WGU Biochemistry OA Study Notes

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• Hemophilia pedigree- father has hemophilia, mother does not. Outcome for kids? His daughters would be carriers, this is x-linked recessive. • X-linked dominant: an affected male will have 100... % of his daughters affected and 0% of his sons. • Pedigree chart: only one is autosomal dominant Autosomal= males and females are EQUALLY affected. Dominant= non carrier parents. • Punnett square question: 4 squares w. drop down boxes, select the correct answer for each one. They put the dead puppy in there to throw you off!!!!!! Look instead at the three remaining puppies Complete dominance: either 3 black and 1 white Co-dominance: black, white, and 2 SPOTTED WITH BOTH Incomplete dominance: black, white and 2 GREY • PCR *** Know the steps of PCR*** one question asks about the first step Polymerase Chain Reaction= the process of copying DNA in the lab. With PCR you need: 1. Template DNA 2. Nucleotides (dNTPS) 3. DNA polymerase 4. DNA primers Steps of PCR 1. Denaturation (heated to 95C to separate it) 2. Annealing (reaction is cooled to 50C, primers stick to the DNA that you want to copy and ADD DNA polymerase 3. ELONGATION (reaction heated to 70C and DNA polymerase add nucleotides to building new DNA Strand “Have An Éclair” à Heat Annealing Elongation ▪ For each round of PCR there are 2 created, continue to multiply by 2 1x2=2 2x2=4 4x2=8 8x2= 16 o Ligase is NOT involved in PCR o Remember the first step is denaturation / heating Downloaded by Jessie TP ([email protected]) lOMoARcPSD|8943001 • Base Excision Repair, know about it This is how you repair a mutation. Base excision repair is used to repair damage to bases caused by harmful molecules. You removed the base that is damaged and replace it. DNA Glycosylase see’s the damaged DNA and removes it. Then DNA polymerase puts the right base back in while DNA ligase seals it back up. Boom all fixed. • Base excision repair (BER) removes a single nucleotide!!!!!! Only one base camp! • Mismatch repair is the only one to occur during REPLICATION— DURING THE PROOFREADING. o During replication, DNA polymerase proofreads, but sometimes a mismatch occurs. So MMR removes a LARGE section of the nucleotides from the new DNA, DNA polymerase tries again. o Know what damage MMR repairs in DNA: G-C A-T • NucleoTIDE excision repair- TIDE like the beach, sun exposure--- UV damage repair ➢ A large section of nucleotides are removed, including the damaged portion, along with a few on each side. It’s then replaced by DNA polymerase. • Homologous Recombination- repairs double stranded breaks—this is a last ditch effort ✓ Repair is made using a copy of the other strand of DNA and replacing it completely. • Non Homologous Recombination- another double stranded break repair ✓ The cells put the ends back together before making sure they are correctly copied. This can lead to deletions/ insertions (Frameshift mutations). This is the last ditch effort and the body is willing to take that chance. • Question about what DNA polymerase binds to DNA to make RNA à TRANSCRIPTION DNA takes the individual nucleotides and matches them to the PARENTAL sequences to ensure a correct pair. It must bind to RNA primer to work! • DNA polymerase is needed for DNA replication Downloaded by Jessie TP (jatran [Show More]

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