Ultimate NAADAC Study Set, 100% COVERAGE. Easy to Revise and master, comprises of Questions & Answers.

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Ultimate NAADAC Study Set, 100% COVERAGE. Easy to Revise and master, comprises of Questions & Answers. Examinable sections comprehensively covered. Revision Bank. Adlerian Psychology - ✔✔-... Individual Psychology -Holistic in Nature -Humans are moving towards goals -Often self-defeating as a result of discouragement and inferiority feelings Adlerian Psychology: Therapeutic Task - ✔✔Encourage clients to identify and utilize their strengths, develop social interest and a new, more satisfying life style Main Principles of Adlerian Psychology - ✔✔-Maintains that everyone is striving toward superiority and perfection and must learn how to cope with inevitable inferiority feelings -Individuals remember times they were dissatisfied with themselves and try to rise above those times to reach a higher level of functioning Fictional Finalism - ✔✔-Adlerian Psychology: All behavior is purposeful and self-determined and works to accomplish the central goal of an individual's life -Each individual is in control of their own fate and not a victim of it Lifestyle - ✔✔-Adlerian Psychology: Refers to client's chosen method of moving through life Phenomenology - ✔✔-An addiction counselor or other helping professional attempts to view the world from the same frame of reference as the client to better understand the behavior of the client vbnm xxxx logic - ✔✔-The subjective reality as we perceive it Social Interest - ✔✔-A component of Adlerian therapy that is an awareness of being a part of the human community and how one interacts with the social world Goal of Adlerian Therapy - ✔✔Further develop the client's social interest and help him or her connect with the social world in a more meaningful way Ways to accomplish Adlerian Therapy Goal - ✔✔Look for patterns and themes in a client's life and identify what behaviors are leading to repetition. Re-educate the client with healthy assumptions of the world and fictional finalism Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-Also referred to as behavioral modification therapy -General approach to counseling where a client modifies his or her learned behaviors that are negatively affecting his or her life History of Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-Pavlov's classical conditioning -Skinners operant conditioning -Bandura's social learning approach Classical Conditioning - ✔✔A model of behavioral therapy developed by Ivan Petrovich Pavlov where a particular response to a stimuli can be elicited overtime by association with a related stimulus Operant Conditioning - ✔✔A model of behavioral therapy developed by B.F. Skinner where behavior is reinforced and learned based on the consequences of the behavior Main Principals of Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-What is learned can be unlearned -Certain laws or processes govern the initiation, maintenance, and cessation of behavior Social Learning Approach - ✔✔-Also known as modeling -People learn behavior by watching what happens to someone else in a given situation -If the individual finds consequences to be favorable, they are likely to mirror behavior Contingency Management - ✔✔Where tokens or rewards are given for periods of abstinence Community Reinforcement - ✔✔Where the client's vocation, social ties, recreational activities and family play a role in reinforcing healthy behavior Assertion training - ✔✔Where the client learns the skills necessary to resist negative influences and behaviors in his or her life Cue Exposure treatment - ✔✔Where the client is constantly Exposed to the triggers and cues that are known to result in psychoactive substance use Covert Sensitization - ✔✔Where the client imagines him or herself abusing a psychoactive substance, then immediately visualized a horrible consequence because of use Aversion Therapy - ✔✔Where psychoactive substance use is paired with a very unpleasant feeling, such as an electric shock or nausea, in hopes that the client will associate the unpleasant feeling with the psychoactive substance use Brief therapy - ✔✔-An approach to therapy that includes a shorter time period and fewer sessions than "traditional therapy" -Founded by Freud Principles of Brief Therapy - ✔✔-Induction phase: client makes decision to seek therapy, counselor assesses whether the client is willing to change -Alliance: The counselor forms an alliance with the client Refocus/Change: Working phase Termination/Homework: Assists with relapse prevetion. Long-term goals are set, along with long-term homework assignments and planning Continuation/Follow-up: Check in or follow-up appointments should be scheduled for