining the sequence of moves in juggling : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 57. Damage to the ____ impairs performance on the delayed matching-to-sample and delayed nonmatching-to-sample tasks. a. hypothalamus b. thalamus c. hippocampus d. parietal cortex : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 58. Hippocampal damage has the greatest effect on ____. a. the delayed match-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly b. the delayed match-to-sample task when the two objects are continuously changed c. the delayed nonmatch-to-sample task when the same two objects are used repeatedly d. procedural memory : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 59. What area of the brain is particularly important for coding spatial information? a. hippocampus b. hypothalamus c. pons d. reticular formation : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 60. A study with London taxi drivers found that ing ____ activated their hippocampus more than ing ____. a. nonspatial questions; spatial questions b. spatial questions; nonspatial questions c. long questions; short questions d. short questions; long questions : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 61. A rat is placed in a radial maze in which it has already been trained for many trials. As compared to rats without damage to their hippocampus, rats with damage are more likely to ____. a. enter an alley at random b. fail to eat the food they find c. enter one of the correct alleys repeatedly d. enter an alley that is never correct : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 62. A rat must swim through murky water to find a rest platform that is just under the surface in the ____. a. radial maze b. Morris water maze c. configurable learning task d. delayed matching-to-sample task : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 63. A rat with hippocampal damage has difficulty with the Morris water maze because it ____. a. loses its motivation to find the platform b. cannot remember how to swim c. has difficulty remembering where the platform is from trial to trial d. develops a water phobia : c 64. There is compelling evidence for the role of the hippocampus in ____ memory. a. short term b. implicit c. spatial d. auditory : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 65. Researchers have found that different species of birds differ in terms of how much they depend on food they have stored to get through the winter. What factor is related to depending on and finding stored food? a. overall brain size b. relative size of the cortex c. relative size of the amygdala d. relative size of the hippocampus : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 66. The hippocampus is especially important for which kind of memory? a. procedural b. episodic c. short-term d. implicit : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: The Hippocampus LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 67. What type of deficiency causes Korsakoff's syndrome? a. thiamine b. protein c. sodium d. calcium : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 68. Most Korsakoff's victims have a loss or shrinkage of neurons throughout the brain, especially in the ____. a. cingulate gyrus b. occipital lobe c. dorsomedial thalamus d. cerebellum : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 69. A distinctive symptom of Korsakoff’s syndrome is ____. a. tremors b. dementia c. memory loss d. confabulation : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 70. Damage to the ____ produces symptoms similar to Korsakoff's syndrome. a. prefrontal cortex b. basal ganglia c. occipital cortex d. precentral gyrus : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 71. What memory impairments are found in patients with Korsakoff's syndrome? a. only anterograde amnesia b. only retrograde amnesia c. anterograde and retrograde amnesia d. neither anterograde nor retrograde amnesia : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 72. Individuals with Korsakoff's syndrome are similar to people with damage to the ____. a. amygdala b. prefrontal cortex c. hippocampus d. hypothalamus : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 73. When prompted with cues, Korsakoff's victims can often produce words from lists they saw but claim to have never seen. This exemplifies what kind of memory? a. reference b. procedural c. implicit d. explicit : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 74. What memory task would a typical patient with Korsakoff's syndrome be able to do without difficulty? a. recalling the temporal order of events b. remembering someone he or she met in the past week c. an implicit memory task d. an explicit memory task : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 75. What is confabulation? a. confusing a made-up as a memory of an actual experience b. having the two sides of the body working antagonistically c. confusing procedural memory for declarative memory d. remembering names, but being unable to put them with a face : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 76. Korsakoff's patients best remember a list of short sentences by ____. a. reading and rereading them b. testing themselves on each sentence before going on to the next c. creating an elaborate story integrating the content of the sentences d. relating each sentence to a past personal experience : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 77. As with Korsakoff's patients, Alzheimer's patients have impairments in ____ memory, but are relatively unimpaired in ____ memory. a. short-term; long-term b. implicit; explicit c. procedural; declarative d. declarative; procedural : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 78. Korsakoff's patients and Alzheimer's patients have better memory for ____. a. recent events than events of the remote past b. what is happening at a given