Mastering Biology Chapter 27, Questions with accurate answers. 2022/2023. Rated A

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Mastering Biology Chapter 27, Questions with accurate answers. 2022/2023. Rated A The three domains of life __________ - ✔✔are bacteria, archaea, and eukarya Homologies that appear to have... marginal, if any, importance to an organism are called _______ - ✔✔vestigial structures How does our understanding of genetics today refute Lamarck's principle of the inheritance of acquired characteristics? - ✔✔Experiments in genetics show that traits acquired during an individual's lifetime are not inherited in the way proposed by Lamarck Adaptations are defined as _____ - ✔✔nherited characteristics of organisms that enhance their survival and reproduction in specific environments The bacteria Staphylococcus aureus has developed resistance to some antibiotic drugs. How did this resistance come about? - ✔✔Some members of the bacteria populations possessed some sort of genetic variation for antibiotic resistance that was selected for when the bacteria was exposed to the drugs. How did Hutton and Lyell's ideas influence Charles Darwin's thinking? - ✔✔Darwin reasoned that the Earth must be very old and that slow, subtle processes could produce substantial biological changes. Which of the following is not an observation or inference that Darwin made while developing his theory of evolution - ✔✔Interactions between individuals and their environments cause individuals to evolve All known organisms transcribe genetic information to protein molecules via the same genetic code. This finding strongly supports the hypothesis that - ✔✔all organisms are descended from a single common ancestor not an observation or inference on which natural selection is based? - ✔✔poorly adapted organisms never reproduce A(n) __________ is the smallest unit that can evolve. - ✔✔population Darwin originally defined evolution as __________ - ✔✔descent with modification Even though rodents known as sugar gliders and flying squirrels are members of distinctly different groups of organisms and live on different continents, they possess similar characteristics. - ✔✔convergent evolution What insight did Darwin gain from reading Thomas Malthus's essay on human suffering? - ✔✔organisms have capacity to overproduce Animals that possess homologous structures probably __________. - ✔✔evolved from the same ancestor An important challenge to traditional (pre-1860) ideas about species was the observation that seemingly dissimilar organisms such as hummingbirds, humans, and whales have similar skeletal structures. This most directly suggested to biologists that ___ - ✔✔dissimilar organisms might have evolved from a distant, common ancestor During periods of rapid environmental change, what may happen to a species that was well-suited to the former environment? - ✔✔the species may go extinct, individuals with particular traits that provide an advantage in the new environment will have higher reproductive success, the population may change so much in adapting to the new environment that it is considered a new species, and traits that were favorable in the original environment may be detrimental in the new environment. When environments change, species will either adapt, possibly giving rise to new species, or go extinct. A population of zooplankton is exposed to a small number of predatory fish that feed on the larger-sized (adult) zooplankton. Which of the following predictions would most likely occur based on the principles of natural selection? - ✔✔Adult zooplankton will start to reach sexual maturity when they are still relatively small. In Darwin's view of descent with modification, _________ - ✔✔natural selection can improve the match between an organism and its environment At the time Darwin voyaged on the HMS Beagle, the popularly accepted theory in Western culture that explained the origin of Earth's plants and animals held that the various species __________. - ✔✔had been created by divine intervention a few thousand years before The upper forelimbs of humans and bats have fairly similar skeletal structures, whereas the corresponding bones in whales have very different shapes and proportions. However, genetic data suggest that all three kinds of organisms diverged from a common ancestor at about the same time - ✔✔Natural selection in an aquatic environment resulted in significant changes to whale forelimb anatomy Darwin's explanation of how adaptations arise centered on __________. - ✔✔natural selection Organisms found only in specific places in the world are referred to as - ✔✔endemic Carolus Linnaeus is considered to be the founder of __________, and he - ✔✔the binomial classification system; thought that resemblances among different species reflected the pattern of their creation Which of the following people developed the idea known as the scala naturae, or scale of nature? - ✔✔aristotle What does each branch point on an evolutionary tree represent? - ✔✔The common ancestor of the lineages beginning there and to the right of it The modern idea of extinction as a common occurrence in Earth's history was first proposed in the early 19th century writings of _________ - ✔✔Cuvier On an evolutionary tree, __________. - ✔✔homologous characteristics form a nested pattern Inductive Reasoning - ✔✔ Regulation of molecules within an organism in response to a changing level of chemicals and the ability to self-regulate is called __________. - ✔✔feedback regulation attribute of all living things - ✔✔ The energy used by most organisms for metabolism and growth ultimately comes from - ✔✔the sun Which observations and inferences led Charles Darwin to his theory of natural selection as a mechanism for evolution? - ✔✔Individuals in a population of any species vary in many heritable traits. Individuals with heritable traits best suited to the local environment will generally produce a disproportionate number of healthy, fertile offspring. A population of any species has the potential to produce far more offspring than will survive to produce offspring of their own. Individuals of a population are unequal in the likelihood of surviving and reproducing. The fundamental organizing principle of biology and core theme is __________. - ✔✔evolution Reductionism - ✔✔is a strategy for studying life which reduces complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable. It