as long as homework is planned Cognitive Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-Developed by Aaron Beck -A method of counseling that focuses on simultaneously learning new behaviors and restructuring automatic thoughts. Dialectical Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔-Developed by Marsha Linehan -A modified form of cognitive behavior therapy that combines standard CBT techniques for emotion regulation and reality-testing with concepts of distress tolerance, acceptance, and mindful awareness largely derived from Buddhist meditative practice. -Developed to treat suicidal individuals who also meet the diagnosis for borderline personality disorder -Also effective in treating other disorders including substance dependence, depression, PTSD, and eating disorders Main Principles of DBT: Mindfulness - ✔✔-"What" skills- Observe, describe, and participate -"How" skills- be non-judgemental, one-mindful, and effective Main Principles of DBT: Interpersonal effectiveness - ✔✔-Effective strategies of asking for what one needs, saying no and coping with interpersonal conflict -Make a change or resist changes someone else is trying to impose Main Principles of DBT: Distress tolerance - ✔✔-Accepting, finding meaning for, and tolerating distress -Bear pain skillfully -Tolerating and surviving crises and accepting one's situation in the moment Crises Survival Strategies - ✔✔-Distracting, self-soothing, improving the moment, thinking of pros and cons Acceptance skills - ✔✔-Radical acceptance, turning the mind toward acceptance, and willingness vs. mindfulness Main Principles of DBT: Emotional regulation - ✔✔-Identify and label emotionsl -Identify obstacles to changing emotions -Reducing vulnerability to "emotion mind" (When ones thinking and behavior is controlled by their emotion) -Increasing positive emotional events -Increasing mindfulness to current emotions -Taking opposite action -Applying distress tolerance techniques Family Systems Counseling - ✔✔-Proposed by Sharon Wegsheider-Cruse -Expanded by WIlson Chemically Dependent Person - ✔✔-Feeling: shame, pain, guilt -Expressing: anger, charm, rigid, aggression, compulsive, gradiosity -Trap of self delusion Enabler - ✔✔-Feeling: guild, anger, pain, fear -Expressing: powerless, serious, self-blaming, fragile, self-pity, manipulation, super-responsible -Provides responsibility Hero - ✔✔-Feeling:inadequacy, guilt, hurt -Expressing: success, super responsible, special, denial, needs approval, all together -Provides self-worth Scapegoat - ✔✔-Feeling: anger, hurt, rejection, fear -Expressing: strong peer needs, chemically dependent, sullen, acts out, withdrawn, defiant -Provides focus Mascot - ✔✔-Feeling: insecurity, fear, confusion -Expressing: humor, fragile, attention, clown, being cute -Provides distraction Lost Child - ✔✔-Feeling: fear, rage, confusion, hurt -Expressing: withdrawn, quiet, distant, overweight, rejection, super independent -Provides Relief Family System - ✔✔THe unique interaction and relationship of each family member to one another Codependency - ✔✔Maladaptive behaviors learned and exercised by a person in order to survive in a family which is experiencing emotional stress Enabling - ✔✔Allowing and or making it easier for problematic behavior to occur Bowenian Family Therapy - ✔✔-Based on the idea that there is a multi-generational transmission of problems that need to be addressed as a family unit in the present -Goal of differentiation: where an individual is able to achieve seaaration of intellect and emotion while remaining independent of other family members -Undifferentiated individuals have diffivulty separating from other members and become fused with emotional patters of the family Structural Family Therapy - ✔✔-Salvador Minuchin -Core of a healthy family is setting appropriate boundaries and providing each member with a feeling of attachment -Enmeshed families are characterized by an absence of clear boundaries and attachment -Disengaged families have rigid boundaries and personal distance -Individual symptoms are best understood by exploring the interactional patters within the family Strategic Family Therapy - ✔✔-Built on theories and approaches of Milton Erikson -Developed by Jay Haley and Cloe Madanes -Deal with change by use of strategic techniques providing directives toward change Gestalt Therapy - ✔✔-Method of counseling where the clinet gains "awareness" of what he or she is currently experiencing and learns personal responsibility for what and how he or she is feeling, thinking, and doing. -Empowers that client to regain control of his or her life and change unhealthy behavior -Growth occurs within an interactive relationship between the client and the therapist History of Gestalt - ✔✔-Developed by