CSEP-CEP Test Bank. OVER 150 Quizzes, Top Exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+

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CSEP-CEP Test Bank. OVER 150 Quizzes, Top Exam Questions with accurate answers, rated A+ What are the 5 circumference points? - ✔✔-- Arm (midpoint between acromian and olecranon) - Waist (m... idpoint of iliac crest and ribs) - Hip (furthest protrusion of glutes) - Thigh (midpoint of inguinal crease and patella) - Calf (furthest protrusion) What are the 7 skinfold sites? - ✔✔-- Tricep (midpoint of acromian and olecranon) - Bicep (belly of bicep) - Scapula (3cm inferior) - Waist (3cm superior of iliac crest) - Stomach (3cm lateral and 1cm inferior of belly) - Thigh (midpoint of inguinal crease and prox patella) - Calf (widest medial point) What is the order of the cardiac valves? - ✔✔-Tricuspid, pulmonary, mitral, aortic Branches of the superior vena cava - ✔✔-R and L brachiocephalic R and L subclavian R and L internal/external jugular Branches of the inferior vena cava - ✔✔-Hepatic Renal Iliac Branches of the aorta - ✔✔-Brachiocephalic R and L common carotid R and L subclavian Descending aorta What is SBP - ✔✔-Maximum pressure in arteries when the heart contracts What is DBP? - ✔✔-Minimum pressure in arteries when the heart is filling What are the stages of BP? - ✔✔-Normal - <120/<80 Prehypertension - 120-139/80-89 Stage 1- 140-159/90-99 Stage 2 - > 160/100 Hypertensive crisis >180/110 Function of SA node - ✔✔-- Cells depolarize and cause AV node and Bachman's bundle to depolarize - Atria then contract and the signal is sent down the left and right branches to the AV node - Pacemaker of the heart Function of AV node - ✔✔-Signal goes to bundle of His, splits into Purkinje fibres, and causes the ventricles to contract 5 lead EKG - ✔✔-Green - right lower ribs White - right inferior to clavicle Black - left inferior to clavicle Red - left lower ribs Brown - 4th intercostal space What are the segments of the EKG? - ✔✔-QRS complex - ventricular depolarization P - atrial depolarization T - ventricular repolarization ST segment - time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization Length of: QRS complex, PR interval, QT interval, RR interval - ✔✔-QRS - 0.12-0.2 PR - 0.8-0.1 QT - 0.4-0.43 RR - 0.6-1 What are the time frames of the boxes on an ECG? - ✔✔-Small box is 0.04 seconds Big box is 0.2 seconds Tidal volume and size - ✔✔-Amount of air moving in and out of lungs in a normal breath (500mL) Inspiratory reserve volume and size - ✔✔-Amount of air that can be inhaled following a normal inhalation (1900-3200mL) Expiratory reserve volume and size - ✔✔-Amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal breath (700-1000mL) Residual volume and size - ✔✔-Air remaining in lungs that prevents collapse (1200mL) Forced vital capacity - ✔✔-Volume of gas that can be exhaled as forcefully and rapidly as possible after a maximal inspiration Vital capacity - ✔✔-TV + IRV + ERV Inspiratory capacity - ✔✔-TV + IRV Functional Residual Capacity - ✔✔-RV + ERV What should the pH of blood be? - ✔✔-7.35-7.45 What is respiratory acidosis? - ✔✔-Result of hypoventilation, pH is too low What is respiratory alkalosis? - ✔✔-Result of hyperventilation, pH is too high What happens when blood pH is too high? - ✔✔-Body will increase H in blood by producing H and bicarbonate from carbonic acid and excreting the bicarbonate What happens when blood pH is too low? - ✔✔-Body will decrease H in blood by producing carbonic acid from H and bicarbonate and then CO2 and H2O, will excrete CO2 Function of LDL - ✔✔-Delivers cholesterol to cells Function of HDL - ✔✔-Removes excess cholesterol from bloodstream back to liver How does PNF stretching work? - ✔✔-Autogenic inhibition (relaxation in muscle experiencing tension) Reciprocal inhibition (relaxation in opposite muscle) What is tachycardia? - ✔✔-Heart rate above 100 bpm - ✔✔- What is bradycardia? - ✔✔-Heart rate below 60bpm What are some causes of bradycardia? - ✔✔-High CRF (athletes) Drug use Heart disease Absence of electrical impulses What is dyspnea? - ✔✔-Shortness of breath Can be caused by