BIO 120H1 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE | BIO 120 FINAL STUDY GUIDE - UPDATED

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UTSG BIO120H1 FINAL EXAM STUDY GUIDE○ Three requirments ○ Variation ○ Heredity ○ Selection ○ ***did not understand genetics and mech. Of inheritance • Darwin's theory The ce... ntral unifying concept of bio, influential concept of western thought ○ ○ Primary unit = populations HOW- determine the physiological or genetic mech. Responsible for a trait § § WHY- ecological & adaptive sig. of a trait ○ Questions • Theory of evolution Micro-evolu. Mechs. ( process orientated and experimental) &macroevolution = evolu. History (pattern based and non-experimental) • § Observe, theoretical, comparative, experimental ○ Approaches § Organisms on earth have changed through time § The changes are gradual not instantaneous Lineages split or branch by speciation resulting n the generation of biodiversity § § All species have common ancestors Most evolutionary change results rom natural selection - the only process responsible for the evolution of biodiversity and adaptation § ○ Assumptions • Approaches and assumptions in evolutionary biology ○ Product of evolu. ○ Process: nat sel. ○ Biodiv- the variety of life on earth/#&kinds of orgs in an area • Biodiversity and adaptation Topics and Concepts Lecture 1 Intro to evolutionary biology Friday, October 7, 2016 10:22 PM find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com○ § State: noun: trait § Process: verb: process leading to origin of trait ○ Adaptation- state or process § Invasive aq. Plant § Clonal and sexual reproduction Proff Barrrett Lab: darwin missing form of water hyacinth, patterns of genetic div. ○ colonization by a few individuals that start a new population with only limited diversity compared with the source population ○ • Founder events ○ Water hyacinth cloning = most reproduction • Clonal propagation ○ Hover or perch during nectar feeding • Bird pollination ○ Is an adaptation ○ In Rat Tail plant ○ Feeding strategy ○ Efficient cross-pollination and high seed set ○ Remove = reduce fertility and outcrossing • Perch function • Reproductive success- example is the bird perch of rat tail -fitness= performance of transferring genes -hard to look at an organism and try to understand it without knowing its evolutionary history • find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.comWhat is the concept than the individual species You don’t have to learn the species scientif names, scientific dates Seedlings that moved farther would survive b/c 1. competing with tree you are underneath so survival rate decreases that tree also has pests so more likely to get infected by pathogens from tree that they are under 2. Adaptive benefits of dispersal Mothers usually send offspring out b/c they don’t want to compete with them Thorns Production of belshen body etc from acacia tree Benefit of having ants on plants When you do remove ant the tree gets covered with beetles (BIOTIC DEFENSE) Bare areas in forest à why? Any plant that colonizes and competes with host that is housing these ants is a competitor The original plant wont grow as much so ant wont colonize to their potential So the ants kill the competitor plants coming into forbic acid like herbicide Ants eradicate the competitor Abiotic and biotic factors = features of environment Environment is driving force of evolution Abiotic = physical factors of environment ex. Temp, fire, rainfall, frost, wind Biotic = other organisms that are affecting the organism we are interested in ex. Animals/plants/pathogens/pollinators Tutorial 1 Monday, September 19, 2016 10:06 PM find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.comin ex. Animals/plants/pathogens/pollinators When bioic factors interact with the specific organism = coevolution Darwins epiphany: 1. Read 2 books = Charles = gradualism/world is changing/time = thomas’s book = carrying capacity = pop will grow exponentially and then flattens out = asymptote (density dependent mortality) 2. Darwin’s concept of a species couldn’t figure out which species were which he doubted fixity so variation patterns = complicated species were specially created?? No they EVOLVED why are there less abiotic interactions in tropical forest? Temperate forests = species is low so diversity is low so opportunity for biotic interaction is low Winter = everything stops, life cycles close Trap line = particular forager = pollinator has a particular route in a day Trap line don’t has to be a big route Germ plasm theory = lamarc was not correct about inheritance If blacksmith is strong than offspring also has to be strong = WRONG Trait correlated with utility = trait utility Phenotypic environment Natural selection is mechanism that drives adaptive radiation Convergent evolution Unrelated species look similar because of similar pressures Divergent evolution Particular species than is exposed to diff pressures so overtime they evolve find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.comParticular species than is exposed to diff pressures so overtime they evolve differently = speciation Overtime diff species evolve diff adaptations = so if you make a hybrid = genetic problems Genetic drift = random change in genetics = evolution, unimportant Drift is promoted by small pop Stochastic = random GLOBAL WARMING = EVOLUTION, MIGRATION, ADAPTATION, EXTINCTION find more resources at oneclass.com find more resources at oneclass.com-Genetic Polymorphism - the occurence of more than one morphology type, for example, a colour polymorphism (in which a plant can be too or three different colours). However, it is important to keep in mind that polymorphism also refers to many genes. -High genetic variability is when there are many alleles that be responsible for a trait. -Some genes don't necessarily affect fitness. Having one allele or another allele doesn't really affect your fitness. However, Theres evidence that sometimes these neutral genes can have a small difference in organisms, thus we define these as nearly neutral mutations. Balancing selection: theres a heterozygous advantage. Important question: What would happen if you only had a heterozygous locus? If all species were heterozygous? They would be asexual or clones. In heterozygous species, they will always be mating and because we get genes from both of our parents, we will always have homogenous species. Thus, if there is a heterozygous advantage, this ensures variability. Why? Because it ensures that theres always homogeneous and heterozygous and not just one phenotype but rather multiple. This is why the balance school was generally right. If heterozygosity is not favoured, then certain species cannot adapt to the changes to the environment. Polymorphism is very important because it ensures the survival and adaptation of multiple species. For example, humans have multiple alleles responsible for the type of immune system that we have. If theres 50 alleles that can code for tthese systems it shows that theres a lot of genetic variability. No need to worry too much about trsnponsable genes Co dominance why so important? If you have a gene that shows dominance and recessiveness, you cant tell theres a recessive until multiple generations after. Through the phenotypes, we can tell the frequency of the homozygous recessive, however, we cant tell the difference between the homozygous dominantand the heterozygous and thus, if we wanna see it physically we have to breed it. In other words, before we can actually see if its dominant heterozygous or dominant homogeneous, we always have to wait until the next generation. This is really time consuming and thus its better to see the heterozygous genes that show co dominance. A generalist ( wild type) contains a lot more genetic variability than the specialist type. Specialist only occurs in rice fields [Show More]

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