Fritz Perls -German for "meaningful whole" Main Principles of Gestalt - ✔✔-Focuses on understanding how one behaves and not on explaining why -People are in control of their own lives -Once behavior is accepted, the client can think clearly and make better choices -Bring concerns from the past and experience them head on (Unfinished business) -Left unexpressed feelings can manifest as unhealthy behavior Unfinished business - ✔✔Unexpressed feelings from childhood that now interfere with healthy functioning Gestalt Practices in Addiction Counseling - ✔✔-Empty chair technique -Contact: The process of interacting wih nature and with other people without losing one's sense of individuality Pharmacotherapy: Sensitizers - ✔✔-Cause very unpleasant effects if certain psychoactive substances are taken in conjunction with them -Disulfiram (Antabuse) Pharmacotherapy: Antagonists - ✔✔-Block the effects of certain drugs to either prevent overdose from finalizing or as a treatment approach to maintain sobriety -Naltrexone (ReVIa, Depade, Vivitrol): Opiod and alcohol dependence -Naloxone (Narcan): Antidote for opioid overdose -Flumazenil(Mazicon): Antidote for benzo overdose Other pharmacotherapies - ✔✔-Norpramin, tofranil, parlodel, symmetrel, subutex, suboxone are used to alleviate the effects of withdrawal from a psychoactive substance - ✔✔ Behavioral Modification Theroy - ✔✔Based on the idea that all behavior is learned and what is learned can be unlearned. Classical Conditioning, Operant Conditioning and Modeling Gestalt Therapy - ✔✔People must accept responsibility for what happens to them and find their own way in life. Family systems and addiction counseling - ✔✔Based on the premise that when a person abuses drugs the whole family is affected. Structural family therapy - ✔✔The counselor tries to change the dysfunctional structure of the family Pharmacotherapies in treatment of substance abuse - ✔✔Using prescriptions drugs along with some form of therapy to treat substance abuse. Adolescent egocentrism - ✔✔Self centeredness based on the concerns of what others think Rational Emotive Behavioral Theory - ✔✔Belief that it is not an actual event disturbs a person and how he sees that event. Medical malpractice and negligence - ✔✔Involves a law suit and the other is breach of duty of care. NAADAC regarding addiction of alcohol to the national drug control strategy - ✔✔Should be addressed by the National Drug Control Strategy because it is a drug even though it is legal Self referral process - ✔✔Provides help for the professional to get help for addictive behavior. Professional ethical decision making - ✔✔What is the decision based on? Will anyone be hurt by my decision, is it base on what I believe personally or, professional codes of ethics Human Central Nervous System - ✔✔Brain & Spinal Cord, and the automatic nervous system which checks all body functions to make sure it is functioning properly. The dependent delusional system - ✔✔Is the way a person protects the inner person from the realization of his dependency on drugs. Memory recall, Blackout, Euphoric Recall, Denial, Rationalization, Blaming and Intellectualizing. Stages of withdrawal from CNS depressants - ✔✔The shakes 90% of the time, Hallucinations 25%, Seizures 7 to 48 hours after last drink, Delirium Tremens 3 to 5 days after last drink. Psychological or behavioral dependence - ✔✔A person taking a chemical to satisfy a feeling or an emotional need. Psychoactive chemical addicts use drugs to get pleasurable and desirable psychological effects. DSM-5 Defines substance use disorder - ✔✔Caused by abusing a drug, by medication side effect or by exposure to a toxin. It will vary depending on the type of substances being used. 2 or more drugs used at anytime during the past 12 months for a diagnosis of substance abuse disorder. Physiological dependence - ✔✔Has to do with the body's adaptation to the presence of a chemical. When the chemical is not present the body acts in a negative manner, called withdrawal. Recreational drug use - ✔✔Chemical use in a social setting with a group of friends who are using drugs. Circumstantial drug use - ✔✔For a specific reason, such as using to stay awake or to be active. Compulsive drug use - ✔✔Using on the daily basis and using in large amounts to get the desired effect. Intensified drug use - ✔✔Using everyday but in low amounts to help alleviate some problems or to boost levels of performance. Schedules one Drugs (I) - ✔✔Chemicals that have no medical use and a high abuse liability Schedule Two drugs (II) - ✔✔Contain chemicals that are valuable for their medical use but can only be prescribed by a doctor. Schedule Five Drugs (V) - ✔✔Contains the least abuse liability Methamphetamines - ✔✔Are chemically made stimulants. It