a variety of factors (exercise, pulmonary disease, neurological issue) What is ischemia? What does it look like on an ECG? - ✔✔-Lack of blood flow to tissue Appears as a downsloping ST segment What is angina pectoris? - ✔✔-Chest pain caused by ischemia May be stable or unstable What is a myocardial infarction and what are the signs - ✔✔-Lack of blood flow to the heart Chest pain, shortness of breath, sweating, fainting, dizziness Signs of an MI on a ECG? - ✔✔-Downsloping ST segment and pathologic Q waves What is mean arterial pressure? - ✔✔-Average pressure in arteries during one cardiac cycle (65-110) What is the valsalva maneuver? - ✔✔-- Exhalation against a closed airway, creates an increase in intraabdominal pressure increase in pressure creates a lack of blood flow - HR and BP increase to compensate for lack of flow - expiration results in sudden increase in flow and dramatic drop in BP What is the anaerobic threshhold? - ✔✔-Point where the body switches from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism How to identify the anaerobic threshhold? - ✔✔-Blood lactate levels (will suddenly spike) RER level (>1.1 is maximal effort) Ventilatory threshhold (increases rapidly compared to O2 consumption) What is the ventilatory threshold? - ✔✔-Point where ventilation rises rapidly compared to O2 consumed VCO2/VO2 - ✔✔-- ventilation of CO2 and O2, can be used to estimate anaerobic threshold - CO2 will peak past O2 at threshold A RIGHT shift in the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve is associated with what changes? - ✔✔-Increase in temperature Increase in H ions Higher CO2 A LEFT shift in the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve is associated with what changes? - ✔✔-Decrease in temperature Decrease in H ions Lower CO2 During exercise, which way does the O2 hemoglobin dissociation curve shift? - ✔✔-Right What is hyperventilation? - ✔✔-Increased rate of breathing Causes lower CO2 levels Causes respiratory alkalosis What is hypoventilation? - ✔✔-Decreased rate of breathing Causes higher CO2 levels Causes respiratory acidosis Normal breaths per minute - ✔✔-12-16 During quiet respiration, which part of the lungs receive more ventilation? - ✔✔-bottom During exercise, which part of the lung receives more ventilation? - ✔✔-Apex What is a MET? - ✔✔-Oxygen cost of an activity 3.5 mL/kg/min What is excitation-contraction coupling? - ✔✔-Mechanism where an action potential causes muscle fiber contraction What is the sliding filament theory? - ✔✔-Muscle fibres contract by sliding myosin heads past actin binding sites, shortening the muscle, and causing contractions What is the PCr system? - ✔✔-Phosphocreatine system Used in short bursts of energy (<30 secs) What is the glycolytic system? - ✔✔-Breakdown of glucose into lactate and pyruvate Used in 30 secs to 2 mins What is oxidative phosphorylation? - ✔✔-Complete breakdown of fats and glucose through mitochondria Powers long duration activities Type I muscle fibers - ✔✔-Slow twitch Long duration and low amounts of force High mitochondrial count High concentrations of myoglobin Less myosin/actin per CSA Low myosin ATPase type IIx fibers - ✔✔-Fast twitch High amounts of power in a short period Small mitochondrial count High myosin ATPase activity High myosin/actin count per CSA High fatigue rate Type IIa fibers - ✔✔-Fast oxidative/glycolytic muscle Mix of properties What is a twitch contraction? - ✔✔-Contractive response of muscle after application of a single stimulus What is summation? - ✔✔-Successive twitches when muscle does not have time to recover after increased frequency of stimuli What is tetanus? - ✔✔-Individual contractions that blend into a single sustained contraction, results in coordinated muscle contraction Constant vs variable practice - ✔✔-1 variation of the task practiced repeatedly vs multiple variations of the task Blocked vs random practive - ✔✔-All trials of a task are completed before moving on vs different skills are practiced in a random order Resistance training adaptations - ✔✔-Neural (increased firing rates, synchronization, neural drive, decreased