NURS 611 Patho - Maryville Exam 2023-2024

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What is Apoptosis? - ANSWER A programmed cell death What is necrosis? - ANSWER Death of most or all of the cells in an organ or tissue due to disease, injury, or failure of the blood supply. Charac... teristics of tissue necrosis - ANSWER 1) Rapid loss of of the plasma membrane structure 2) Organelle swelling 3) Mitochondrial dysfunction Hypoxia - ANSWER What is the #1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis. (especially the kidney and heart) What is hypertrophy? - ANSWER Is an increase in the size of cells Physiologic hypertrophy - ANSWER Hypertrophy of myocardial cells such as in endurance training Pathologic hypertrophy - ANSWER Occurs secondary to HTN What is Hyperplasia - ANSWER Increase in the number of cells Pathological hyperplasia - ANSWER Endometrial hyperplasia Compensatory hyperplasia - ANSWER Removal of 70% of the liver- can regenerate in about 2 weeks What is Metaplasia - ANSWER Replacement of cells Example of Metaplasia - ANSWER Normal columnar ciliated epithelial cells of the brohchial lining have been replaced by stratified squamous epithelial cells During ischemia, what effect does the loss of the ATP levels have on cells? - ANSWER Reduction in ATP levels causes the plasma membrane's sodium-potassium pump and sodium-calcium exchange to fail, which leads to an intracellular accumulation of sodium and calcium and diffusion of potassium out of the cell. Sodium and water then can enter the cell freely, and cellular swelling results. Free radicals play a major role in the initiation and progression of which diseases? - ANSWER These reactive oxygen species play major roles in the initiation and progression ofcardiovascular alterations associated with hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and chronic heart failure. [Show More]

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