is related to amphetamines but the effect are much greater. Made in illegal home labs. Short term effects of alcohol - ✔✔Feeling of euphoria, drowsiness, dizziness and flushing complexion: vision and speech imbalance. Long term effects of Talwin and Ritalin use - ✔✔Toxic psychosis, Delusions and confusion. Inhalants - ✔✔Vapors that are inhaled in order to produce mind altering effects. Short and long term effects of Cannabis use - ✔✔Relaxation and lowered inhibition, Damage to lungs as with cigarettes, difficulty completing simple task, slow mental responses. Short and long term effects of amphetamine use - ✔✔An increase in blood sugar, inability to sleep, alertness and tremors are possible. Long term Elevated blood pressure, skin rashes, irregular heart beat, Eating disorder etc. Detoxification for cocaine users - ✔✔Side effects are increased appetite, depression, weakness, irritability, excessive sleepiness, lack of concentration and paranoid ideations and craving for the drug. Naltrexone - ✔✔An opiate Blocker, has been found to be effective in the treatment of heroin addicts. Totally blocks any of the effects of heroin. Disease model of addiction - ✔✔Psychological primacy-the need to have the drug is the most important in life, Self doubt-can't function without the drug. Relationship to the drug, inability to abstain, inability to control the amount you use. Personality changes and conflicted behavior CHEMICAL INTERACTIONS - ✔✔When more than one chemical is given at the same time. PHYSIOLOGICAL EFFECTS - ✔✔Physical and bio-chemical behaviors of short and long term drug use. PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECTS - ✔✔The effects on perception and judgement by psychoactive chemicals TERMINOLOGY - ✔✔Psychoactive chemical name, brand name, and street name TREATMENT APPLICATION - ✔✔Refers to the purpose of detoxification, stabilization & maintenance WITHDRAWAL SYNDROME - ✔✔Physical and psychological rebound effects of psychoactive chemicals. CNS Depressants - ✔✔Alcohol, Barbiturates, Benzodiazepines, Xanax,Klonopin Pharmacotherapies for Alcohol disorder - ✔✔Naltrexone, Reduces the craving for alcohol, and Disulfiram, [Antabuse] make you sick if you use alcohol while using it. Difference between Benzodiazepines and Seditives - ✔✔One are know as tranquilizers, it reduces anxiety rather than being a general depressant and is less drowsiness than sedatives. Safer than the other one even when taking large amounts of the drug does not produce fatal results. Withdrawal effects from Barbiturates - ✔✔Most dangerous occurrence is of blood pressure and breathing problems. Must be treated immediately or it can become life threatening. Nausea, vomiting,increased heart rate, sweating abdominal cramping and shakes. Two stages of Alcohol withdrawal syndrome - ✔✔Blood pressure, Temperature, Anxiety,Shakes, Speech Slurred unsteady balance. And, Hallucinations, Seizures, DT's, confusion, incontinence. Alcohol Detoxification - ✔✔Usually in a hospital and does not last more than five days. Provide patient with nutrition, fluids , electrolytes and medications Treatment Applications for Barbiturates - ✔✔Must take place in a hospital under medical care because of life threatening episodes. Stimulants on the central nervous system - ✔✔Increase heart rate, blood pressure, irritable, anxious and dilated pupils, dry mouth. Important points about central nervous system depressants - ✔✔They are used as sedative-hypnotics. Are used for psychoactive chemicals in medicine. Withdrawal symptoms are anxiety, shaking, agitation restlessness, and sweating. Narcotics - ✔✔Codeine, Morphine, Opium, Vicodin, Hycodan, Hydrocodone, Dilaudid, Oxycodone,Percodan, Percocet, Tylox. Opiods - ✔✔Synthetic Opiates: Fentanyl, Lorcet,Lortab, Talwin, Dolophine, Pentazocine, Darvon, CNS Stimulant chemical and trade name - ✔✔Synthetic Amphetamines, Cocaine, Nicotine Three forms of Narcotics - ✔✔Naturally occurring, Semisynthetic and synthetic. Opiate Narcotics Are usually thought of as pain killing drugs or analgesics. - ✔✔Morphine and codeine are of a natural group, they come from the poppy plant. Heroin is chemically made from morphine. Talwin and Methadone are synthetic group. Detoxification Modalities - ✔✔Is identified as crisis intervention and serves as a beginning for further treatment. Discuss guideline for intervention preparation - ✔✔First in preparation is the development of a list by each team member, next a action plan should be designed and offer help to the patient/ person. Groups of drugs known as tranquilizers - ✔✔Benzodiazepines and sedatives Stages of group growth - ✔✔First Stage, is Acquaintance and ground work Second stage is Working and closing Differences in the process of change between support groups and