inhibition) Muscular (hypertrophy) Factors that determine RE programs in youth - ✔✔-Training age Overuse injuries Biological age What happens to the following hormones during exercise and what do they do: testosterone, insulin, glucagon, cortisol, human growth hormone, estrogen - ✔✔-Testosterone - levels rise, increase protein synthesis Insulin - levels decrease, sensitivity increases Glucagon - levels increase, mobilizes glucose Cortisol - levels rise, promotes breakdown of tissue HGH - levels rise, increases protein synthesis and enhances gluconeogenesis Estrogen - levels vary in response to differing VO2 levels What is DOMS? - ✔✔-Delayed onset muscle soreness Caused by microscopic tears in tissue, causing Ca to leak and activate proteases to degrade tissues, also initiating inflammatory process What 3 factors contribute to impaired exercise performance in heat? - ✔✔-1- accelerated muscle fatigue due to increased rate of glycogen breakdown 2- cardiovascular dysfunction due to increased HR, decreased SV and reduced muscle blood flow 3- CNS dysfunction (reduced mental drive for motor unit recruitment, neural feedback from fatiguing muscle exerts inhibitory influences on central motor drive resulting in decreased recruitment of motor units) What are the social determinants of health? - ✔✔-Conditions in which people are born/grow/live, shaped by distribution of money, power and resources at global/national/local levels and impact lifestyle behaviors Provide 4 examples of social determinants of health - ✔✔-Gender Income Race Education and literacy Social supports Culture Employment conditions What are the ABC's of behavior? - ✔✔-Antecedents (environmental stimuli), Behavior (what the person does), Consequence (outcomes of the behavior) What is social cognitive theory? - ✔✔-People learn through experiences, different factors may influence how behavior outcomes Based on interaction between individual, their environment and their behaviors What is self-efficacy? - ✔✔-One's belief in their personal abilities What are the 4 components of social cognitive theory that improve self efficacy? - ✔✔-Mastery experience (success increases SE) Vicarious experience (observation increases SE) Social persuasion (communication/feedback increases SE) Emotional state (positive mindset increases SE) What is self-determination theory? - ✔✔-Behavior is self-motivated and determined, individuals seek out challenges and success that satisfy autonomy, competence, relatedness Self determination theory is based on what types of motivation - ✔✔-Intrinsic (pleasure and satisfaction) Extrinsic (external motivations for completing tasks, obligation, reward) What is the trans theoretical model? - ✔✔-Behavior change is a process that includes steps an individual passes through What are the steps of the trans-theoretical model? - ✔✔-Precontemplation Contemplation Preparation Action Maintenance What is the theory of planned behavior? - ✔✔-Intention to act is the best predictor of behavior Based on behavioral (individual evaluation of behavior), normative (perceived expectations of others), and control (perceived control over situation) beliefs What is the Health Action Process Approach? - ✔✔-Initiation, adoption and maintenance of behaviors is a process that includes a motivation (deliberation fosters intention) and a volition (intention fosters planning) phase What is the process of the Health Action Process Approach? - ✔✔-Intention, Planning, Action What is Motivational Interviewing? - ✔✔-Method of eliciting a client's motivations and concerns with a certain behavior change What is the spirit of MI? - ✔✔-Collaboration Acceptance Compassion Empathy What are the 4 steps of MI? - ✔✔-Engaging Focusing Evoking Planning What does OARS stand for in motivational interviewing? - ✔✔-Open ended question Affirmation Reflection Summary What is preparatory and mobilizing change talk? - ✔✔-Preparatory - pre-contemplative talk (will talk about Desires, Abilities, Reasons, Needs) Mobilizing - express readiness to change (will talk about Activation, Commitment, Taking Steps) What are some of the tools used in evoking change