NHA CCMA EXAM REVIEW TERMS AND EXPLANATIONS( WITH COMPLETE TOP SOLUTION RATED A)

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Chief Complaint- the reason why the patient came to see the physician. History of Present Illness- explanation of the CC to determine the onset of the illness. Past, family, and social hist... ory- summary of personal and family health problems as well as social to include marital status, occupation, use of drugs, etc. Body Processes necessary for life: - Body Temperature, Respiration, Heart Function Vital Signs of body function-: temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure Febrile- presence of fever afebrile- absence of fever intermittent fever- fluctuating fever that returns to or below baseline remittent fever- fluctuating fever that remains elevated and does not return to baseline continuous fever – fever that remains constant; does not fluctuate axillary temperature – least accurate; taken under the arm tympanic temperature – useful for children; placed in the ear rectal temperature – per rectum; most effective normal adult pulse range – between 60-100 bpm apical pulse – taken over the apex of the heart by auscultation normal respiration rate – 12-20 per minute (Adults) apnea – temporary complete absence of breathing tachypnea – respiration rate greater than 40 per minute bradypnea – decrease in the numbers of respiration Cheyne stokes – regular pattern of irregular breathing rate orthopnea – decrease in numbers of respiration hypoventilation – reduced amount of air enters the lungs resulting in decreased oxygen level hyperpnea – abnormal increase in the depth and rate of breathing hyperventilation – increased amount of air entering the lungs Systole – the highest amount of pressure exerted during the cardiac cycle Diastole – the lowest amount of pressure exerted during the cardiac cycle Palpation – the sense of touch to determine the characteristics of an organ system Percussion – tapping or striking the body to determine the position, size and density of the underlying organ/tissue Auscultation – listening to sounds produced by internal organs Horizontal Recumbent Position – patient lies on back w/legs extended (used for most physical exams) Dorsal Recumbent Position – patient lies on back with knees flexed and soles of the feet flat on the bed Fowler's Position – semi/sitting position where back of the table is elevated. Dorsal Lithotomy Position – patient lies on back with knees flexed, legs separated and thighs are acutely flexed. feet are usually in stirrups, Prone position – patients lies on abdomen with head turned to side Sim's position – patient lies on left side with right knee flexed against the abdomen and left knee slightly flexed knee-chest position – patient is on knees with chest resting on the bed and elbows resting on the bed above head OSHA – Occupational Safety and Health Administration external hemorrhage – controlling the bleeding is most effectively accomplished by elevating the affected part above heart level Shock – occurs when there is insufficient return of blood flow to the heart CPR – Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation AMS – Agent, Modes of Transmission, Susceptible Hosts agents – infectious microorganisms that can be classified into groups; viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites Portal of Exit – the method by which an infectious agent leaves the reservoir 5 Modes of Transmission – Droplet, Airborne, Common Vehicle, Vectorborne, Contact (direct or indirect) Susceptible Host – Not Resistant or Immune Medical Asepsis – the destruction of pathogenic microorganisms after they leave the body disinfection – use of various chemicals that can be used to destroy many pathogenic microorganisms 1:10 Solution – most readily available and least expensive disinfectant surgical asepsis – all microbial life, pathogens and non-pathogens are destroyed before an invasive procedure Gas Sterilization – often used for wheelchairs and hospital beds Dry Heat Sterilization – requires higher temperature than steam sterilization but longer exposure times Chemical Sterilization – use of the same chemical used for chemical disinfection Steam Sterilization (autoclave) – uses steam under pressure to obtain high temperature of 250-254F with exposure of 20-40 min Handwashing – the most important means of preventing the spread of infection Personal Protective Equipment – Masks, goggles, face shileds, respirators isolation precautions – method of infection control that assumes all human blood and body fluids were potentially infectious standard precautions – designed to prevent direct contact with blood and other body fluids u using PPE transmission based precautions – the second tier of precautions are to be used when the patient is known or suspected of being contagious po – by mouth/orally pr – per rectum sl – sublingual (under the tongue) iv – intravenous im – intramuscular sq – subcutaneous qd – every day bid – twice a day tid – three times a day qid – four times a day pc – after meals / not on empty stomach qhs – each night prn – as needed heart location – in the thoracic cavity between the lungs just behind the sternum Upper chambers of the heart – right & left atria (atrium-singular) Lower chambers of the hear – Right & left ventricles Endocardium – innermost layer of the heart Myocardium – middle layer of the heart Epicardium – outermost layer of the heart pericardium – the sac in which the heart is contained right atrium – receives deoxygenated blood returning to the heart via the superior vena cava right ventricle – receives deoxygenated blood from the right atrium which it pumps to the lungs for oxygenation through the pulmonary artery pulmonary arteries – the only arteries in the body that carry deoxygenated blood left atrium – receives deoxygenated blood returning from the lungs via the rught and left pulmonary veins pulmonary veins – the only beins in the body that carry oxygenated blood left ventricle – receives the oxygenated blood from the left atrium and pumps it to the body through the aorta aorta – the largest artery of the body Atrioventricular Valves (AV) – Tricuspid & Mitral Valve Tricuspid Valve – between the right atrium and the right ventricle Mitral Valve – between the left atrium and left ventricle Pulmonic Valve – between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk Aortic Valve – between the left ventricle and aorta Murmurs – caused by diseases of the valves or other structural abnormalities S1 – first heart sound S2 – second heart sound Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) – subdivided into Sympathetic and Parasympathetic systems ANS – Automatic Nervous System sympathetic nervous system – affect both the atria and ventricles by increasing the heart rate parasympathetic nervous system – affects only the atria by decreasing the heart rate automaticity – the ability of the cardiac pacemaker cells to spontaneously initiate their own electrical impulse without being stimulated from another source excitability – the ability to respond to external stimulus: chemical, electrical, and mechanical conductivity – the ability of all cardiac cells to receive an electrical stimulus and transmit the stimulus to other cardiac cells Contractility – the ability of the cardiac cells to shorten and cause cardiac muscle contraction in response to an electrical stimulus Depolarization – positive - contracting repolarization – negative - relaxation SA Node – primary pacemaker of the heart and has a normal firing rate of 60-100 bpm LEAD I – Left Arm is positive Right Arm is negative LEAD II – Left Leg is Positive Right Arm is negative LEAD III – Left Leg is positive Left Arm is negative Lead aVR – Right arm is positive and the other limbs are negative Lead aVL – Left arm is positive and the other limbs are negative Lead aVF – Left leg/foot is positive and the other limbs are negative V1 – 4th intercostal space, right sternal border V2 – 4th intercostal space, left sternal border V3 – between v2 and v4 V4 – 5th intercostal space, left midclavicular line V5 – 5th intercostal space, anterior axillary line V6 – 5th intercostal space, midaxillary line horizontal axis – represents time: 1mm vertical axis – measured in millivolts running speed – 25mm/sec waveform – refers to movement away from the isoelectric line segment – line between two waveforms interval – waveform plus a segment complex – several waveforms P WAVE – deflection produced by atrial depolarization QRS COMPLEX – represents ventricular depolarization (activation) Q WAVE – initial negative deflection R WAVE – first positive deflection S WAVE – first negative deflection T WAVE – deflection produced by ventricular repolarizations Wandering Baseline – causes the baseline of the tracing to move up and down; due to interference with the signal stress test – noninvasive diagnostic procedure to determine the presence and severity of coronary artery disease ischemia – decrease in the amount of blood flow holter monitor – contains 5 electrodes attached to the patients trunk code of ethics – standards of right and wrong blood vessels: - aorta, arteries, capillaries, venules, veins, superior and inferior vena cava Tunica adventitia – outer connective tissue Tunica media – middle smooth layer Tunica Intima – inner endothelial layer Avg blood amount for adult – 5-6 liters Plasma – liquid portion of the blood Erythrocytes – red blood cells Leukocytes – white blood cells 120 days – normal life span of an RBC Leukocyte function – protects against infection Thrombocytes-platelets – small irregularly shaped packets of cytoplams Hemostasis – process by which blood vessels are repaired after inkury Vascular Phase – stage 1 of hemostasis [Show More]

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