Self-Checks - Bio 181 > questions and answers | Bio 181 Module 1-16 Self Check _all answers (2020/2021)

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Self-Checks - Bio 181 Module 1 Self Check 1. The paramecium swims by way of using a flagella. • 2. In order to examine cells which are smaller than can be detected by the human senses, what needs to... be used? (pick the best answer). 3. A normal cell is anchorage-dependent for growth and mortal. • 4. A single-celled eukaryotic organism: 5. In your own multicellular body, different cells in your body have a division of labor between them. • 6. In your own multicellular body, cells with different functions have different DNA. • 7. Compared to bacteria which of the cell types below are not responsible for finding food 8. A cell that is anchorage-dependent for growth will also exhibit contact inhibition. • 9. In Cell Biology what can limit the progress of science? 10. A cancer cell will be anchorage-dependent for growth and immortal. • 11. The contractile vacuole of the paramecium is possibly an evolutionary precursor of the kidney. • 12. The paramecium discussed in class contained an organelle called the contractile vacuole. This is the presumed precursor of the: 13. Comparing a single-celled eukaryotic organism with a multicellular organism such as yourself identify the major difference from the list below. 14. A cell that is itself an organism must have a minimum of four needs presented in lecture. List these four things. 15. Write a few sentences that explain what limits an individual cell from becoming more complex. 16. What limits the paramecium from acquiring more complex functions? Module 2 Self Check 1. A normal cell is and for growth. 2. In an extant prokaryotic cell, the outer boundary of life is the capsule. • 3. The cytoskeleton enabled the primitive cell to become motile. • 4. Loss of the cell wall is required for the endosymbiotic theory. • 5. DNA in extant prokaryotic cells is circular. • 6. It is presumed that the peroxisomes evolved in these primitive, proto-eukaryotes to remove oxygen, which was toxic to the primitive cells. • 7. What limits how big a cell can be? 8. The presumed first step in the transition of the primitive, proto-prokaryotic cell into the primitive, proto-eukaryotic cell was the loss of the cell wall. • 9. List one limitation of the cell culture technique. 10. Ribosomes bound to some of the membrane invaginations in the endomembrane theory. • 11. The cytoskeleton gave rise to the nuclear envelope. • 12. The ancient earth did not contain much oxygen. • 13. Finish the sentence based on my lectures: The association of ribosomes with invaginations would support the theory. 14. Fluorescence microscopy is a form of light microscopy. • 15. The end of the retraction fiber touching the cell culture plate still contains the cell equivalent of super-glue. • 16. TEM provides a thin, two-dimensional section of the object being studied. • 17. Motility improved the fitness of these early cells because: 18. Loss of the cell wall was required for the endomembrane system theory. • 19. When cancer cells are crowded by surrounding cells, the cancer cells become spherical and they can still go through cell division. • 20. After a cell is pancake shaped in a cell culture dish, the order of events that occurs as a cell walks is (pick the best order): • 21. Why is it important to know the limitations of technology? Module 3 Self Check 1. When a vesicle fuses with the plasma membrane the contents of the lumen of the vesicle are: 2. For a protein to enter the endoplasmic reticulum as part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s lumen or part of the endoplasmic reticulum’s membrane: 3. The ER is contiguous with the Golgi apparatus. • 4. Facilitated diffusion uses a channel protein to let components move down their concentration gradient. • 5. Active transport uses ATP to move components in parallel with their concentration gradient, that is: from a high concentration to a low concentration. • 6. The ER is contiguous with the nuclear envelope. • 7. It is a simple matter (i.e., thermodynamically favorable) for a vesicle to form from the endoplasmic reticulum. 8. A single pass trans-membrane protein that is an alpha helix can make a channel. 9. The plasma membrane gets new lipids from: 10. Explain the evolutionary origin of mitochondria. 11. Draw a phospholipid and make sure the numbers of carbons are clearly identified. 12. What are the orphaned organelles orphaned from? 13. What is the difference between a triglyceride and a phospholipid? 14. What are the two functions of a membrane? 15. Amino acids can be largely subdivided into two groups. What are the two groups? 16. Cholesterol is to have in biological membranes. 17. Explain the evolutionary origin of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and vesicles. 18. Explain how the vesicles are carried from the Golgi apparatus to the plasma membrane. 19. We are made up of percent water. 20. If something is soluble in water a of hydration forms around it and it is termed. 