talk in MI? - ✔✔-Evocative questions, importance ruler, querying extremes, looking back/forward, exploring goals and dreams What are SMART goals? - ✔✔-Specific Measurable Attainable Realistic Timely What is primary disease prevention? - ✔✔-Implemented before evidence of disease (vaccination) What is secondary disease prevention? - ✔✔-Early intervention and treatment after evidence (screening tests and exams) What is tertiary disease prevention? - ✔✔-Reduces disability from disease (chronic disease management programs) What is the PAR-Q used for? - ✔✔-Physical activity readiness questionnaire Used to screen if medical clearance is needed to exercise What is BMI and how do you calculate it? - ✔✔-Body mass index, determines weight classifications and risk Kg/height in m2 What are the BMI classifications? - ✔✔-Underweight - <18.5 Normal - 18.6-24.9 Overweight - 25-29.9 Obese 30-34.9 Obese II - 35-39.9 Obese III - >40 What are some methods of assessing body composition? - ✔✔-BMI, WC, skinfold, circumfrence, DEXA, CT, MRI, bio electrical impedance What are the waist circumference values associated with risk? - ✔✔-Men: 94-102 cm and 102+cm Women: 80-88cm and 88+cm What are the recommended percentage intakes for macros? - ✔✔-Cards 40-65% Protein 10-35% Fats 20-35% What are some of the recommendations from the new food guide? - ✔✔-Lots of fruits and veggies Water as a drink of choice Whole grains Plant based protein sources Foods low in saturated fats and high in unsaturated fats Calcium deficiency - ✔✔-Can result in osteoporosis, cramping, fatigue Iron deficiency - ✔✔-Can result in decreased RBC, weakness/fatigue, dizziness What is a circadian rhythm? - ✔✔-Physical/mental/behavioral changes that follow a daily cycle Respond primarily to light and darkness in an environment, marked by cortisol and melatonin levels What is the energy depletion hypothesis? - ✔✔-Release of adenosine due to low energy induces sleep What is the neural plasticity hypothesis? - ✔✔-Emphasizes importance of maintaining postsynaptic excitability at stable level by regulating synaptic strength During waking, more synapses are formed and during sleep they are downscaled What is the immune hypothesis? - ✔✔-Prolonged wakefulness introduces a threat (restriction of the energy) which initiates immune defense What is insomnia and its signs? - ✔✔-Difficulty falling or staying asleep Signs include tiredness, unable to focus/concentrate, irritability What is sleep apnea? - ✔✔-Pauses in breathing or periods of shallow breathing during sleep, pause can last for a few seconds to a few minutes and a choking sound may occur as breathing resumes What is narcolepsy? - ✔✔-Chronic neurological disorder that affects brain's ability to control sleep-wake cycles, typically fall asleep unwillingly in the middle of the day What is hypersomnia? - ✔✔-Recurrent episodes of excessive daytime sleepiness or prolonged nighttime sleep, compelled to nap during the day repeatedly, are often associated with other disorders (depression, bipolar, viral infections) What is sleep paralysis? - ✔✔-State during waking or falling asleep, in which a person is aware but unable to move or speak, often including hallucinations, may also include hearing sounds or sensations and intense emotions What is sedentary behavior? - ✔✔-Behavior characterized by energy expenditure ≤1.5 METs while in a sitting/lying posture What is physical inactivity? - ✔✔-Refers to not meeting the physical activity guidelines What are some tools for measuring sedentary behavior and their pros/cons? - ✔✔-Questionnaires: lots of resources to tailor the questionnaire to situation, recall bias (client might over/underestimate, not remember or lie on the questionnaire) Fitness trackers: can accurately measure amount of time sedentary through accelerometery, expensive (unable to afford for every client) Logbooks: : easy for client to write down, (client may lie or not track accurately) Describe the role of sedentary behavior in disease - ✔✔-Linked to higher rates of chronic disease Reduces glycemic control, insulin sensitivity, increases triglyceride levels, increasing risk of