moment than general principles c. skills than facts d. verbal information than visual information : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 79. If people with Down syndrome live long enough, they almost invariably develop ____. a. Korsakoff's syndrome b. Parkinson's disease c. Huntington's disease d. Alzheimer's disease : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 80. In some cases of Alzheimer's disease that run in families, the cause of the disease appears to involve which gene(s)? a. a gene on the X chromosome b. a gene on the Y chromosome c. a series of genes on chromosome 4 d. genes on several different chromosomes : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 81. Alzheimer's leads to the accumulation of ____ in the brain. a. glucose b. amyloid deposits c. arachidonic acid d. serotonin : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 82. Structures formed from degenerating axons and dendrites are referred to as ____. a. tau proteins b. amyloid beta proteins c. confabulations d. plaques : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 83. The most likely cause of the brain damage typical of Alzheimer's disease is due to a ____. a. deficit of thiamine b. excess of neurotrophins c. increase in amyloid-β proteins d. excess of acetylcholine : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 84. Alzheimer's is associated with brain damage as a result of ____. a. loss of the fibers connecting the substantia nigra to the basal ganglia b. loss of cell bodies in the dorsomedial thalamus c. tangles and plaques in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus d. an epileptic focus in the temporal lobe of the cortex : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 85. What is believed to be the likely cause of plaques? a. a relative deficit of thiamine b. increased pressure from cerebrospinal fluid c. amyloid deposits in the brain d. a relative deficit of acetylcholine : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 86. Most researchers now believe that the accumulation of amyloid and tau protein ____. a. is a result of the Alzheimer's disease b. are partly the cause of Alzheimer's disease c. are byproducts of acetylcholine d. are byproducts of dying glial cells : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 87. Structures formed from degenerating neuronal cell bodies are called ____. a. tau proteins b. amyloid beta proteins c. tangles d. confabulations : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 13.1 Learning, Memory, Amnesia, and Brain Functioning 88. Amyloid is to ____ as tau is to ____. a. plaques; tangles b. tangles; plaques c. neurons; glia d. glia; neurons : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 89. The most common treatment for Alzheimer’s disease is to give drugs that stimulate ____. a. dopamine receptors b. acetylcholine receptors c. tau receptors d. GABA receptors : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 90. A possible treatment for Alzheimer's is the administration of drugs that ____. a. stimulate acetylcholine receptors b. inhibit the basal forebrain c. inhibit acetylcholine release d. increase tau production : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 91. A study of patients with amnesia reveals that people ____. a. lose all aspects of memory equally b. have predictable memory loss c. can be categorized into distinct forms of memory loss d. do not lose all aspects of memory equally : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 92. People with damage in the anterior and inferior regions of the temporal lobe suffer ____. a. cingulate dementia b. implicit dementia c. lexical dementia d. semantic dementia : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Types of Amnesia LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.03 - Explain how the research on amnesia helped psychologists distinguish among types of memory. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 93. Parts of the ____ are important for learning about rewards and punishments. a. hypothalamus b. fornix c. prefrontal cortex d. temporal cortex : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Other Brain Areas and Memory LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.1 Learning, Memory, and Amnesia 94. When Penfield stimulated the temporal cortex of alert and awake brain surgery patients, he found that they ____. a. went into spastic convulsions b. remembered specific events from earlier in their lives in great detail c. lost all memory for events during and shortly preceding the stimulation d. had a dream-like experience : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 95. One line of research that initially appeared promising, but has since faded, was to study learning in decapitated ____. a. fish b. rats c. monkeys d. cockroaches : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Blind Alleys and Abandoned Mines LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 96. A "Hebbian" synapse is one in which ____. a. activity at that synapse strengthens the response of the postsynaptic neuron to all of its synapses b. repeated use of the synapse over a limited period of time leads to habituation c. calcium flows into the cell while magnesium flows out of the cell d. activity of the synapse, paired with an action potential in the postsynaptic cell, strengthens that synapse : d DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Learning and the Hebbian Synapse LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.05 - 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 97. It is believed that Hebbian synapses may be critical for ____. a. associative learning b. reflexes c. loudness perception d. color vision : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Learning and the Hebbian Synapse LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.05 - 