Developmental Biology Final Exam

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Developmental Biology Final Exam cell theory -Ans> all living organisms consist of cells, cells are generated through other cells Characteristics of offspring are determined by: -Ans> the germ cell... s mutations in somatic cells -Ans> do not affect germline Mosaic Model -Ans> factors in cell will determine what cell will become; factors are unequally distributed Wilhelm Roux Experiment -Ans> consistent with Mosaic Model; kill off determinants and only the ones left will develop Hans Driesch Regulative Development -Ans> kill of determinants and separate them from living cells, new organism will develop; not consistent with Mosaic Model What plays a role in different types of cleavage? -Ans> the yolk Two major classes of cleavage -Ans> Holoblastic cleavage and Meroblastic cleavage Types of Holoblastic cleavage -Ans> Isolecithal and Mesolecithal Types of Meroblastic cleavage -Ans> Telolecithal and Centrolecithal Type of cleavage in mammals -Ans> isolecithal type of cleavage in frogs -Ans> mesolecithal Type of cleavage in chicks -Ans> Telolecithal Types of cleavage in Drosophila -Ans> Centrolecithal Organization of cellular activity in space and time for the formation of structure or pattern within the embryo -Ans> Morphogenesis Embryo before gastrulation and after cleavage -Ans> Blastula First opening of blastopore is the mouth -Ans> Protostome First opening of blastopore is the anus -Ans> Deuterostome The dramatic restructuring of the embryo mainly by celll migrations to form layers and gut in the embryo -Ans> GastrulationThe process by which cells become structurally and functionally different from one another -Ans> cell differentiation Differentiation is generated by differences in: -Ans> gene expression Fate -Ans> expected outcome during development a stable change in the internal state of the cell such that the cell's fate is now fixed - Ans> determination cell is able to develop autonomously when placed in neutral environments -Ans> specification A signal from one cell or tissue influences the development of other cells/tissues -Ans> inductive interactions cells can acquire an identity based on: -Ans> their position Morphogen -Ans> a substance involved in pattern formation whose spatial concentration varies and to which cells respond different at different concentration levels Stem cells that can give rise to many cell types but not the whole embryo -Ans> Pluripotent stem cells Stem cells that can become the embryo and extraembryonic cells -Ans> Totipotent stem cells related genes that have descended from a common ancestral gene. Have similar DNA and amino acid sequences -Ans> homologous genes Syncytium -Ans> cell with multiple nuclei and a common cytoplasm Segmentation becomes visible during: -Ans> germ-band extension Acron -Ans> anterior specialized structure Telson -Ans> posterior specialized structure Denticles -Ans> small tooth-like outgrowths from the surface of the larva AP axis in embryo is divided into: -Ans> parasegments individual developmental units that give rise to segments -Ans> parasegments [Show More]

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