developing diabetes, obesity Name some ways of reducing sedentary time - ✔✔-Taking frequency stretch breaks during working Standing while working Take the stairs instead of the elevator Walk/bike to work What is the role of pre-screening? - ✔✔-Determines if the client is ready and able to perform physical activity Identifies contraindications, medications, other conditions What are objective pre-screening tools? - ✔✔-BP HR WC and BMI What is the role of subjective history? - ✔✔-Used to obtain information from the client regarding past medical history, family medical history, physical activity levels, sedentary behavior, goals, current conditions/limitations What is some info that would be found in the subjective history? - ✔✔-· Reason for referral · Demographic information (age, gender, ethnicity, occupation) · History of current conditions · Medical history and medications · Family history · Physical activity history · Social activity · Goals · Past interventions What is the process of drug metabolism? - ✔✔-Absorption Distribution Metabolism Excretion Effect of cancer drugs on exercise - ✔✔-May impact fatigue, nausea, anemia, loss of coordination Effect of beta blockers on exercise - ✔✔-Will suppress exercise HR and BP May cause lightheadedness, fatigue, breathlessness Effect of diuretics on exercise - ✔✔-Will increase fluid loss May influence BP May cause headaches, dizziness, muscle cramps Effect of ACE inhibitors on exercise - ✔✔-Will suppress BP during exercise Common to see exercise induced hypotension and orthostatic hypotension Effect of calcium channel blockers on exercise - ✔✔-Will suppress HR and increase exercise tolerance May cause headache and low BP Effects of statins on exercise - ✔✔-May cause exercise induced myopathy, fatigue, cramps Effect of nitrates during exercise - ✔✔-Will increase HR and decrease BP during exercise Effect of insulin during exercise - ✔✔-Can induce hypoglycemia What is the range of blood sugar for a diabetic before exercising? - ✔✔-Should be between 5.5-16.7 mmol/L How does exercise impact drug metabolism? - ✔✔-Exercise will shunt blood away from organs and into muscles, causing longer metabolism periods Beta blockers - ✔✔-Block epinephrine receptors to reduce HR and BP Calcium channel blockers - ✔✔-Disrupt movement of Ca to reduce HR and BP Nitrates - ✔✔-Vasodilator used to treat angina ACE inhibitor - ✔✔-Blocks production of angiotensin II to prevent vasoconstriction and reduce BP ARB's - ✔✔-Block the angiotensin II receptor to reduce BP Alpha receptor blockers - ✔✔-Block adrenergic receptors to induce vasodilation and lower BP Anticoagulants - ✔✔-Reduce blood clotting through inhibition of coagulation pathways Antiplatelets - ✔✔-Inhibit clotting through platelet aggregation Anti-arrhythmic agents - ✔✔-Prevent abnormal rhythms through Na/K/Ca/sympathetic NS configuration Statins - ✔✔-Decrease cholesterol synthesis and increase reuptake Cardiac Glycosides - ✔✔-Increase CO through alteration of Na/K pump to allow higher Ca concentrations to prevent heart failure Diuretics - ✔✔-Increase salt secretion to promote water secretion to reduce BP Vasodilators - ✔✔-Dilate blood vessels to reduce BP Human growth hormone - ✔✔-Used in deficiencies, reduces fat mass, increases lean muscle, improves lipid/cholesterol profiles Corticosteroids - ✔✔-treats allergies, asthma, COPD, skin conditions, cancer Immunoglobulins - ✔✔-Used to treat immunodeficiencies Immunosuppressant - ✔✔-Suppresses immune system, treats autoimmune diseases Bronchodilator - ✔✔-Dilates bronchioles to help with breathing Antihistamines - ✔✔-Block histamine receptors to reduce swelling and vasodilation What is the order of fitness tests that should be used? - ✔✔-Non-fatiguing tests Agility tests Max power tests Sprint tests Local muscular endurance tests Anaerobic tests Aerobic tests Describe the starting procedures for VO2 max exercise testing - ✔✔-Take resting HR Calculate heart rates (age-predicted HR max, 85% of age-predicted HR, other variables needed) Explain the purpose of the test Explain criteria for stopping a test: subject feels faint/dizzy/short of