21. What is the difference between a single-pass transmembrane protein and a 7- pass transmembrane protein? Module 4 Self Check 1. To get into the nucleus a component has to have the correct signal sequence and pass through a nuclear pore. • 2. Chromosomes are made out of Euchromatin. • 3. Naked DNA does not exist in nature, but scientists can make naked DNA in a test tube. • 4. Molecular motors use ATP as the energy source to power the molecular motors. • 5. Heterochromatin does not exist in interphase nuclei. • 6. The diameter of an intermediate filament is 25 nm. • 7. The actin filament system extends outside of the cell. • 8. Cilia and microvilli contain a similar number of parallel actin filaments. • 9. The actin filament system is present in the nucleus. • 10. Which cytoskeletal filament system lines the inside of the nucleus to protect it? 11. Consider the geography of cells. Actin filaments are present in the cell’s and the microtubules are present in the cell’s. 12. What does the nucleosomal core have in it (i.e., the basket ball like structure on the slides)? 13. Molecular motors run on which two cytoskeletal filament systems? 14. Where is the histone H1 found? • Module 5 Self Check 1. MAPK has two different functions depending on where this kinase acts in the (two words). If the kinase becomes active during interphase the cell is triggered to progress through the (two words). • ? 2. When a cell “talks to itself” it is called communication. • Autocrine 3. There are two basic forms of cytoplasmic signaling (i.e. signal transduction). One uses and the other uses . • Calcium signal, protein kinases 4. For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a neighboring cell where the ligand diffuses directly from one cell to another is called communication. • Paracrine 5. There are two basic types of communication within cells. One type is called signaling and it takes days to weeks to occur. The other type is called communication and it takes minutes to hours to act. • Nuclear, cytoplasmic (signaling) 6. The other point where MAPK can become active is of the cell cycle. • M phase 7. For a cell to respond to a ligand released from a cell and uses the circulatory system to get to the responding cell it is called communication. • Endocrine 8. Two types of second messengers discussed in lecture can exist downstream of a plasma membrane receptor. These are and . • Calcium ions and cyclic nucleotides 9. There are two types of receptors. One type of receptor binds to polar (hydrophilic) ligands and this is the receptor located in the (two words). • Plasma membrane 10. There is communication between cells and communication cells. • Within 11. When insulin binds to a receptor, this signal first uses . • Kinases Module 6 Self Check 1. The synthesis/presence of cyclin is what turns on the Cdk as the Cdk is always present but it is the cyclin that is synthesized and degraded in cycles. • 2. Cancer can be described as a loss of cell cycle regulation. • 3. List the three categories of cells in the body with regard to the cell cycle. • Constantly go through the cell cycle, can be induced to go through the cell cycle by injury, or never go through the cell cycle 4. An important checkpoint regulator is at the Gap2/M-phase transition. Here cyclin B and Cdk1 activate and form MPF which becomes a (two words) and causes the DNA to condense into . • Histone kinase, chromosome 5. After DNA synthesis (i.e., S-phase) an identical copy of the DNA has been made and this is present in the two chromatids when viewed as the chromosome. • 6. Gap1 of the cell cycle represents the time when the cell is doing what it is supposed to do as part of its cell type. In other words, that is when a liver cell is doing its function as a liver cell. • 7. Cytoplasmic signal transduction controls the checkpoints of the cell cycle. • 8. The activation of both MPF and MAPK result in (two words) of the cytoplasm during M-phase. • Settling down 9. In the time span of 10 years every cell in your adult body goes through the cell cycle. • 10. At these checkpoints, a cyclin works with a cyclin-dependent kinase (i.e., Cdk) to regulate the checkpoint. • 11. Many chemotherapy drugs act by arresting the cell in M-phase of the cell cycle. • 12. In your body not all cells go through the cell cycle. • 13. During mitosis, the cytoplasm of the cell is “settled down”. • 14. Cytokinesis in plant and animal cells takes two forms. List them here. 15. The begins to be destroyed at the metaphase of the cell cycle causing the chromosomes to begin to . Module 7 Self Check 1. Protein synthesis changes from the language of to the language of. 2. Uridine is a nucleotide in DNA. • 3. Replication of DNA is semi-conservative. • 4. Draw the sugar in DNA and label the carbons as discussed in the lecture. Then circle the carbon that is different in RNA. 5. Which enzyme unwraps the double helix? 6. During mRNA maturation what is the name of the part of the mRNA that is removed? 7. In the ribosome, what is the name of the bond that links one amino acid to the next? 8. In the ribosome, what pairs with the codon? 9. List one type of post-translational modification. 10. RNA synthesis, also called RNA transcription occurs in three phases. List them from beginning to end in order. 