therapy groups - ✔✔One group: Screened membership, limited size and Focus is on process. One has an : open membership, Unlimited size, Focus is on content Relapse-prone Style of recovery Relapse Grid - ✔✔It takes the road of denial and evasion. Men and women differ in relapse - ✔✔Women do not have relapse frequently as men do. Women are more prone to take group therapy. Women are more willing to seek treatment. Barriers that prevent treatment for elderly with substance abuse problems - ✔✔Ageism, lack of awareness, behavior of clinicians and services professionals, existence of both medical and psychiatric conditions. Counselors, continued assessment and treatment planning for patient. - ✔✔need to continue to play an active role after admission of a client. Elderly and alcohol use - ✔✔Research states that between 2 and 10% of persons 65 or older are addicted to alcohol. And 1 out of 5 are treated for medical or psychiatric problems also have alcohol problems. Eight referral elements used. - ✔✔Relationship, re-evaluation, client self referral, Meet client needs, have an clear explanation for referral, referral information exchange from other agency, Confidentiality, effectiveness of the referral. Informing of educating the client, family and community about risks of substance abuse. - ✔✔Is very important because it effects the family, client and community and they all will have some understanding of how to deal with client substance abuse. Treatment planning process of client evaluation - ✔✔Plan needs to reflect the most important points discovered in the assessment. Problem statement, goal statement, list of measurable objectives, should be realistic for the client. Screening process - ✔✔The primary goal is to determine if the client is right for the program and services that it provide. Dual Disorders - ✔✔Means the presence of two medical disorders that are independent but interactive. Treatment is characterized by treating one disorder followed by the second. Could involve two treatment programs. Post-tramatic stress disorder - ✔✔30 to 60% of drug abusers show symptoms, A disorder caused by exposure to a terrifying event. Crisis Counseling - ✔✔Refers to a time in which the client is facing complete upheaval of his world coupled with extreme frustration. Three States: External factors, Internal distress, and Transitional states Action Response - ✔✔Can be probes or questions, confrontations or interpretation: Should be open ended and non-judgmental. Suicide Assessment [three components] - ✔✔Behavioral indications, Historical patterns, Present situation, and Degree of lethality. Listening responses - ✔✔Good eye contact, Clarifying what client said, Restating or paraphrasing, and reflection. Short and long term treatment drug abuse programs - ✔✔6 months for short term and 12 months for long term Client and Counselor relationship - ✔✔Both parties are responsible for its creation. Types of counseling - ✔✔Individual, group and Family Relationship between stress and substance abuse - ✔✔Stress is a natural occurrence in life for all people, it can cause relapse for substance abuse users. Transfer of addictive behaviors - ✔✔Not good because compulsive behavior take away the ability to have free choice in one's actions. Continuum of drug use - ✔✔Initiation, intoxication, substance use disorder, withdrawal, craving, relapse, and recovery Psychoactive substance - ✔✔A chemical that can change consciousness, mood and thoughts. Relapse Prevention - ✔✔The process of knowing the signs and developing a plan to prevent the return to drug use after a period of abstinence. Multimodality - ✔✔Treatment that is a combination of several methods Interdisciplinary Approach - ✔✔A training process based on using more than one approach to direct or change behavior. Collaborate - ✔✔To work together with other individuals or agencies to bring about a desired result. Motivational Enhancement Therapy - ✔✔Getting the patient to motivate himself for change. Help him see the connection between his behavior and his goals. Reality Therapy - ✔✔is a therapeutic approach that focuses on problem-solving and making better choices in order to achieve specific goals. Behavioral Therapy - ✔✔is a treatment that helps change potentially self-destructing behaviors. It is also called behavioral modification or cognitive behavioral therapy. Medical professionals use this type of therapy to replace bad habits with good ones. Existential Therapy - ✔✔Existential therapy uses a positive approach that applauds human capacities and aspirations while simultaneously acknowledging human limitations. transference is a key aspect of what therapy. - ✔✔psychoanalysis Adlerian Therapy - ✔✔encourages to acquire a more positive and productive way of life by developing