breath, subject may end test at any time, steady state HR >85% of age predicted max HR, assessor may end test at any time according to their discretion Adjust bike seat if needed Describe the Bruce protocol - ✔✔-Graded treadmill test designed to measure VO2 max Each stage is 3 minutes long with a certain speed and grade, patient lasts as long as possible or until contraindications exists What variables are recorded during the Bruce Protocol? - ✔✔-HR and RPE every minute BP at 2:15 of each stage How is the Bruce Protocol scored? - ✔✔-Based on minutes of completion What are some reasons for stopping an exercise test? - ✔✔-HR exceeds 85% of age predicted max Tester feels the need to stop Patient feels the need to stop Patient feels dizzy, lightheaded, faint Describe the Balke Protocol - ✔✔-Treadmill test using constant speed and increasing grades to measure VO2 max Increase the grade according to protocol until the test is finished or stopped What variables are taken during the Balke Protocol - ✔✔-HR, RPE, BP every minute How is the Balke Protocol scored - ✔✔-Using minutes completed What is the Ebbling Treadmill test? - ✔✔-Sub max test used to estimate VO2 max Warm up for 4 minutes at 3.4-4 mph and 0% / increase grade to 5% and select a comfortable speed for 4 minutes / cool off at 0% for 4 minutes What variables are recorded during the Ebbling Treadmill test? - ✔✔-HR and speed every minute At what point should the client be at during the last minute of the Ebbling Treadmill test? - ✔✔-Steady state heart rate If not, add another minute What is the Astrand-Rhyming test? - ✔✔-Sub max bike test Workload is based on sex and conditioning level What variables are recorded during the Astrand-Rhyming cycling test? - ✔✔-HR and RPE each minute BP at the end of the 4 minute mark How is the Astrand-Rhyming test scored? - ✔✔-Using average HR and workload used, as well as an age adjustment What is the PWC 170 test? - ✔✔-Sub max bike test used to estimate VO2 max at a working rate of 170bpm Describe the PWC 170 protocol - ✔✔-Warm up of 6 minutes with 50W / Workload 1 at 100W for 6 minutes / Workload 2 at 150W for 6 minutes What variables are measured during the PWC 170 test? - ✔✔-BP and HR at the end of every workload What is the YMCA bike test? - ✔✔-Sub max bike test used to estimate VO2 max Describe the YMCA protocol? - ✔✔-Warm up at 25W (0.5kp) for 3 minutes / 2nd, 3rd, 4th workloads (3 minutes each) based off of HR from warm up HR should be within 10bpm of 85% max What variables are recorded during the YMCA test? - ✔✔-HR every minute Watts worked at What is the McMaster Multi Stage cycle ergometer test? - ✔✔-Sub max test used to predict VO2 in children Describe the McMaster protocol - ✔✔-Protocol is based on height / graded workload / workload is followed until end of protocol of test warrants stopping What variables are measured in the McMaster protocol? - ✔✔-Record HR, RPE every minute, pulmonary gas exchange What is the mCAFT test? - ✔✔-Step test used to predict VO2 max Describe the mCAFT protocol - ✔✔-Use client's age to determine starting stage / follow cadence given through audio in stepping / test stops when client cannot keep up or HR exceeds 85% max What variables are measured during the mCAFT? - ✔✔-HR at the end of each stage What is the Queen's College step test? - ✔✔-Step test used to predict VO2 max Describe the Queen's college step test protocol - ✔✔-Using a 16.25 inch box, client steps up and down at set pace (22 F, 24 M) for 3 minutes What variables are measured during the Queen's College step test - ✔✔-HR at the end of the 3 minutes Describe the protocol for taking BP - ✔✔-Ensure client has been resting for 5 minutes Palpate for brachial artery Wrap appropriately sized cuff around arm just above brachial artery Palpate for the radial pulse Inflate cuff rapidly to 70mmHg Inflate cuff until radial pulse is no longer felt Insert stethoscope and position just over brachial pulse Inflate cuff to 20-30mmHg above estimate Release pressure slowly until 1st Korokoff sound is heard Continue to release until last Korokoff sound is heard Repeat and compare to 1st trial What is