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 98. What is a major advantage of Aplysia for studies on the physiology of learning? a. Their memories are more permanent than those of vertebrates. b. There are no differences between one neuron and another. c. There is great similarity of nervous system anatomy from one individual to another. d. They have only one type of learning. : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 99. Why is the Aplysia such a popular animal for single-cell studies of learning? a. Aplysia have neurons that are virtually identical from one individual to another. b. Aplysia have greater learning abilities than other invertebrates. c. Aplysia have short-term learning but not long-term learning. d. Aplysia have only two neurotransmitters, one excitatory and one inhibitory. : a DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 100. If a stimulus is presented repeatedly, followed by no other stimulus, the animal will gradually stop responding. This is known as ____. a. sensitization b. habituation c. classical conditioning d. imprinting : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 101. If you stimulate the gills of an Aplysia by squirting them with a brief jet of seawater, at first, it will ____. a. ignore the water b. withdraw its gills c. take in the water through the gills d. squirt the water in the direction of the source : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 102. During habituation of the gill-withdrawal reflex in Aplysia, the change in the nervous system takes place at the ____. a. axon hillock of the sensory receptor b. axon of the motor neuron c. synapse between the sensory neuron and the motor neuron d. inhibitory neurons that connect to the motor neuron : c DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Understand REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 103. After a series of electrical shocks, a person becomes overresponsive to lights and noises. This exemplifies ____. a. habituation b. sensitization c. operant conditioning d. classical conditioning : b DIFFICULTY: Bloom’s: Analyze REFERENCES: Single-Cell Mechanisms of Invertebrate Behavior Change LEARNING OBJECTIVES: KALA.BIOP.16.12.01 - Describe attempts to localize memory, beginning with Lashley’s failed attempts and continuing to Thompson’s successful research with the cerebellum. TOPICS: 12.2 Storing Information in the Nervous System 104. Habituation and sensitization differ depending upon whether ____. a. the effect is retroactive or proactive b. the response grows weaker or stronger c. the animal's behavior changes or fails to change d. it occurs in all species or just mammals 105. Strong stimulation anywhere on the skin of an Aplysia excites axons that attach to receptors and ____. a. open potassium channels in the membrane b. close potassium channels in the membrane c. opens sodium channels in the membrane d. close sodium channels in the membrane 106. Following a certain kind of experience in Aplysia, a facilitating interneuron causes changes that block the potassium channels at the end of the axon of the sensory neuron, leading to ____. a. sensitization b. accommodation c. habituation d. neuronal 107. Research on Aplysia shows us that at least one physiological basis for learning involves which of the following? a. changes in RNA molecules b. presynaptic changes c. increased dendrite branching d. changes in glia 108. Producing long-term potentiation of cells in the mammalian nervous system requires ____. a. a burst of many stimuli within a few seconds b. many stimuli spaced at exactly equal intervals over a period of minutes c. minutes of uninterrupted inhibitory stimulation d. a simultaneous pairing of an excitatory stimulus and an inhibitory stimulus 109. A burst of intense stimulation to a dendrite by one or more axons connected to it in a rapid series can be described as the ____. a. long-term potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli b. long-term inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli c. potentiation of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds d. inhibition of the cell's response to stimuli for a few seconds 110. If some of the synapses onto a cell have been highly active and others have not, only the active ones become strengthened. This is known as the property of ____. a. specificity b. cooperativity c. associativity d. NMDA 111. Nearly simultaneous stimulation by two or more axons produces LTP, whereas stimulation by just one produces it weakly, if at all. This is known as the property of ____. a. specificity b. cooperativity c. associativity d. LTD 112. In addition to the neurotransmitter glutamate, in order to activate the NMDA receptors, the neuron requires ____. a. serotonin b. dopamine c. increased release of magnesium ions from the presynaptic neuron d. removal of magnesium ions from sodium and calcium channels 113. The NMDA receptor responds to its transmitters when ____. a. magnesium is present in the membrane b. enough sodium ions exit through AMPA channels c. the membrane is already at least partly depolarized d. the dendrite is depolarized enough to produce an action potential 114. Retrograde transmitters ____. a. are produced in the axon terminals b. inhibit the postsynaptic cell c. are broken down before they are released d. are released by the postsynaptic cell 115. Some memory-enhancing supplements appear to act in common by ____. a. increasing amyloid-β b. enhancing LTP c. decreasing calcium levels d. stimulating acetylcholine receptors 116. Describe the difference between declarative and procedural memory. 118. Describe how habituation is demonstrated in memory research on invertebrates? 119. Briefly describe how LTP occurs, including how glutamate and its receptors are involved. 120. Describe the role of the basal ganglia in memory function. [Show More]

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