new insights, skills, and behaviors. Psychoanalytic Therapy - ✔✔Psychoanalysis was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining "insight" Person-centered therapy - ✔✔Is an approach to counseling and psychotherapy that places much of the responsibility for the treatment process on the client, with the therapist taking a nondirective role Solutions focused therapy - ✔✔focus on the solution and not the problem. What is amphetamine - ✔✔A Stimulant type of prescription drug used in the treatment of ADD and ADHD. Stimulants speed up activity in the brain and cause an increase in heart rate, blood pressure and metabolism. It also causes a decrease in blood flow and oxygen to the heart. What is barbiturates - ✔✔Tranquillizers that are types of prescription drugs that are used for anxiety and sleep problems. It decreases in brain activity, which causes feelings of drowsiness and calmness. It also results in a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure. What is projection - ✔✔also known as blame shifting, is a theory in psychology in which humans defend themselves against unpleasant impulses by denying their existence in themselves, while attributing them to others. DSM Axis 1 - ✔✔Clinical Disorders, Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention DSM Axis 2 - ✔✔Personality Disorders DSM Axis 3 - ✔✔General Medical Conditions DSM Axis 4 - ✔✔Psychosocial and Environmental Problems DSM Axis 5 - ✔✔Global Assessment Functioning Albert Ellis - ✔✔Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy. [REBT] Aaron Beck - ✔✔Cognitive Behavior Therapy [CBT] William Glasser - ✔✔Reality Therapy Sigmund Freud - ✔✔Psychoanalytic Therapy Carl Rogers - ✔✔Person Centered Therapy What is the most probable classification for a substance that causes a client to experience an instant euphoric flash when using? - ✔✔CNS Stimulant Which of the following is NOT one of the basic principles of ethics? - ✔✔Right to Privacy Which of the following is an example of a treatment plan goal for a client? - ✔✔Incorporating healthy activities into everyday life When withdrawing from short-acting barbiturates, which withdrawal symptoms are observable at both 8-12 hours and 2-3 days of abstinence? - ✔✔Tremulousness and insomnia One of the four general principles that underlies Motivational Interviewing is - ✔✔asking open questions Abandonment during the referral process occurs when - ✔✔a counselor does not make suitable arrangements for client. Which of the following is a common symptom of the later stages of burnout? - ✔✔Apathy Clients should be informed of a supervisory relationship because: - ✔✔the supervisor has a relationship with the client through the counselor. The BEST management technique to use in order to maintain effective programming and to ensure a maximum level of client care is: - ✔✔matching clients to appropriate staff and level of care. When presented with conflicting messages, communicators are most likely to rely on the: - ✔✔nonverbal message An example of a selective intervention is: - ✔✔a skills-based program for youth from military families who have experienced many transitions. The first step in developing community prevention strategies is: - ✔✔assessment. Culturally skilled counselors can demonstrate their awareness of a client's world view by being: - ✔✔familiarize their self with relevant research and the latest findings regarding mental health/mental disorders of various ethnic and racial groups. One important component of integrated co-occurring treatment that has been supported by several studies is: - ✔✔cognitive-behavioral counseling. A counselor is conducting a suicide risk assessment on a new patient. Which of the following would be considered inappropriate? - ✔✔Do you know how you will kill yourself? Which of the following persons has been called the Father of Individual Psychology? - ✔✔Adler A child has trouble understanding that the amount of juice she sees being poured is the same amount when it is in her sippy cup and when it is in her baby brother's bottle. She believes the narrower bottle has more juice. She is in the developmental stage labeled by Piaget as - ✔✔concrete operations Victor Frankl is known for - ✔✔Logotherapy The shadow is an archtype that - ✔✔Encompasses everything a person refuses to acknowledge In a normal curve - ✔✔The mean, median, and mode are at the same point Family Structure - ✔✔Alcoholic marries an enabler, the first child is the Hero... they are usually perfect "see we are good" The second child is the scapegoat and can do no right. Then is the lost child. If they have another that child is the mascot. Lost Child - ✔✔Most likely to commit suicide Epinephrine/NE - ✔✔*Body's natural stimulant *responsible for anxiety and fear, anger, hostility & violence *Instinctual fight or flight *predominant neurotransmitter in brain *affected by cocaine and amphetamines Serotonin - ✔✔*responsible for calmness and sleep, appetite, some memories *responsible for some types of depression *offsets the effects of E/NE *affected by cocaine and amphetimines GABA - ✔✔*Natural anti-anxiety, anti-convulsant. *Helps cope with stressful situations *affected by etoh, benzo, barbs Endorphins - ✔✔*body's natural pain killer *brain does not distinguish between physical, emotional & spiritual pain. In all instances endorphins are released *More pain receptor sites than pleasure receptor sites. * We remember painful events more vividly our our brains are designed to avoid these situations. *Increase in endorphins vis exercise, laughter, meditations, sleep, food, healthy relationships/sex & music *Affected by opiates, soma & etoh Dynorphin - ✔✔Form of endorphin that is released at childbirth. 700x stronger than morphine. Helps offset fatigue, forget the intensity of the pain, bonds mother and child. Acetylcholine - ✔✔*Memory, Movement, Motivation, New Learning (learning in general) *Depletion results in alzheimers symptoms *Affected by THC Anandamide - ✔✔Similar to aceylcholine. *Memory, New Learning specific, calmness, controlling movement *Affected by THC Glutamate - ✔✔*Memory *Duck tape of the brain... regenerates and mimics other neurotransmitters to fill the gaps for the ones that have been damaged *Anti Convulsant Dopamine - ✔✔*Pleasure (located in the pleasure pathway) *every drug mimics or releases dopamine *cocaine and other stimulates actually block the re-uptake of dopamine so that it increases the dopamine response *etoh & opiates enhance dopamine release that would otherwise block/inhibit dopamine secreting neurons. *Schizophrenia is noted to be too much dopamine in the brain *too few dopamines mimic parkinsons *Affected by all drugs but mostly meth. Methamphetimine high - ✔✔most resembles schizophrenia Meth withdrawal - ✔✔mimics parkinsons Meth results in the release of so much dopamine - ✔✔that it can take YEARS for the person to learn to feel pleasure again. PIP (phenylimide Indoleamine Pyrimidine) - ✔✔*responsible for feeling of true care/love *affects various parts of the brain at one time *decreases after about 3 years bc the brain cannot sustain the same level of intensity. The passion sorta burns out. *PIP changes to endorphins after decades in a relationship Adverse Effects of substances are usually seen - ✔✔in those with ADHD or Bipolar w Korsacoff Wenicke Syndrome - ✔✔After prolonged alcohol abuse, the person is unable to walk steadily (like walking in sand), eyes twitch back and forth State Dependent Learning - ✔✔Learn when high on THC, does not remember when sober, does remember when under the influence of THC later. Pharmacology - ✔✔Branch of science that examines how psychoactive substances taken to alter bodily functions or enhance bodily functions interact with the brain and body Psychoactive Substance - ✔✔any drug that affects the CNS and alters consciousness and or perceptions physiological effects - ✔✔physical signs psychological effects - ✔✔alterations in perception or judgment caused by substance. chemical interaction - ✔✔physiological and psychological effects of 2 or more substances administered at the same time withdrawal - ✔✔signs and symptoms that occur when an indiv that is physically dependent on a substance discontinues its use. treatment applications - ✔✔method of detox, stabilization & maintenance tolerance - ✔✔after repeated admin. a given dose of a substance produces a decreased effect or conversely with increased/larger doses must be administered to get the effect observed with the original dose dependence - ✔✔known as addictions, a behavioral pattern of compulsive substance use characterized by consistent involvement with the use of a substance, securing of its supply and a high tendency to relapse after withdrawal. detoxification - ✔✔eliminating the substance from your body *The first step in sobriety and treatment Levels of Psychoactive Substance Use - ✔✔Recreational- Circumstantial-Intensified Use- cCompulsive Use cross tolerance - ✔✔the ability of pharmacologically similar substances to substitute for one another in relation to tolerance and prevention of withdrawal (ie using hydrocodone when heroin isn't available) Schedule I - ✔✔No medical Use, cannot be dispensed by a prescriber. Severe dependence, high potential for abuse Schedule II - ✔✔Severe dependence, high potential for abuse. Some accepted medical use, but with severe restrictions Schedule III - ✔✔Moderate or low physical dependence OR high psychological dependence. Moderate potential for abuse Has accepted medical uses and can be dispensed by authorized