11. DNA replication in eukaryotes is sped up by multiple origins of replication. • 12. The DNA polymerase that replicates the parental strand of DNA reads the parental DNA from 5’ to 3” and makes a new DNA strand from 3’ to 5’. • 13. Strands of the backbone of DNA are parallel? • 14. For DNA Polymerase III to work which of these components has to act first? 15. How many hydrogen bonds are there between an A and its paired nucleotide? 16. There are two types of protein synthesis in eukaryotic cells. These two types can be distinguished because the polyribosome is either or . 17. In eukaryotic cells the start codon for protein synthesis is . 18. How many “stop” codons exist? 19. Which strand is produced more rapidly? 20. Which nucleotide is different in RNA compared to DNA? 21. List the two basic categories of nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids. 22. Which enzyme is used first to permit DNA polymerase III to begin replicating the 3’ strand? 23. The genetic code for the conversion of mRNA codons to proteins has redundancy. • 24. Assume that you have a eukaryotic cell with three chromosomes within it. How many 5’ ends would there be? 25. The double helix of DNA is wrapped about 1¾ times around which of these components? • 26. Which sugar is present in RNA? 27. Messenger RNA is double stranded. • 28. In DNA, what does the nucleotide labeled as A pair with? • ? 29. In the lagging stand, the DNA is read from the parental DNA’s 3’ to 5’ end. • 30. During DNA replication in the lagging strand there is production of this component? 31. During DNA replication is greatly reduced by enzymes that proof read the newly replicated DNA. • Module 8 Self Check 1. The Calvin-Benson cycle takes in and from the light reaction and also to make carbohydrates. 2. The light reactions produce and and this process also results in the release of . 3. The antenna system is in the membranes. 4. The most abundant protein in the world is called . • Module 9 Self Check 1. FADH2 results as one of the products of the citric acid cycle. • 2. Where is carbon dioxide produced? 3. Glycolysis requires the investment of two in order to obtain a gross output of four . 4. Specifically where in a cell does the citric acid/Kreb’s cycle occur? 5. The cell does not need ATP to survive. • 6. The citric acid/Kreb’s cycle breaks down carbohydrates into CO2. • 7. Specifically in a cell where does Glycolysis occur? • Module 10 Self Check 1. Having a fever of 100 F can help you fight off infections. • 2. Bone marrow is a site where mature immune cells are found. • 3. Does gravity have a role in some part of the lymphatic fluid flow back to the circulatory system? 4. Inflammation is caused by an increased blood supply due to released by some cells of the immune system. 5. Any cell can present an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. • 6. Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. • 7. Any cell can present an antigen on a class I major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein. • 8. When immune cells mature and can recognize trans-membrane proteins indicating “self”, this is called . 9. How does the lymph fluid return from the legs to the circulatory system? • ? 10. Lymphatic tissue is composed of the following five components. Please list them. 11. Natural killer cells are part of the specific immune system. • 12. Mast cells release histamine • 13. Red blood cells are a part of the immune system • 14. There are times when the spleen can be considered to be the primary lymph node. • 15. You should have your appendix removed whenever possible. • 16. Lymph nodes are a place where cells of the immune system accumulate and share information. • 17. Red blood cells originate from the bone marrow. • 18.A A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it. • 19. In 1 mL of blood, there are 1.5 million white blood cells • 20. When a B cell is shown an antigen on a class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) protein it will go through and B cells subsequently can become and/or . 21. If a macrophage endocytoses (i.e., eats) an antigen it can digest it and present it on a Major histocompatibility complex protein to a . • ? 22.B B and T cells are called lymphocytes • 23.A A bacterium coated by antibodies is a signal that a macrophage should endocytose (eat) it • 24. In the lecture we discussed normal flora, this refers to: 25. Memory cells “remember” the antigen and make a faster and greater response the next time the antigen is encountered. • 26. The humoral immune system involves cells in the immune system. • Module 11 Self Check 1. Adhering junctions are based on two different types of cytoskeleton filament systems. Name those systems. 2. The molecular seal that serves as the barrier is called a . While this is a good barrier, such barriers are not very strong and must be underlined by . 3. Epithelial cells serve as a barrier to prevent non-specific movement of chemicals from one side of the epithelium to the other side. • Module 12 Self Check 1. In what way is the making of a primary lysosome similar to the enzymes delivered by the pancreas? 