OCR Oxford Cambridge and RSA Friday 10 June 2022 — Afternoon J199/23 War and warfare Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes

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INSTRUCTIONS • Use black ink. • Write your answer to each question in the space provided. If you need extra space use the lined pages at the end of this booklet. The question numbers must be c... learly shown. • In Section A, answer questions 1–9 and either Question 10 or Question 11. • In Section B, answer questions 12–22 and either Question 23 or Question 24. • Use the Insert to answer all the questions. • Do not send the Insert for marking. Keep it in the centre or recycle it. INFORMATION • The total mark for this paper is 90. • The marks for each question are shown in brackets [ ]. • This document has 20 pages. ADVICE • Read each question carefully before you start your answer. *9126638441* *J19923* You must have: • the Insert (inside this document) Friday 10 June 2022 – Afternoon GCSE (9–1) Classical Civilisation J199/23 War and warfare Time allowed: 1 hour 30 minutes 2 © OCR 2022 SECTION A – Culture Answer all of questions 1–9. Study Source A 1 What were Helots (line 1)? .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [1] 2 Give two reasons why the Spartans might have chosen ‘the youngest and the oldest soldiers’ (line 4) to protect Sparta while the rest marched on to fight the battle. 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... [2] 3 Why did the Spartan soldiers display such ‘diligence’ (line 6)? .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [3] 3 © OCR 2022 Turn over 4 Why did Sparta have more than one king at a time? .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... ..................................................................................................................................................... [2] 5 What was the Greek word for cowards such as Aristocles and Hipponoidas (line 9)? ..................................................................................................................................................... [1] Study Source B 6 Identify three items of the legionary’s equipment shown in Source B and say how each was designed to help soldiers. 1 ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... 2 ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... 3 ....................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... [6] 4 © OCR 2022 Study Source C 7 Identify any two of the numbered features of the fortress and describe their functions. Number and feature ........................................................................................................................ Function ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... Number and feature ........................................................................................................................ Function ........................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... .......................................................................................................................................................... [4] Study Source D 8 (a) Identify two significant details about this helmet. 1 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... 2 ................................................................................................................................................ ................................................................................................................................................... [2] (b) How might wearing a helmet like this have made things difficult for a soldier? ................................................................................................................................................... .............................................................................................................................................. [1] 5 © OCR 2022 Turn over Study Source E 9 Describe the equipment and techniques that the Athenian army used in their battles against the Persians. Use Source E as a starting point and your own knowledge in your answer. 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EITHER 10 ‘Octavian’s side won the battle of Actium because it was better organised.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Justify your response. [15] OR 11 ‘The Athenians won battles only by being lucky.’ How far do you agree with this statement? Justify your response. 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