Biology > STUDY GUIDE > BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide - Florida Gulf coast University (All)
BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide - Florida Gulf coast University BSC 1011 Midterm Study Guide General Biology II Lab Midterm Practical Study Guide Lab 1:... Genetics and Microevolution Vocabulary ________________________ A heritable feature that varies among individuals ________________________ Over many generations will produce only the same variety as the parent plant ________________________ Mating of two individuals. ________________________ An organism’s genetic make-up ________________________ An organism’s appearance or observable traits ________________________ An organism with an identical pair of alleles (ex. AA, aa) ________________________ An organism that has two different alleles for a gene (Aa) ________________________ An allele that is fully expressed in an organism’s phenotype. ________________________ An allele that is not observed in an organism’s phenotype. ________________________ A unit of hereditary information. ________________________ Any of the alternative versions of genes that account for variation. ________________________ A specific place on a chromosome where a gene is located. Mendel’s Laws ● Law of Segregation (**1 gene**) o Alternative versions of genes account for variations in inherited characters. o For each character, an organism inherits 2 alleles for a gene, one from each parent. o If the 2 alleles differ, the dominant allele determines the organism’s appearance; the recessive allele has no effect on appearance. o Two alleles for a heritable character segregate during gamete formation and end up in different gametes. ● Law of Independent Assortment (**2 or more genes**)o Two or more genes assort independently – each pair of alleles segregates independently of each other pair of alleles during gamete formation. Punnett Squares ● Diagrams used to solve genetics problems. Allow you to predict the probability of allele composition of off-spring when 2 individuals of known genetic composition mate. ● Solve the following examples and answer the subsequent questions: 1. In pea plants, green seeds (G) are dominant to yellow seeds (g). Draw a Punnett Square for a mating between 2 heterozygotes. a. What genotypes are present? ___________________________________________ b. What phenotypes are present? __________________________________________ c. What is the proportion of green seeds? ___________________________________ d. What is the proportion of yellow seeds? __________________________________ 2. In pea plants, being tall (T) is dominant to short (t). Draw a Punnett Square for a mating between an individual that is heterozygous for height and the other homozygous recessive. a. What is the proportion of individuals that will be tall? _______________________ b. What genotypes are present? ___________________________________________ Genotype and Phenotype Frequencies Microevolution or “descent with modification” is the change in genetic make-up of a population from one generation to the next.The population in the sample table has 8 individuals; each individual has 2 alleles for their genotype. Identify the frequencies of the genotypes, phenotypes and alleles. Assume D is the dominant allele, and if present, the organism will be Dark in color. The phenotype for the d allele is light color. Only organisms that show the homozygous recessive genotype dd will be light in color. Individual Genotype Phenotype 1 DD Dark 2 DD Dark 3 Dd Dark 4 Dd Dark 5 Dd Dark 6 dd Light 7 dd Light 8 dd Light The population has 3 genotypes: ____________ _____________ _______________ Calculate the genotype frequency for this population: Genotype Number of Individuals with Genotype Genotype Frequency Calculate the phenotype frequency for this population: Phenotype Genotypes with this Phenotype Phenotype Frequency The alleles D and d are also found in a specific frequency within the population. Remember that individuals have 2 alleles, so a population of 8 individuals has 8 x 2 = 16 alleles. Calculate the frequency of the alleles within this population. Allele Total Number of Allele Allele Frequency Forces of Change to Allele Frequencies and Natural Selection - - - - - - - Lab 6: Plant Diversity II (Gymnosperms and Angiosperms) Vocabulary 1. ___________________________ An embryo and its food supply, surrounded by a protective coat. 2. ___________________________ Consists of the megasporangium, megaspore and the integument(s). 3. ___________________________ Consists of a male gametophyte enclosed within a pollen wall. 4. ___________________________ Plants that are cone-bearing; thrive in drier climates; leaves have thick cuticles and are needle-shaped. 5. ___________________________ Seed plants with reproductive structures known as fruits and flowers. Gymnosperms Name the three groups of Gymnosperms and be able to identify a type of plant from each group. 1. 2. 3. Which is the dominant life form of a pine tree? **Review the life cycle of Gymnosperms (Lab 6 handout) Angiosperm Vocabulary 1. ___________________________ Attract insects and other animals and use them as specialized pollinators; unique structure for sexual reproduction. 2. ___________________________ Mature ovary with a thickened wall; protects the ovule and provides nutrients for the embryo. 3. ___________________________ Base of the flower; usually green in color, enclosesthe flower before it opens. 4. ___________________________ Brightly colored and aid in attracting pollinators. 5. ___________________________ Male reproductive parts of the flower; also known as stamen. 6. ___________________________ Female reproductive parts of the flower; also known as the pistil or carpel. 7. ___________________________ Stalk portion of the stamen, bearing the anthers. 8. ___________________________ Terminal sac where the pollen is produced. 9. ___________________________ Sticky structure at the top of the flower; pollen is deposited here, where it then germinates. 10. __________________________ The stalk that supports the stigma. Seeds Seeds have three critical parts. Name them and be able to define their purpose: 1. 2. 3. Name three advantages of seeds: 1. 2. 3. _____________________________ are seeds with one cotyledon; _____________________ have two cotyledons. 1. ____________________________ Small opening on the surface of the seed, through which the pollen tubule grew. 2. ____________________________ Place on the seed where the ovule was attached tothe ovary. 3. ____________________________ Special “seed leaves” found only in the embryo. Angiosperm Roots, Stems and Leaves Monocots have ________________________ root systems, which consists of a bundle of roots where individual roots are roughly the same size. Eudicots have_______________________ root systems, with a long central primary root and many smaller lateral roots branching off the main root. Two types of above ground roots are ________________ and ____________________. Be able to name species that exhibit above ground root systems: 1. 2. Three types of stems, which store food are: _____________________, __________________, and ___________________________. Stems that grow horizontally underground, like roots, are _____________________________. ______________________ are stems that support the plant by attaching to other structures. Write the equation for Photosynthesis: ____________________ + Chlorophyll + Sunlight → ________________________ [Show More]
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