2. Draw concentric circles and label the four layers of the gut. Also label the hole at the inner most circle. List what is in these four layers. 3. 90% of absorption in the intestine occurs where? 4. If something is called a vitamin, it cannot be made by the organism and must be taken in as a part of diet. • 5. Name the sphincter that separates the stomach from the small intestine. 6. When glucose is taken in by the digestive track and enters your blood, cells are triggered to take in the glucose by what mechanism? 7. The digestive track begins with the and the first enzyme added is . 8. What is bile made from? And how does oatmeal reduce cholesterol levels? 9. How does the pancreas neutralize the pH of the chyme that comes from the stomach? 10. Write a few sentences to distinguish between digestion and absorption. 11. Think about feedback loops. What triggers the gall bladder to secrete bile? 12. List the layers of the digestive track covered by a thick layer of mucous. 13. When amino acids are acquired by food because your body can’t make them they are called . 14. Vitamin K cannot be made by the cells of your body. Where is it made? 15. The esophagus has two distinct muscles that close off the tube. What are these called? 16. Name the main enzyme in the stomach. 17. List the order in which storage compounds are utilized if there is no intake of food. • Module 13 Self Check 1. The resting potential of neurons is: 2. Fast neurons as described in lecture require cytoplasmic signal transduction to open an ion channel. • 3. The terminal web: 4. Excitatory synapses cause hyperpolarization of post-synaptic cells. • 5. Excitatory synapses cause depolarization of the post-synaptic cell. • 6. The autonomic nervous system contains the sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous system. • 7. Acetylcholine esterase breaks acetylcholine into muscarinic acid • 8. Draw a neuron, and label all the parts as described in lecture. 9. Draw an action potential in the axon of a neuron and indicate which ions flow into the neuron and out of the neuron as the action potential passes at the point where the electrodes are in the cell. Be sure to assign on the Y-axis the mV of each of these areas. This should be as described in my lectures. 10. The axon hillock in the pre-synaptic neuron fires based on temporal and spatial summation of inputs. • 11. In the motor end plate, the event that is the immediate trigger for exocytosis is: 12. Receptors are made from membrane-bound polyribosomes. • 13. The membrane potential (resting potential) is largely set by the Na-K- ATPase pump. • 14. Acetylcholine exocytosed from the presynaptic cell travels to the postsynaptic cell to start the action potential in the postsynaptic cell. • 15. The neural tissues are: 16. List the 4 types of glial cells and list a phrase to describe their function. 17. How do the glial cells (i.e., myelin sheath) speed up the firing of neurons? 18. The central nervous system (CNS) contains 19. When the presynaptic cell contacts a muscle cell, the synapse area is called a motor end plate. • 20. Only pre-synaptic neurons are coated with myelin. • 21. Briefly explain why the action potential flows only from the axon hillock to the terminal web. • ? 22. Fast neurons as described in lecture are fast because they are surrounded by a type of glial cell that results in a myelin coating. • 23. The post-synaptic cell can be: 24. The axon from a pre-synaptic cell contacts the axon of another neuron. • 25. Excitatory synapses make the post-synaptic cell less likely to fire • 26. The cell body refers to the part of the neurons that begin at the dendrites and extend to the axon terminal. • 27. Potassium ions are at high concentrations inside of cells including in neurons. • 28. The action potential is: 29. Voltage-gated ion channels open when a protein binds to the receptor. • 30. The receptors in post-synaptic cells are the basis on which the synapse can be defined as inhibitory or excitatory. • Module 14 Self Check 1. When the Sympathetic nervous system is triggered glycogen is broken down to glucose to provide more energy. • 2. Vitamin D causes the parathyroid to inhibit new PTH synthesis. • 3. Where do fats in the body play a role in balance between glucose and glycogen? 4. The medulla of the adrenal gland produces epinephrine (i.e., adrenaline) • 5. Insulin is produced by alpha cells. • 6. What could the stress of taking an exam do to your glucose levels in various parts of the body? 7. The Parasympathetic Nervous System is triggered is trigger to act by exposure to epinephrine. • 8. Vitamin D is really a hormone. • 9. Insulin is a ligand. • 10. When epinephrine is released it triggers activation of which part of the Autonomic Nervous System? 11. Explain how insulin and glucagon regulate the balance (i.e, homeostasis) between glycogen and glucose when epinephrine (i.e., adrenalin) is not involved. 12. Your mom came back from her medical appointment and said that the M.D. told her she had low bone density. What medical problem could this cause and what hormones/endocrine glands in the body are involved? 