anaerobic power - ✔✔-Ability to produce high forces very quickly What is anaerobic capacity - ✔✔-Maximal rate of energy production by ATP-Pc/anaerobic glycolytic energy systems for moderate-duration activities What is a constant work test - ✔✔-Participant completes a set amount of work as quickly as possible What is a constant duration test - ✔✔-Participant completes as much work as possible in a certain amount of time What is a constant power test - ✔✔-Participant maintains constant power until exhaustion Give examples of anaerobic power tests - ✔✔-Vertical jump 1RM power clean Standing long jump Give examples of anaerobic capacity tests - ✔✔-Wingate test 300 yard shuttle RAST 60 yard shuttle What does a muscular strength test assess - ✔✔-Amount of force that can be produced Provide examples of muscular strength tests - ✔✔-1RM squat, bench Grip strength What does a muscular endurance test assess - ✔✔-Amount of force that can be maintained over a period of time Provide examples of muscular endurance tests - ✔✔-Push ups Chin ups Plank Single leg stance What does a muscular power test assess? - ✔✔-Assesses how quickly high force can be produced Provide examples of muscular power tests - ✔✔-1RM power clean Vertical jump Describe single joint exercise - ✔✔-Encompasses only a single joint, isolation exercises, smaller group of muscles Quicker recovery time More restrictive in movement Describe multi joint exercises - ✔✔-Encompasses multiple joints, full body movements, large group of muscles Longer recovery time More efficient at improving strength More natural movements Harder to perfect technique Describe functional exercises - ✔✔-Exercises that mimic real world movement patterns Usually multi joint and multi planar What is an open chain movement? - ✔✔-The segment distal from the body is free and can move with the movement Better at isolating muscles Bench press What is a closed chain movement? - ✔✔-The segment distal from the body is fixed and cannot move Typically multi joint/planar movement Squat What is the functional movement screen? - ✔✔-Used to assess full body mobility and motor control, can be used to focus on areas of improvement and measure improvement What are the 7 tests and 3 clearance tests used in FMS? - ✔✔-Overhead squat Inline lunge Hurdle step Shoulder mobility (shoulder clearance) Trunk stability push up (Press up clearance) Straight leg raise Rotatory stability (Posterior rocking clearance) What are the ROM for the hip? - ✔✔-Flexion - 0-120 Extension - 0-30 Lateral rotation - 0-45 Medial rotation - 0-45 Abduction - 0-40 Adduction - 0-30 What are the ROM for the knee? - ✔✔-Flexion - 0-135 Extension - 0 What are the ROM for the ankle? - ✔✔-Dorsi flexion - 0-20 Plantar flexion- 0-50 What are the ROM for the foot? - ✔✔-Inversion - 0-20 Eversion - 0-10 What are the ROM for the shoulder? - ✔✔-Flexion - 0-180 Extension - 0-50 Abduction - 0-150 Internal rotation - 0-70 External rotation - 0-90 What are the ROM for the elbow? - ✔✔-Flexion - 0-150 Extension - 0-10 Pronation - 0-90 Supination - 0-90 What are the ROM for the wrist? - ✔✔-Flexion - 0-75 Extension - 0-70 Abduction - 0-20 Adduction - 0-30 Describe skinfold protocol - ✔✔-Explain the purpose of the test Explain the test procedures Measure skinfolds on right side of body at eye level Lift fold 1 cm above desired site, place calipers directly over desired site Position calipers perpendicular to site of measurement Administer 2 trials within 1mm Measure skinfolds in rotational order DO NOT REMOVE FINGERS PINCHING WHILE MEASURING Describe circumference protocol - ✔✔-Explain the purpose of the measurement Explain measurement procedures to client Measure circumference on R side of body, at eye level Landmark site, position tape to use inferior edge and ensure it is straight Make measurement at end of normal expiration (waist) to nearest 0.5cm Administer 2 trials within 1cm Describe the pros and cons of skinfold measurements - ✔✔-Pros: accurate for leaner subjects, multiple equations for different populations Cons: high rate of user error, taking repeated measurements can increase error, can be impacted