is not a property or process associated with life itself. With evolution as the core theme of biology, we can explain traits shared by organisms as evidence of __________ and traits that differ among organisms as evidence of __________. - ✔✔descent from a common ancestor; adaptation through natural selection The units of inheritance are called __________. - ✔✔genes The use of energy by living organisms __________. - ✔✔involves chemical cycling from light energy from the sun for the production of chemical energy in food to the decomposition and the returning of chemicals to the cycle What is the appropriate term for an interacting group of individuals of a single type occupying a defined area? - ✔✔Population A nonlinear, realistic model of the scientific process is called the process of science. The core activity of this process is __________. - ✔✔forming and testing hypotheses Which of the following statements best describes what is meant by "emergence"? - ✔✔The whole is greater than the sum of the parts. In the theme of biological organization, the approach called reductionism ________ - ✔✔allows us to reduce complex systems to simpler components that are more manageable to study Hierarchy of Organization from least to most complex. - ✔✔ Using models that represented camouflaged and non-camouflaged mice, Hoekstra and her students tested the hypothesis that coloration of beach and inland mice provides camouflage that protects them from predation. Regardless of whether the models were placed in the beach or the inland habitat, the camouflaged model always acted as the __________ group - ✔✔control Which of the following is the smallest unit of organization that can perform all activities required for life? - ✔✔cell The genetic material within cells is called __________ and is organized into structures called __________. - ✔✔DNA; chromosome A hypothesis must be testable and falsifiable to be scientifically valid. Being testable and falsifiable means that __________ - ✔✔some conceivable observation or experiment could reveal whether a given hypothesis is incorrect What is the molecule that can account for both the unity and the diversity of life? - ✔✔DNA The process that directs the manufacture of a cell product from a gene is called __________ - ✔✔gene expression Natural selection tends to act at which of the following levels? - ✔✔population The concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________he concept of "descent with modification" was proposed by __________ - ✔✔charles darwin The information in a gene that directs the production of a cellular product is gene expression. The correct sequence for the transfer of information from a gene to a function protein is _________ - ✔✔transcription, translation and protein folding A scientific theory is __________. - ✔✔a well-supported concept that has broad explanatory power How is the information encoded in DNA actually used by organisms? - ✔✔he information in DNA is transcribed to RNA and then translated into protein. Feedback regulation includes __________. - ✔✔both negative feedback where the pathway shuts down and positive feedback where the pathway speeds up Paleontology, the study of fossils, was developed by __________. - ✔✔Georges Cuvier The fossil record is __________. - ✔✔biased in favor of species that existed for a long time What evidence most strongly suggests that an impact by an asteroid or meteorite may have caused the extinction of the dinosaurs? - ✔✔Sedimentary rocks contain a layer of iridium, a mineral uncommon on Earth Which of the following is a true statement about the current status of Earth's biodiversity? - ✔✔The current rate of extinctions is as high as 1,000 times the typical rate seen in the fossil record. Single-celled prokaryotes had the Earth to themselves for approximately - ✔✔1.5 billion years The original atmosphere of Earth had little oxygen. What was the likely first source of oxygen that led to an oxygen atmosphere? - ✔✔Cyanobacteria What was one ecological change that occurred following the Permian mass extinction? - ✔✔The percentage of marine predators increased. Adaptive radiations can be a direct consequence of - ✔✔ Which of the following is the correct ordering of divisions of the geologic record from largest to smallest? - ✔✔eon, era, period, epoch unique anatomical features of mammals that can be recognized in the fossil record? - ✔✔ What were the two major "problems" that had to be solved before plants, animals, and fungi could move into terrestrial habitats? - ✔✔Reproduction and prevention of dehydration Why is RNA, rather than DNA, thought to have been the first genetic material? - ✔✔RNA can also function as a catalyst Prior to the Cambrian explosion, all large animals had what characteristic in common? - ✔✔They were all soft-bodied In the species selection model, __________ is to macroevolution as __________ is to microevolution. - ✔✔differential speciation success; differential reproductive success The correct order of the geologic eras, from most ancient to most recent, is __________. - ✔✔Paleozoic, Mesozoic, and Cenozoic Which of the following is not an internal structure that appears in eukaryotic cells and was also not present in more ancient prokaryotic cells? - ✔✔Vesicles Although they originated around 180 million years ago, mammals underwent an adaptive radiation starting approximately 65 million years ago. Why? - ✔✔Between 180 and 65 million years ago, mammals were outcompeted by the well-established dinosaurs. Which of the following would not have been a consequence of tectonic plate movements bringing previously separated landmasses together in the formation of the supercontinent of Pangaea about 250 million years ago? - ✔✔Allopatric speciation increased You are watching a movie in which one of the characters excitedly claims to have found human remains in Asia dated at 10 million years old. The date was obtained by carbon-14 dating. - ✔✔This can't possibly be true because carbon-14 dating can only be used back to about 75,000 years. The amphibians, reptiles, and mammals comprise which group? - ✔✔tetrapods The Miller and Urey abiotic synthesis experiment (and subsequent, similar experiments) showed that __________. - ✔✔simple organic molecules can form spontaneously under conditions like those thought to prevail early in Earth's history [Show More]

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