prescriber Schedule IV - ✔✔Limited physical or psychological dependence. Low abuse potential. accepted medical use. Schedule V - ✔✔limited dependence, very low potential for abuse, medcial use Methods of Administration - ✔✔*orally (inhale or ingested) *nasally (longest acting) *IM *IV (most instense) *subcutaneously *topically *sublingually *rectally Blood Brain Barrier - ✔✔series of cells that prevent certain chemicals from reaching the brain metabolites - ✔✔by-product of the liver breaking substances down that can be eliminated metabolism - ✔✔body getting rid of the substance. elimination CNS - ✔✔brain and spinal cord PNS - ✔✔all neurons outside the CNS CNS is made of - ✔✔Reticular Activating System: Awake/Asleep Limbic System: feelings Basal Ganglia: fine motor skills Limbic System is made of - ✔✔Cerebral Cortex: voluntary motor skills, sensory input Hypothalamus: Liaison between CNS & PNS PNS is - ✔✔the Autonomic Nervous System (unconscious bodily functions) which is sympathetic nervous system *increases breathing, etc) and parasympathetic (decreases) Neurotransmitters are either - ✔✔inhibitory or excitatory Agonist - ✔✔psychoactive substance binds to neurons and elicits a reaction as if it were a neurotransmittor Antagonist - ✔✔substance binds and prevents other neurotransmitters form binding to that neuron CNS depressants - ✔✔Alcohol, barbituates, benzos Short term effects of depressants - ✔✔impaired coordination, slurred speech, staggered gait, drowsiness, muscle relaxation, slowing of breath, slowing of HR, dizziness, sedation, loss of memory, euphoria, impaired judgement, decreased inhibition, decreased fear, confusion, irritability, paranoia, Pathological Intoxication - ✔✔Unusual reaction to depressants. The person becomes agitated and belligerent after only small doses habituation - ✔✔repetition of behaviors until hey are a habit. Legal limit of alcohol in 21+ in most states - ✔✔.08 Toxic alcohol levels - ✔✔.4 Cirrhosis - ✔✔swollen, scarred or dead liver tissue Stages of alcohol dependence - ✔✔Early: escaping from social situations, sneaking to drink, feelings of guilt, difficulty stopping & preoccupation Middle: Loss of control, impaired social relationships, changes in drinking patterns, temp sobriety, morning drinking, neglect of health needs. Late: drink in order to function, binges, withdrawal sx, blackouts, etc Alcohol must be detoxed - ✔✔under medical supervision due to risk of seizures. Often given Librium. Alcohol Withdrawal - ✔✔Stage 1: Tremors 24-36 hr after last drink, irritability, nausea, vomiting, slurred speech, jitters, tremors. 90% of alcohol dependent people experience Stage 2: Hallucinations distorted perceptions occur in 25% Stage 3: Wdrawal Seizures Grand Mal, 7-48hr after last drink, peak is 13-24 hr. 1/3 of clients experience Stage 4: DT Confusion, delusions, hallucinations, severe agitation, tachycardia, dilated pupil, fever, 3-5 days after drinking, 15% fatality rate. Lasts 72 hours or less in 80% Pharmacotherapy - ✔✔Medications prescribed to treat SUD Anesthetic - ✔✔sub used to induce a controlled state of unconsciousness Analgesic - ✔✔sub used to relieve pain Barbituates paired with etoh - ✔✔exacerbated effects due to potentiation Benzo - ✔✔*tolerance develops QUICKLY, within 1-3 weeks, but does not develop to the anti-anxiety effects. Dependence is likely if used over 4 months, 80-85% who take over 2 years. *medical detox due to risk of seizures Stimulants include - ✔✔amphetamines, cocaine, caffeine, nicotine Potency of stimulants - ✔✔1. Cocaine 2 Meth 3 Dexedrine 4 amphetamine 5 ritalin 6 caffeine 7 nicotine Amphetamines use outside of adhd - ✔✔often for weight loss Meth is - ✔✔schedule II Reverse Tolerence - ✔✔when a psychoactive substance produces an enhanced response to a smaller dose than the original. Seen in amphetamines You can withdraw from Amphetamines after the first use - ✔✔even without dependence. Tx includes some antidepressants Cocaine Overdose - ✔✔1) vomit, headache, cold sweats, muscle twitches 2) convulsions, rapid gasping breaths, decreased blood pressure 3) dilated pupils, paralyzed, unable to breath, cardiac arrest and death *no medicinal treatment to counter the overdose Cocaine Withdrawal phases - ✔✔1. crash- depression, anxiety, exhaustion, cravings 2. hypersomnia, decreased att span, poor recall, increased appetite, muscle twitching 3. intense cravings marked by reduction to enjoy life and pleasure *meds that help; Provigil, symmetrel, parlodel, tofranil, norpramin Alcohol and cocaine are often combined - ✔✔VERY dangerous. Produces cocaethylene Caffiene - ✔✔Xanthines: naturally occurring stimulants. includes caffeine, theophylline (tea) and theobromine (chocolate [Show More]

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