Study Guide Exam 3 NURSING NR 283

Document Content and Description Below

Study Guide Exam 3. Chapter Seventeen Function of the Digestive System: • Digestion and absorption o Carbohydrates, protein and lipid o Fat soluble vitamins  A,D,E,K - absorbed with fats ... o Water soluble vitamins  B and C - diffuse into blood o Electrolytes o Drugs are primarily absorbed in the intestine o Water  Absorbed primarily by osmosis  Severe vomiting or diarrhea will interrupt this recycling mechanism  Affects fluid and electrolyte balance of body Common Manifestations: • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, bulimia • Diarrhea or constipation • Blood in stool o Frank blood  Red blood - usually from lesions in rectum or anal canal o Occult blood  Small hidden amounts  Detectable with stool test o Melena  Dark-colored, tarry stool • Gas • Fluid and electrolyte imbalances o Dehydration and hypovolemia are common complications of GI disorders o Electrolytes are lost in vomiting and diarrhea • Acid-base imbalances o Metabolic alkalosis  Loss of HCL acid with vomiting o Metabolic acidosis  Severe vomiting causes a change to metabolic acidosis because of the loss of bicarbonate of duodenal secretions  Diarrhea causes a loss of bicarbonate • Pain • Malnutrtion Dysphagia: • Difficulty swallowing Causes of Dysphagia: • Neurological deficit o Stroke, brain damage, achalasia • Muscular disorder o Impairment from muscular dystrophy • Mechanical obstruction o Congenital atresia  Developmental anomaly o Stenosis  Narrowing of the esophagus  May be secondary to fibrosis, chronic inflammation, ulceration, radiation or scar tissue o Esophageal diverticula o Tumors Hiatal Hernia: • Part of the stomach protrudes into the thoracic cavity Sliding Hernia: • Portions of the stomach and gastroesophageal junction slide up above the diaphragm Rolling or Paraesophageal Hernia: • Part of the fundus of the stomach moves up through an enlarged or weak hiatus in the diaphragm and may become trapped Signs and Symptoms of Hiatal Hernia: • Heartburn or belching • Increased discomfort when lying down after eating, bending over or coughing Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease: • Periodic reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus causes erosion and inflammation • Decrease lower esophageal sphincter (LES) or increase intra-abdominal pressure allows more of the gastric contents to reflux back into the esophagus • Severity depends on competence of the lower esophageal sphincter • Factor reduce LEs o Caffeine, fatty and spicy foods, alcohol, smoking, certain drugs • Heartburn frequently occurs 30 to 60 minutes after eating or at night Acute Gastritis: • Gastric mucosa is inflamed, may be ulcerated and bleeding Etiology of Acute Gastritis: • Infection by microorganisms • Chemical substances: NSAIDS, alcohol, etc… Effects of Acute Gastritis: • Basic signs of gastrointestinal irritation • Anorexia, nausea, vomiting, epigastric pain, cramps or general discomfort • Hematemesis caused by bleeding • With infection, diarrhea may develop Chronic Gastritis: • Atrophy of stomach mucosa Etiology of Chronic Gastritis: • Autoimmune disorder, elderly • Loss of secretory glands and reduced production of intrinsic factor (decreased absorption of B12) Causes of Peptic Ulcer: • Most caused by H. pylori infection • Occur in proximal duodenum o Also found in antrum of the stomach • Breakdown mucosal barrier Etiology of Peptic Ulcer: • Inadequate blood supply – vasoconstriction o Stress, smoking, shock, scar tissue, anemia • Excessive glucocorticoid secretion or medication • Ulcerogenic substances: o Aspirin, NSAIDs, Alcohol • Atrophy of gastric mucosa: o Chronic gastritis • Increased acid pepsin secretions S&S of Peptic Ulcer: • Epigastric burning or localized pain o Gastric pain  Pain worse when ingestion of food o Duodenal ulcer  Pain is relieved by food Complications of Peptic Ulcer: • Hemorrhage o Erosion of blood vessels ……………………………………………………..CONTINUED…………………………………………… [Show More]

Last updated: 1 year ago

Preview 1 out of 31 pages