by physical activity (level of water in muscles)/ environment (cold/hot weather), shouldn't be used for obese clients Describe the pros and cons of bioelectrical impedance - ✔✔-Pros: easy to use, fairly reliable, quick results Cons: can be impacted by client age, water level, cannot be used with people with pacemakers Describe the pros and cons of hydrostatic weighing - ✔✔-Pros: very accurate Cons: expensive equipment, hard to eliminate every source of error (air in lungs), timely procedure, may over/underestimate in special populations (athletes, elderly) Describe the pros and cons of DEXA - ✔✔-Pros: very reliable, can highlight fat distribution Cons: movement may disrupt image, expensive, exposure to radiation What are some methods of measuring atherosclerosis? - ✔✔-Angiography (measures artery vasoresponsiveness in response to endothelium-dependent agonists) Flow-mediated dilation (highresolution ultrasound to assess changes in brachial artery diameter) Carotid intimamedia thickness (measurements of carotid intimamedia (layers of arterial walls) thickness measured with ultrasonography) What are some methods of measuring ischemia? - ✔✔-Exercise testing (undergo exercise to increased factors that would result in ischemia, measured through imaging/symptoms/ECG) Dobutramine (medication stimulates increase in HR/BP/myocardial contractility, measured with ECG) Adenosine stress test (injection of adenosine to increase HR/BP, measured through ECG) What are some methods of measuring MI? - ✔✔-ECG (ST segment elevation, abnormal Q wave), Angiogram (uses dye to highlight blocked arteries), Cardiac markers (presence of markers indicate MI has occurred, enzymes leak from myocardial cells when damage occurs), Physical exam (increased respiration, cool/pale skin, fever, elevated/decreased BP, irregular pulse) What are some methods of measuring stroke? - ✔✔-Physical exam (muscle weakness/paralysis) ECG (abnormal rhythms that could predict stroke) MRI/CT (detect damaged tissues/arteries caused by stroke, also rules out lesions) What are some contraindications of performing an exercise stress test? - ✔✔-Acute MI (4 days) Unstable angina Brady/tachycardia or other abnormal rhythms Acute myo/pericarditis What are some of the interventions for CAD? - ✔✔-Pharmacological (ACE inhibitors, statins, antiplatelets) Bypass grafting (open heart surgery to repair damaged tissue) Stent (open up narrowed arteries) What is O2 saturation? - ✔✔-Comparison of O2 saturated hemoglobin vs total hemoglobin in blood 95-99% How would exercise testing differ in elderly patients? - ✔✔-Focus on functional fitness rather than performance Performance may be limited by psychological factors (fear of falling or injuring themselves) Patients with devices (pacemakers) may not respond well to quickly increasing intensity exercise tests due to response of pacemaker Elderly patients may be taking medications (beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors) that will impact BP/HR response to exercise Why may BORG and RPE be used in elderly patients vs HR/BP - ✔✔-May be taking medications that can impact the response to exercise What are some limitations of BMI? - ✔✔-Does not take into account age, muscle mass, ethnicity, frame size Can overestimate in athletes and muscular individuals Why is WC used with BMI? - ✔✔-Explains additional component of obesity-related mortality, predicts risk to higher degree vs BMI alone What are some considerations when working with cancer patients? - ✔✔-Avoid dislodging PICC lines or catheters May experience muscle weakness Vestibular issues Limited ROM due to surgeries No exercise if chemo was received in past 24 hours Radiation may impact cardiac function (reduced diastolic volume) Radiation increases stiffness Increased risk of skeletal fractures with advanced disease Exercise tolerance will vary from session to session Name some contraindications when working with cancer patients - ✔✔-Monitor hematologic abnormalities (low platelets, hemoglobin level) MSK disorders (recent bone/back/neck pain; muscul [Show More]

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