13. Vitamin D is synthesized from cholesterol • Module 15 Self Check 1. In capillaries the blood pressure pushes nutrients out of the capillaries towards the cells. • 2. Draw a cross-section of an artery or arteriole and label the layers. 3. The atrioventricular node fires after the sinoatrial node. • 4. Surfactants is one of later components made in the fetus (prior to birth). • 5. When oxygen passes from the lungs into the circulatory system as a gas, how many cells does it have to pass through to be in the circulatory system? 6. The two circuits in the heart and the cardiovascular system have the same blood pressure. • 7. The partial pressure of oxygen in the lungs causes it to load into the circulatory system. • 8. There is a reserve of oxygen in the muscles held by . 9. The pulmonary artery contains oxygenated blood. • 10. When the ventricles contract blood is pushed out into the artery and the artery stretches because of its elastic layers allowing the blood to continue to flow into the circulatory system while the ventricle is relaxing. • 11. The heart contains two circuits. Name them. 12. The lungs are in the thoracic cavity, but they are also in another cavity. What is the name of that other cavity? 13. When blood pressure falls the body compensates to raise the blood pressure. Explain this process. 14. The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates release of oxygen. • 15. The lungs have increased surface area to increase the movement of oxygen into the circulatory system. • 16. Veins and have valves in them, but arteries and arterioles do not. • 17. The oxygen in the circulatory system functions to bring oxygen to every cell of the body so it can make ATP. • 18. Nutrients and oxygen can leave the arteries and arterioles to reach the cells. • 19. The left ventricle of the heart more muscle. • 20. There are two factors that cause the release of oxygen from hemoglobin- list them. 21. Oxygen is distributed throughout the body by: 22. What does carbonic anhydrase do? 23. Once inside the circulatory system is the molecule that binds oxygen. 24. In mammals ventilation is tidal. • 25. To prevent back flow of blood in the heart there are . 26. When the diaphragm is relaxed, it allows air to leave the lungs including the residual volume. • 27. Blood moves very rapidly in the capillaries. • 28. The slow flow of blood in the capillaries facilitates the production of bicarbonates in the blood. • 29. The heart pace maker that triggers the two atria to contract is the . • Sinoatrial node 30. When the systole occurs the ventricle is contracting. • 31. Tidal breathing causes the incoming air to mix with some older air in the lungs. • 32. Unlike other the epithelia that make up the capillaries have holes in them called fenestrations. • 33. Red blood carry CO2 back to the lungs. • 34. When you inhale which set of muscles uses the least amount of ATP and triggers the parasympathetic nervous system? • Diaphragmatic muscles 35. One of the problems with the increased surface area of the lungs is that the could stick to each other causing the lungs to collapse. To get around this the body secretes into the lungs. • Alveoli, surfactant 36. The excretory system uses oxygen because oxygen diffuses more rapidly into the excretory system because it contains water in the urine. • 37. The blood flow slows down in the capillaries because the increased total area of the capillary is very large. • 38. What is the maximum number of molecules of oxygen that can bind to hemoglobin? • 4 39. The inspiratory and the expiratory reserves make up the total volume in the lungs. • Module 16 Self Check 1. The inter-weaving of the circulatory system with the nephron is essential for the concentration of urea in the urine. • 2. The kidney gets rid of toxic compounds. • 3. Blood pressure is the force that drives molecules out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. • 4. Give an example of homeostasis in the kidney. 5. The Bowman’s capsule is the beginning of the nephron. • 6. Efferent arterioles enter the Bowman’s capsule and afferent arterioles leave the Bowman’ s capsule. • 7. The kidney controls the water balance in the body. • 8. Each kidney about one million nephrons. • 9. The functional unit of the kidney is the nephron. • 10. In the proximal convoluted tubule useful molecules are collected and brought back into the circulatory system such as glucose and amino acids, but not the toxic materials. • 11. The collecting duct of the kidney drains into the and this enters the . • Ureter, urinary bladder 12. Toxins including urea (in mammals) is driven out of the glomerulus into the Bowman’s capsule. • 13. Blood pressure drives red blood cells and plasma proteins out of the glomerulus. • 14. The medulla of the kidney secretes epinephrine. • 15. Urine leaves our body through the urethra. • 16. The Bowman’s capsule, the proximal convoluted tubule, and the distal convoluted tubule are in the cortex of the kidney. • 17. The kidney filters 180 liters of blood per day. • 18. What happens to the nephron if the blood pressure significantly? [Show More]

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